Suchergebnisse

Around three million people living with AIDS in developing countries have access to treatment, a ten-fold increase in just a few years. A key factor in this dramatic achievement was the availability of low-cost drugs produced in India, the pharmacy of the developing world. Companies there could produce AIDS drugs generically because the country did not grant medicine patents until 2005. However, this is now changing. India has begun granting patents on medicines to meet its obligations under the 1994 World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). The prices of newer essential medicines are likely to rise, threatening the viability of many AIDS treatment programs -- and access to medicines more broadly. An international patent pool for essential medicines could help address this looming crisis. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Des commerçantes pionnières-la première d'entre elles a débuté dans les années 1920-aux commerçantes contemporaines, il est tout d'abord question ici de dresser une cartographie évolutive des territoires de circulation au féminin. Mais au-delà, l'étude de ces odyssées-la fréquence des voyages, la stratégie des destinations, le choix des marchandises et le volume importé-permet également de suivre les étapes de l'ascension professionnelle de ces Dames qui, au fil des années, vont devenir de véritables et puissantes businesswomen. En jouxtant ces parcours de commerçantes à leurs itinéraires de vie, en tant que femmes, c'est à dire en mettant en parallèle la sphère professionnelle et la sphère privée, nous mettrons au jour les incidences entre succès en affaires et "être femme" en confrontant, plus particulièrement, la construction de la réussite aux négociations des rapports de genre.

This paper aims to analyze the social & political conditions of the alterglobalist movement development in Europe. Based on two surveys conducted in 2003 during the anti-G8 demonstration in France & Switzerland & during the European Social Forum in Paris, this article maps the resources necessary to lead the activists to international protests. The analyzed database especially emphasizes the importance of social, cultural, & political capitals. The more highly educated the activists are, the more they take part in the organization of these events. The greater their political experiences -- in classical political organizations, such as parties or trades unions -- , the more they are likely to travel abroad in order to express their opposition to globalization. In short, these activists can be described as cosmopolites, but "rooted cosmopolites" deeply embedded in the logic of national state institutions. Adapted from the source document.

There is a good deal of scepticism about the prospects for regionalism in East Asia. There are, however, grounds for supposing that the outlook for regional integration in East Asia is brighter than it has ever been, partly as a consequence of the rise of China. This article explains why an earlier attempt to integrate the region under Japanese imperialism failed, why US foreign policy has effectively foreclosed any possibility of East Asian integration up to now and why it may be accelerating as a consequence of China's growing economic and political impact on the region. To explain these different historical experiences I draw on a form of critical geopolitics which has recently emerged in economic and political geography and which can usefully be incorporated into international relations scholarship.

After outlining the 2006-2008 world food price spike & consequent shortage, factors driving the crisis are identified: commodities & commodity futures speculation; diversion of foodstock for agrofuel or biofuel, eg, ethanol; & long-term structural & policy dimensions, particularly structural adjustment. To illustrate the deleterious impact of structural adjustment programs, attention is given to the Mexican tortilla crisis, the rice deficit in the Philippines; & the African food deficit. The centrality of capitalism to these crises is noted, asserting that the capitalist industrial agriculture model is a threat to the peasant mode of production. However, the emergence of an international peasant movement against the hegemony of capitalist industrial agriculture is acknowledged. The implications of the current global economic crisis on the long-term displacement of peasant agriculture by capitalist agriculture are touched on in closing. Adapted from the source document.

The rise & political convergence of agroecology, land reform, food justice, & food sovereignty movements in response to the 2007/08global food crisis are examined. The food crisis is described in terms of the North-South divide, with the former's major agrifood monopolies reaping record profits while the latter suffered hunger & lost food production capacity. Considered is the notion of the "persistence of the peasantry" despite urbanization & depeasantization in the form of an international movement centered on food sovereignty as first defined by La Via Campesina. Focus turns to two trends: agrarian advocacy (as manifest in La Via Campesina) & smallholder farmer-to-farmer-NGO partnerships committed to developing sustainable agriculture. The divide between advocacy & practice is addressed, along with how to bridge that gap & foster a political convergence, using the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement to illustrate. Adapted from the source document.

As one of the younger members of the EU, the Republic of Cyprus remains divided -- and far removed from any deeper European interest. The absence of Turkish-Cypriot officeholders since the unrest of 1963 & the occupation of the Northern part of the island in 1974, against all International Law, have naturally had an impact on the implementation of the 1960 Constitution. The requirement of double majorities which the latter stipulates very frequently concerning decisions of the House of Representatives has, for example, led to changes of the Constitution as well as to the increase of the number of parliamentary seats by the Greek-Cypriot members of Parliament, based on the ius eminens. Besides those difficulties, other distinctive characteristics of the House & elements of its electoral history are presented. Adapted from the source document.

Burmese refugees in Thailand maintain economic, social and political links with their country of origin, but these transnational activities are influenced by the politics and level of development of the country of origin and the host country. Through transnational activities, refugees can have a positive impact on the home country by contributing to peace-building and development or they can enhance conflict, as the discussion on community engagement and political transnationalism will illustrate. Clearly, the increased capacity and networks of the Burmese diaspora have bestowed it with a large (future) potential to influence peace-building, development and conflict. Therefore, it is argued here that the various civil, political and military groups in exile should be included in the peace-building process initiated by international actors, next to stakeholders inside the country. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; Les travaux de SEN constituent un système de pensée dans lequel la déclinaison de plusieurs registres argumentatifs permet la défense de la démocratie. À la base de ce système, on trouve une critique de l'économie politique orthodoxe et de ses fondements. Néanmoins, certaines zones d'ombre méritent d'être explorées pour saisir la portée de cette critique. En particulier, la représentation de l'économie moderne que propose SEN reste très proche de celle que l'on trouve dans l'économie libérale standard, ce qui, d'une part, laisse sans réponses des problèmes de justice sociale pourtant au coeur des débats contemporains et, d'autre part, fragilise certains arguments en faveur de la démocratie. L'approche par les libertés peut pourtant être mobilisée, au-delà voire contre SEN, pour une lecture plus radicale des inégalités et des transformations socio-économiques qui permettraient de les réduire.

На сегодняшний день проблема выработки активной жизненной позиции в молодежной среде вызывает особое беспокойство. Повсеместное распространение получило явление «пассивности» молодых людей как в политической, так и в иных сферах жизнедеятельности общества, которое часто приводит к нарушению закона, к преступлениям. Отечественный и зарубежный опыт свидетельствуют, что популяризация правопослушного поведения, чувства патриотизма, гражданской ответственности среди молодежи является одной из основных задач правового государства. ; The problem of working out the active social position among young people is of great concern in the community nowadays. Such widespread phenomenon as «passivity» of the youth both in political and other spheres of life often leads to the crime commission. Our local and international experience shows that popularization of law abiding behaviour, ideas of patriotism, civil responsibility among youth is one of the main goals of the legal state.

В статье рассматривается имеющийся международный опыт применения различных схем государственно-частного партнерства для решения актуальных задач космической деятельности в области космической навигации, дистанционного зондирования Земли, научных космических исследований. Описываются основные направления и ограничения применимости подобных моделей в интересах развития отечественной космической деятельности. Приводятся рекомендации по избежанию «институциональных ловушек», связанных с непосредственным участием государства в деятельности на рынках с потенциально высоким коммерческим потенциалом. ; The article considers existing international experience of the private public partnership application for solving the actual space activities tasks in the fields of space navigation, Earth remote sensing, and fundamental space research. The main directions and limitations are described for these models application for the Russias space activity development. The recommendations are provided on avoiding the institutional traps associated with the direct government participation in the market activities having high commercial potential.