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Notes on Vagueness and Mathematics -- Fuzzy Set Theory: Some Aspects of the Early Development -- Plausibility Measures – A General Framework for Possibility and Fuzzy Probability Measures -- Controlled-Error Theories of Proximity and Dominance -- Impartial Truth -- A Geometry of Logic -- Representations of Transitive Fuzzy Relations -- Fuzziness and Fuzzy Equality -- Large Societies and Individual Strategy Selection: A Case Study of Ambiguity -- The Alternative Set Theory and its Approach to Cantor's Set Theory -- Aspects of Vagueness and Some Epistemological Problems Related to their Formalization -- An Inquiry into Indistinguishability Operators -- A Theory of Commonsense Knowledge -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

The article deals with the objectification of the "austrian" period of life of the Greek-Catholic priesthood of Galicia. Without resorting to deep geopolitical revisions, the article eliminates the aspectal panorama of the sociopastoral initiatives of the church. The circumstances and challenges due to which the priesthood of the region succeeded in a successful implementation of a socially important ecclesiological and cultural mission were analyzed. Influenced by the geopolitical conditions of the second half of the XIX century, the church became not only the educational establishment of the Ukrainian intellectuals but also, undoubtedly, a crusial element of the unity of the Ukrainian nation. The research framework covers a period that not only changed the socio-cultural situation of Lviv and Eastern Galicia, but also the social architectonics of the European civilization of those days.In August 1772 in St. Petersburg the sides of the coalition triad, which included the Russian empire, Catherine II, Prussian king Frederick II and the Habsburg monarch Cisar Joseph II, signed a treatise according to which the territory of Galicia was annexed to the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire.Having encountered in the new sociopolitical realities, the hierarchy of the Greek Catholic Church tried to use the situation as fully as possible for the entire care of its representatives, interaction and contact with the society. By building structures of church organizations, the priesthood greatly contributed to the spread of education among the Ukrainian peasantry, the strengthening of the national consciousness of the masses and the formation of a sense of self-esteem among them. The priests were not only a spiritual sacred icon, but also to a large extent an important political elite of the Galician Ukrainians.Since the only leading group of the Russian population was the priesthood, the priests were forced to become the only educational brunch of the Galician society for a long time. Being in a difficult material condition and depending on the will of the Polish tycoons, the priesthood shared the burden of their social status with the peasants.As a result of state reforms, the priesthood got an opportunity to receive an education ("Barbareum" in Vienna, Lviv seminary, theological faculty of Lviv University) and engage in the more active educational activities among the people. While taking care of the economic development of the village, the priests also educate a new generation of conscious Ukrainians. The church was focusing on the social care of the unprotected layers of society and poor peasants. The church also took care of the orphanages and the houses of the elderly and sick. The actions of fighting with drunkenness and wastefulness of the peasants were of great importance.Realizing that aim of political and agricultural affairs does not entirely correspond to the mission of the pastor, the priests tried to educate the future leaders of the people, the future intelligentsia, to whom the leadership could be conveyed.During the era of Austrian domination the work of the priesthood in the social field and the ability to move away from a secular activity can serve as a model for the UGCC in the present day, when the priesthood again faces the problem of combining a pastoral care and an active civic position in its activity. ; У статті розглянуто соціокультурну та політико-адміністративну ситуацію у Галичині після приєднання до Австро-Угорської монархії. Проаналізовано аспекти соціальної діяльності духівництва греко-католицької церкви на просвітницькій, культурній, політичній ниві. Висвітлено специфіку умов та складність обставини, за яких ієрархія церкви знаходила можливість успішно реалізовувати душпастирську місію. Рамки дослідження охоплюють період другої половини XIX століття, за час якого відбулись значні соціополітичні зсуви не тільки у Східній Галичині, але й загальносуспільній архітектоніці тогочасного Європейського континенту.

With the rise of web 2.0 and social media platforms taking over vast tracts of territory on the internet, the media landscape has shifted drastically in the past 20 years, transforming previously stable relationships between media creators and consumers. The Social Media Reader is the first collection to address the collective transformation with pieces on social media, peer production, copyright politics, and other aspects of contemporary internet culture from all the major thinkers in the field. Culling a broad range and incorporating different styles of scholarship from foundational pieces

Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Moral Issues in Risk Acceptability -- 2. The Emergence of a New Subdiscipline -- 3. Perception of Risk -- 4. Choice and Risk -- 5. Natural Risks -- 6. Credibility -- 7. Risk-Seeking and Safety First -- 8. Institutional Constraints -- 9. Risks Encoded -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgments

In the last few years, especially after the Brexit referendum and the 2016 U.S. elections, there has been a surge in academic interest for misinformation and disinformation. Social, cognitive, and political scientists' work on these phenomena has focused on two main aspects: - Individuals' (and by extension societies') vulnerability to misinformation; - Factors and interventions that can increase individuals' (and societies') resistance to misinformation. In this article, we offer a critical review of the psychological research pertaining to these two aspects. Drawing on this review, we highlight an emerging tension in the relevant literature. Indeed, the current state of the art of the political misinformation literature reflects the combined operation of two opposing psychological constructs: excess gullibility on the one hand and excess vigilance on the other. We argue that this conceptualization is important in both advancing theories of individuals' and societies' vulnerability to misinformation and in designing prospective research programs. We conclude with proposing what, in our view, are the most promising avenues for future research in the field.

IntroductionAccording to the report "State of the World's Mothers 2014. Saving Mothers and Children in Humanitarian Crises" (was prepared by International Society «Save the Children») state Ukraine has 72 place (total – 178 states) in the world, depending on conditions of motherhood, such as rates of maternal health, educational, economic and political status of women and children). Preterm birth (PB) is a serious medical, economical and social problem. This pathology is quite common among women in low-income countries, but in countries with high level, for example in the United States, that is also a significant problem. According to the WHO newsletter (2016) the rate of PB is over 60% in Africa and South Asia [27, 28]. The global World Prematurity Network, which includes organizations from Europe, Africa,Australia,China, Latin America,Canada,United States, has the main task to improve care and quality of life of premature infants [25].Pharmaceutical aspects of pregnant women in the hospital and using ABC- VEN-analysis were studied. Some aspects of pharmacoeconomic analysis "cost-effectiveness" for treatment of threatened abortion was elaborated inUkraine[22].Research methodsThe aim of this article was to analyse the economical, social aspects of PB in the world andUkraine. Also we studied the real world data on prescribing of drugs for pregnant with threatened PB, and determine a financial cost for therapy, using ABC/ VEN - analysis and the effectiveness rates according to evidence data for progestogens for PB treatment. We used content-analysis for recommendations, ABC/VEN analysis for drug prescriptions, systematic review of data.Results and discussionImproving the quality of life and health of pregnant women and their rational pharmacotherapy are the main objectives of WHO. Ukraine occupies 72 place in terms of motherhood in the world.We have analyzed and compared the national and international reports, guidelines on requirements for treatment and prevention of preterm birth. We analyzed the real world data of the frequency of drug prescriptions using ABC / VEN analysis based on medical records about drug prescriptions for pregnant women, diagnosed according to ICD-10 - 047.0. We found that the most common in A group were drugs for 7 INN (14.58 % of total allocations) and the essential drugs was only sodium chloride, which indicated that not enough rational use of funds of patients.We studied the evidence data about progesterone for effective treatment of PB. Therefore, that is important to optimize pharmaceutical care for pregnant women and rational use of medicines for effective pharmacotherapy of PB according to current health technologies.Conclusions1.Preterm birth is a huge economical, medical and social problem in the world, especially in low in-come countries. It was established that current ukranian clinical protocols include the treatment and prevention of PB have a need for a good revision because the WHO, NICE published a new evidence-based recommendations for health technologies of PB in 2015. 2. We determined that treatment for PB threat appointed 75 trade names of drugs, including 46 for INN and 2 supplements. The average number of prescriptions for a pregnant woman shown polypharmacy. The cost of drug therapy is for one patient average 740 UAH. 3.Using ABC / VEN - analysis was showed that the group A included 7 drugs for the INN, the group B and C included 11 and 30 drugs, respectively.4.Progestines have a good evidence data, but it need to determine the less expensive scheme/drugs for the treatment and prevention of PB using pharmacoeconomic analysis results in Ukraine. ; Поліпшення якості життя, здоров'я вагітних жінок та лікування передчасних пологів є основними цілями директив ВООЗ. Україна займає 72 місце в рейтингу за рівнем забезпечення материнства в світі.Нами вивчені у порівняльному плані рекомендації ВООЗ, 2015 міжнародні рекомендації, накази МОЗ України щодо лікування передчасних пологів (ПП) та виявлено певні відмінності, що вимагає оновлення вітчизняних протоколів.Ми проаналізували реальні дані частоти призначень лікарських засобів при ПР з використанням АВС^Е^аналізу на основі 102 історій хвороб вагітних жінок з діагнозом відповідно до МКХ-10 - 047.0. Встановлено, що для лікування загрози ПП призначалися 75 торгових назв (46 МНН лікарських засобів та 2 БАД). Сумарно було 689 призначень ліків, що в середньому складає 6,75 препарата на одну вагітну жінку, що свідчить про поліпрагмазію. Виявлено, що в групі А найбільш часто призначаються препарати 7 МНН (14,58 % від загального обсягу) і основним лікарським засобом є натрію хлорид, що свідчить про недостатньо раціональне використання фінансових коштів пацієнтів.Встановлено, що сумарно витрати на призначені ЛЗ при ПР становили 75354,3 грн, а витрати на фармакотерапії 1 пацієнтки були в середньому 740,2 грн.Нами проаналізовані доказові дані про призначення прогестеронів для лікування ПР. Встановлено, що найбільш ефективним для лікування ПП за даними доказової фармації є прогестерон у лікарській формі для вагінального прийому для жінок з короткою шийкою матки, а дигістростерон - при застосуванні допоміжних репродуктивних технологійДоцільною є оптимізація фармацевтичної допомоги вагітним при ПР за даними доказової фармації та призначення економічно ефективної фармакотерапії для раціоналізації витрат пацієнтів.

IntroductionAccording to the report "State of the World's Mothers 2014. Saving Mothers and Children in Humanitarian Crises" (was prepared by International Society «Save the Children») state Ukraine has 72 place (total – 178 states) in the world, depending on conditions of motherhood, such as rates of maternal health, educational, economic and political status of women and children). Preterm birth (PB) is a serious medical, economical and social problem. This pathology is quite common among women in low-income countries, but in countries with high level, for example in the United States, that is also a significant problem. According to the WHO newsletter (2016) the rate of PB is over 60% in Africa and South Asia [27, 28]. The global World Prematurity Network, which includes organizations from Europe, Africa,Australia,China, Latin America,Canada,United States, has the main task to improve care and quality of life of premature infants [25].Pharmaceutical aspects of pregnant women in the hospital and using ABC- VEN-analysis were studied. Some aspects of pharmacoeconomic analysis "cost-effectiveness" for treatment of threatened abortion was elaborated inUkraine[22].Research methodsThe aim of this article was to analyse the economical, social aspects of PB in the world andUkraine. Also we studied the real world data on prescribing of drugs for pregnant with threatened PB, and determine a financial cost for therapy, using ABC/ VEN - analysis and the effectiveness rates according to evidence data for progestogens for PB treatment. We used content-analysis for recommendations, ABC/VEN analysis for drug prescriptions, systematic review of data.Results and discussionImproving the quality of life and health of pregnant women and their rational pharmacotherapy are the main objectives of WHO. Ukraine occupies 72 place in terms of motherhood in the world.We have analyzed and compared the national and international reports, guidelines on requirements for treatment and prevention of preterm birth. We analyzed the real world data of the frequency of drug prescriptions using ABC / VEN analysis based on medical records about drug prescriptions for pregnant women, diagnosed according to ICD-10 - 047.0. We found that the most common in A group were drugs for 7 INN (14.58 % of total allocations) and the essential drugs was only sodium chloride, which indicated that not enough rational use of funds of patients.We studied the evidence data about progesterone for effective treatment of PB. Therefore, that is important to optimize pharmaceutical care for pregnant women and rational use of medicines for effective pharmacotherapy of PB according to current health technologies.Conclusions1.Preterm birth is a huge economical, medical and social problem in the world, especially in low in-come countries. It was established that current ukranian clinical protocols include the treatment and prevention of PB have a need for a good revision because the WHO, NICE published a new evidence-based recommendations for health technologies of PB in 2015. 2. We determined that treatment for PB threat appointed 75 trade names of drugs, including 46 for INN and 2 supplements. The average number of prescriptions for a pregnant woman shown polypharmacy. The cost of drug therapy is for one patient average 740 UAH. 3.Using ABC / VEN - analysis was showed that the group A included 7 drugs for the INN, the group B and C included 11 and 30 drugs, respectively.4.Progestines have a good evidence data, but it need to determine the less expensive scheme/drugs for the treatment and prevention of PB using pharmacoeconomic analysis results in Ukraine. ; Поліпшення якості життя, здоров'я вагітних жінок та лікування передчасних пологів є основними цілями директив ВООЗ. Україна займає 72 місце в рейтингу за рівнем забезпечення материнства в світі.Нами вивчені у порівняльному плані рекомендації ВООЗ, 2015 міжнародні рекомендації, накази МОЗ України щодо лікування передчасних пологів (ПП) та виявлено певні відмінності, що вимагає оновлення вітчизняних протоколів.Ми проаналізували реальні дані частоти призначень лікарських засобів при ПР з використанням АВС^Е^аналізу на основі 102 історій хвороб вагітних жінок з діагнозом відповідно до МКХ-10 - 047.0. Встановлено, що для лікування загрози ПП призначалися 75 торгових назв (46 МНН лікарських засобів та 2 БАД). Сумарно було 689 призначень ліків, що в середньому складає 6,75 препарата на одну вагітну жінку, що свідчить про поліпрагмазію. Виявлено, що в групі А найбільш часто призначаються препарати 7 МНН (14,58 % від загального обсягу) і основним лікарським засобом є натрію хлорид, що свідчить про недостатньо раціональне використання фінансових коштів пацієнтів.Встановлено, що сумарно витрати на призначені ЛЗ при ПР становили 75354,3 грн, а витрати на фармакотерапії 1 пацієнтки були в середньому 740,2 грн.Нами проаналізовані доказові дані про призначення прогестеронів для лікування ПР. Встановлено, що найбільш ефективним для лікування ПП за даними доказової фармації є прогестерон у лікарській формі для вагінального прийому для жінок з короткою шийкою матки, а дигістростерон - при застосуванні допоміжних репродуктивних технологійДоцільною є оптимізація фармацевтичної допомоги вагітним при ПР за даними доказової фармації та призначення економічно ефективної фармакотерапії для раціоналізації витрат пацієнтів.

Overview of sustainability and social change in fashion -- Diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice -- Product life cycle -- Longevity of use -- Supply chain assurance and transparency -- Sustainable business logistics and distribution -- Sustainable communities -- Goals, plans, and trends in creating sustainable supply chains -- Glossary -- Index

Cover -- Readings in Language Studies -- LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Dedication -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE -- CHAPTER 1: LANGUAGE IDEOLOGIES IN AN ANGLO-CONTROLLED BILINGUAL CHARTER SCHOOL -- CHAPTER 2: DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSIONS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE EVIDENCED IN COLLEGE STUDENTS' FABLES -- CHAPTER 3: CREATING RUSSIAN-AMERICAN IDENTITIES IN RECENT AMERICAN FICTION -- CHAPTER 4: QUÉ REVOLÚ -- CHAPTER 5: IDIOMATICITY AND LANGUAGE USE -- LANGUAGE TEACHING PRACTICES, PEDAGOGY, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

Part I. Great Theorists -- Chapter 1. Toward a Sport Ethic: Science, Politics, and Weber's Sociology / Robert Beamish, PhD ; Four Pure Types of Action ; Science and Ethics: The Limits of Goal-Rational Action ; The Politics of Ethical Conduct in Sport ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Sources -- Chapter 2. Civilizing Sports: Figurational Sociology and the Sociology of Sport / Eric Dunning, PhD ; The Figurational Sociology of Sport and Its Critics ; Criticizing and Testing Elias ; The "Civilizing" of Modern Sports ; Soccer Hooliganism as an English and World Problem ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 3. Beyond the Sociological Imagination: Doing Autoethnography to Explore Intersections of Biography and History / Nancy Spencer, PhD ; Sociological Imagination ; Applying the Sociological Imagination to Research ; Applying Critical Sociological Imagination to My Studies ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Part II. Research Guided by Mid-Level Sociological Theories -- Chapter 4. The Sociology of Science: Sport, Training, and the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances / Ian Ritchie, PhD ; Theories in the Sociology of Science ; Sport and the Science of Training: The Conservation of Energy and Beyond ; Understanding the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 5. Political Economy: Sport and Urban Development / Kimberly S. Schimmel, PhD ; Urban Political Economy and Urban Regime Theory ; Sport Development and Urban Development in Historical Perspective ; Sport, Urban Regime, and Urban Development in Indianapolis ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 6. Institutional Logics Theory: Examining Big-Time College Sport / Richard M. Southall, EdD, and Mark S. Nagel, EdD ; Theory of Institutional Logics ; Case Study: 2007 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament Broadcasts ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 7. Playing for Whom? Sport, Religion, and the Double-Movement of Secularization in America / David Yamane, PhD, Charles E. Mellies, BA, and Teresa Blake, BA ; The Double Movement of Secularization ; Societal-Level Secularization: The Differentiation of Sport from Religion ; Sport as Civil Religion? ; Organizational Innovation Connecting Religion and Sport ; Religion and Spirituality at the Individual Level ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Part III. Theories of Inequality -- Chapter 8. Feminist Theory and the Study of Sport: An Illustration from Title IX / Angela J. Hattery, PhD ; The First Wave ; Modern Feminist Theory:The Second Wave ; Postmodern Feminism: The Third Wave ; Title IX and Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Sport ; Discussion ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 9. Social and Cultural Capital: Race, School Attachment, and the Role of High School Sports / Rhonda F. Levine, PhD ; Theoretical Frameworks ; Sport Participation, Academic Achievement and School Attachment ; Role of Coaches ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research Additional Resources -- Chapter 10. Race, Class, and Gender Theory: Violence Against Women in the Institution of Sport / Earl Smith, PhD, and Benny Cooper, BA ; The Issue ; Methods and Data ; Discussion ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 11. Masculinities and the Sociology of Sport: Issues and Ironies in the 21st Century / Bryan E. Denham, PhD -- Hegemonic Masculinity ; Constructions of Masculinity in Professional Football ; Constructions of Masculinity in Hardcore Bodybuilding ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 12. Getting Girls in the Game: Negotiations of Structure and Agency in a Girls' Recreational Sport Program / Cheryl Cooky, PhD ; Overview of Theories of Structuration ; Culture ; Girls in the Game ; Cultural Analysis: Discursive Constructions of Sport and the "At-Risk" Girls ; Helping Girls "At-Risk": The Structure of "Girls in the Game" ; "Doing Whatever We Want": Reproductive Agency at GIG ; Negotiating Agency and Constraint in Everyday Social Interactions: The Role of Culture in School-Sanctioned Verus Hip-Hop Femininities ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Part IV. Microlevel Theories -- Chapter 13. The Mundanity of Excellence: Tiger Woods and Excellence in Golf / Earl Smith, PhD ; Tiger the Golfer ; Theory of Dominance in Sport ; Discussion ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 14. Making it Big: Visible Symbols of Success, Physical Appearance, and Sport Figures / Bonnie Berry, PhD ; The Null Hypothesis and Methodology ; Observations of Sport, Fitness, and "Health" Magazine Images ; Interpretations: Some Features on Which to Focus ; Symbolic Interaction, Dramaturgy, and Image-Making ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Chapter 15. Sport and Multiple Identities in Postwar Trinidad: The Case of McDonald Bailey / Roy D. McCree, PhD ; Theoretical Considerations ; Methodology ; Athletic Representation and Multiple Identities: Trinidadian or British ; Conclusion ; Suggested Research ; Additional Resources -- Epilogue -- References -- Index -- About the Editor.