Suchergebnisse

Management of the mining sector in DRC today brings the logics of industrialization and artisanal mining into opposition. Public action within the country is largely powerless, sometimes even counter-productive. In a region so plagued by conflict, only action carried out by a determined civil society focused on increasing the capacity and autonomy of the various artisanal mining actors would allow the coexistence of these two approaches in favor of development. (Politique étrangère (Paris) / SWP)

O doce de leite é consumido em países do Mercosul e composto de água, proteínas, lipídeos, minerais e açúcar. A acidez titulável (AT) do leite, teor de lactose e de gordura alteram as características sensoriais e de coloração do produto. O objetivo foi evidenciar, em aula prática, a importância da qualidade da matéria-prima na elaboração do doce de leite. Os leites pasteurizados (integral, desnatado ou zero lactose) foram avaliados quanto a AT antes e após adição de ácido lático ou bicarbonato de sódio. Após, foi adicionado 20% de açúcar (seis formulações diferentes), seguido de aquecimento até o ponto final. Na avaliação dos produtos foi observada textura, coloração e grau de doçura (56 alunos). F1(controle) apresentou coloração caramelo média, textura lisa, sem grumos, e sabor doce característico. Em F2 havia um excesso de AT no leite, com doce de leite de uma tonalidade mais clara e granuloso. F3 foi elaborada com excesso de bicarbonato de sódio, produzindo um doce escuro, sem chegar ao ponto final, e sabor amargo. Em F4 foi utilizado creme de leite (17% de gordura), com cor caramelo médio, liso e menos doce. Na F5 foi utilizado leite desnatado, produzindo um doce de leite caramelo médio, liso e sabor doce um pouco mais acentuado. Já F6 utilizou leite zero lactose, produzindo um doce de leite marrom escuro, firme, com grumos e doçura marcante. Esta aula prática evidenciou a importância da qualidade da matéria-prima para o doce de leite e trouxe a realidade das Indústrias beneficiadoras, que a recebem com qualidade variada.

Palavras-chave: Pós-Graduação. Leite e Derivados. Acidez.

Abstract
Dulce de leche is consumed in the Mercosul countries, and it is composed by water, proteins, lipids, minerals and sugar. Milk titratable acidity, lactose and fat contents change the product sensorial and color characteristic. The objective was to evidence, in a practical class, to Master level students, the importance of raw material in the dulce de leche manufacture. Pasteurized milk (whole, skimmed or lactose free) were evaluated for titratable acidity, before and after the lactic acid or sodium bicarbonate addition. Then, 20% of sugar was added to the milk (six different formulations), and it was heated until dulce de leche final point. In the products evaluation, texture, coloration and sweetness degree were evaluated by 56 students. F1 (control) presented medium caramel color, smooth texture, and characteristic sweet flavor. F2 presented an excess of titratable acidity, with lighter and grainy dulce de leche. F3 was elaborated with sodium bicarbonate excess, producing a dark dulce de leche, without reaching the final point, and bitter taste. F4 was produced with cream (17% fat), and presented a medium caramel color, smooth and less sweet. In F5 skimmed milk was used, resulting in a dulce de leche with medium caramel color, smooth and a slightly more pronounced sweet flavor. F6 was produced with lactose free milk, producing a dark brown dulce de leche, with lumps and marked sweetness. This practical class highlighted the importance of the raw material quality for dulce de leche production and brought the reality of the beneficiary industries, which receive raw materials of varying quality.

Keywords: Post Graduation. Milk and Derivatives. Titratable Acidity.

Актуальность работы. В настоящее время в России увеличиваются темпы добычи полезных ископаемых, при этом геологическая отрасль уже не в состоянии обеспечить необходимый прирост запасов для добывающих предприятий, что вызвано не только постепенным истощением минерально-сырьевой базы страны и другими объективными причинами, но и самой организацией работ в отрасли. На протяжении ряда лет развитию геологической отрасли мешает множество преград, связанных с несовершенством нормативно-правовой базы и, как следствие, неэффективностью государственного управления. Цель исследования: выявить основные проблемы государственного регулирования геологической отрасли и определить возможные пути их решения, показать, как изменение отдельных положений нормативно-правовой базы недропользования может снизить стоимость геологоразведочных работ, сократить сроки оформления разрешительной документации и, как следствие, сроки ведения самих геологоразведочных работ. Методы исследования: анализ ряда особенностей государственного регулирования геологической отрасли и положений законодательной базы геологического изучения недр Российской Федерации; определение практической значимости и целесообразности отдельных нормативных актов; сравнение организации геологоразведочных работ в России и за рубежом. Результаты. Выявлены наиболее важные проблемы, которые могут быть решены путем внесения изменений в действующее законодательство. Дано экономическое обоснование несоответствия отдельных положений нормативно-правовых актов принципам современной рыночной экономики и показано, как эти проблемы решаются в развитых зарубежных странах. Разработаны предложения по совершенствованию государственного регулирования геологической отрасли. Выводы. Предложения по решению выявленных проблем имеют как правовые, так и экономические составляющие, и внедрение предлагаемых рекомендаций позволит за счет изменений законодательной базы улучшить состояние геологической отрасли России. Решение выявленных проблем не потребует финансовых вложений и позволит сократить как сроки проведения геологоразведочных работ, так и безосновательные расходы геологических предприятий.The relevance of the research. At the moment mining industry production in Russia increases. But geological sector is no longer able to provide necessary increase in reserves for the extractive industries, which is caused not only by the gradual depletion of mineral resource base of the country and other objective reasons, but by work organization in the industry as well. Over the years the development of the geological sector was hindered by a number of barriers related to the imperfection of the legal framework and, as a consequence, to the administration inefficiency. The main aim of the study is to identify the main problems of state regulation in geological industry and possible solutions; to show how the change in certain provisions of the regulatory framework for the natural reserves use can reduce the cost of exploration work, delays in obtaining permits and, as a consequence, the temporal duration of geological exploration itself. The methods of study: the analysis of some features of state regulation in geological industry as well as the study of certain legislative framework provisions for geological exploration in Russian Federation. The paper provides as well the assessment of practical relevance and feasibility of individual regulations and comparison between organization of geological exploration in Russia and in foreign countries. Results. The author has found out the most important issues that can be solved by introducing amendments to the existing legislation and has given the economic substantiation of inconsistency of certain legal provisions to the principles of modern market economy. The paper demonstrates the way these problems are solved in other developed countries. The author developed the proposals for improving the state regulation of geological exploration. Conclusions. The proposals for solving the identified problems have both legal and economic components. Implementation of the proposed recommendations would improve the state of geological industry in Russia due to changes in the legal framework. The solution of the problems identified would not require additional financial investments and would also reduce the temporal duration of geological exploration and cut unnecessary expenses of geological enterprises.

Coal is a fossil fuel mineral, which is presently a major source of electricity and energy to industries. From past to present, there are many coal reserves around the world and large scale coal mining operates in various areas such as the USA, Russia, China, Australia, India, and Germany, etc. Thailand's coal resources can be found in many areas; there are lignite mining in the north of Thailand, the currently operational Mae Moh Lignite Mine, and also coal reserves in the south of Thailand, such as Krabi and Songkhla, where mines are not yet operating. The main consumption of coal is in electricity production, which increases annually. In 2019, the Thai Government and Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) plans to run a 800 MW coal power plant at Krabi, which may run on imported coal, despite there being reserves of lignite at Krabi; the use of domestic coal is a last option because of social and environmental concerns about the effects of coal mining. There is a modern trend in mining projects, the responsibility of mining should cover not only the mining activity, but the social and environmental protection and mine closure activities which follow. Thus, the costs and decisions taken on by the mining company are increasingly complicated. To reach a decision on investment in a mining project is not easy; it is a complex process in which all variables are connected. Particularly, the responsibility of coal mining companies to society and the environment is a new topic. Thus, a tool to help to recognize and generate information for decision making is in demand and very important. In this thesis, the system dynamics model of coal mine planning is made by using Vensim Software and specifically designed to encompass many variables during the period of mining activity until the mine closure period. The decisions use economic criteria such as Net Present Value (NPV), Net Cash Flow (NCF), Payback Period (PP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), etc. Consequently, the development of the decision support system of coal mine planning as a tool is proposed. The model structure covers the coal mining area from mine reserves to mine closure. It is a fast and flexible tool to perform sensitivity analysis, and to determine an optimum solution. The model results are clear and easily understandable on whether to accept or reject the coal mine project, which helps coal mining companies make the right decisions on their policies, economics, and the planning of new coal mining projects. Furthermore, the model is used to analyse the case study of the Krabi coal-fired power plant in Thailand, which may possibly use the domestic lignite at Krabi. The scenario simulations clearly show some potential for the use of the domestic lignite. However, the detailed analysis of the Krabi Lignite Mine Project case shows the high possible risks of this project, and that this project is currently not feasible. Thus, the model helps to understand and confirm that the use of domestic lignite in Krabi for the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project is not suitable at this time. Therefore, the best choice is imported coal from other countries for supporting the Krabi Coal Power Plant Project. Finally, this tool successfully is a portable application software, which does not need to be installed on a computer, but can run directly in a folder of the existing application. Furthermore, it supports all versions of Windows OS.

Актуальность работы. В настоящее время в России увеличиваются темпы добычи полезных ископаемых, при этом геологическая отрасль уже не в состоянии обеспечить необходимый прирост запасов для добывающих предприятий, что вызвано не только постепенным истощением минерально-сырьевой базы страны и другими объективными причинами, но и самой организацией работ в отрасли. На протяжении ряда лет развитию геологической отрасли мешает множество преград, связанных с несовершенством нормативно-правовой базы и, как следствие, неэффективностью государственного управления. Цель исследования: выявить основные проблемы государственного регулирования геологической отрасли и определить возможные пути их решения, показать, как изменение отдельных положений нормативно-правовой базы недропользования может снизить стоимость геологоразведочных работ, сократить сроки оформления разрешительной документации и, как следствие, сроки ведения самих геологоразведочных работ. Методы исследования: анализ ряда особенностей государственного регулирования геологической отрасли и положений законодательной базы геологического изучения недр Российской Федерации; определение практической значимости и целесообразности отдельных нормативных актов; сравнение организации геологоразведочных работ в России и за рубежом. Результаты. Выявлены наиболее важные проблемы, которые могут быть решены путем внесения изменений в действующее законодательство. Дано экономическое обоснование несоответствия отдельных положений нормативно-правовых актов принципам современной рыночной экономики и показано, как эти проблемы решаются в развитых зарубежных странах. Разработаны предложения по совершенствованию государственного регулирования геологической отрасли. Выводы. Предложения по решению выявленных проблем имеют как правовые, так и экономические составляющие, и внедрение предлагаемых рекомендаций позволит за счет изменений законодательной базы улучшить состояние геологической отрасли России. Решение выявленных проблем не потребует финансовых вложений и позволит сократить как сроки проведения геологоразведочных работ, так и безосновательные расходы геологических предприятий. ; The relevance of the research. At the moment mining industry production in Russia increases. But geological sector is no longer able to provide necessary increase in reserves for the extractive industries, which is caused not only by the gradual depletion of mineral resource base of the country and other objective reasons, but by work organization in the industry as well. Over the years the development of the geological sector was hindered by a number of barriers related to the imperfection of the legal framework and, as a consequence, to the administration inefficiency. The main aim of the study is to identify the main problems of state regulation in geological industry and possible solutions; to show how the change in certain provisions of the regulatory framework for the natural reserves use can reduce the cost of exploration work, delays in obtaining permits and, as a consequence, the temporal duration of geological exploration itself. The methods of study: the analysis of some features of state regulation in geological industry as well as the study of certain legislative framework provisions for geological exploration in Russian Federation. The paper provides as well the assessment of practical relevance and feasibility of individual regulations and comparison between organization of geological exploration in Russia and in foreign countries. Results: The author has found out the most important issues that can be solved by introducing amendments to the existing legislation and has given the economic substantiation of inconsistency of certain legal provisions to the principles of modern market economy. The paper demonstrates the way these problems are solved in other developed countries. The author developed the proposals for improving the state regulation of geological exploration. Conclusions. The proposals for solving the identified problems have both legal and economic components. Implementation of the pro-posed recommendations would improve the state of geological industry in Russia due to changes in the legal framework. The solution of the problems identified would not require additional financial investments and would also reduce the temporal duration of geological exploration and cut unnecessary expenses of geological enterprises.

The oil and gas sector in Ethiopia, currently at a very early stage of development, shows good potential for development on the long-run. The sector will benefit from strategies and policies to implement the broader vision for the sector. Development of the oil and gas sector in Ethiopia has the potential to transform the country's economy. To this end, the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has requested technical assistance and capacity building support from the World Bank as part of a wider package of support provided by the Bank (in coordination with other development partners) to develop the extractive industries (oil, gas, and mining) sector of Ethiopia. The main objective of the work to be undertaken, is to provide guidance and build capacity in GoE as it undertakes the wider update of its policy, legal, and regulatory framework of the oil and gas sector. Adam Smith International (ASI) was contracted to review the policy and regulatory framework for the oil and gas sector and provide recommendations. This final report on policy and regulatory options has been prepared at the conclusion of the analytical stage of the project, and was preceded by the initiation report submitted in July 2015. This report has two objectives. Firstly, to provide a comprehensive review of the current policy of the GoE towards the oil and natural gas sector. Secondly, to evaluate the regulatory framework in terms of good international practice.

This document constitutes a conceptual and empirical approach to the problem of Socio-Environmental Conflicts (SEC) in Ecuador through an evaluation of 51 cases, distributed throughout the Ecuadorian territory between 1977 and 2014. The main concern regarding the spread of SEC, both in Ecuador and at regional and global levels, is the increase of extractive activities that support the global economic system. The richest areas in natural resources such as gas, oil, forests, minerals, water sources and agricultural land are the most exposed to the clash of interests between extractive industries and local populations. In the case of developing countries, constantly indebted such as Ecuador, immediate economic needs prevail over the conservation and sustainable use of resources. In response, environmental activism, led in many cases by indigenous organizations, is a key factor in identifying and denouncing ecological destruction. On their success largely depends the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems that could guarantee us all, a more sustainable future. Given the complexity of the subject, SEC analysis requires involving various branches of science, especially in relation to the main fields of study of sustainability: environment, society and economy. The evaluation will be done taking into account the set of cases as a single complex system through the implementation and adaptation of data mining methodologies and complex network analysis. The methodologies proposed in this work allow simultaneous combinations and comparisons of quantitative and qualitative data. Our purpose is to contribute to the study and understanding of this type of phenomena, through the identification of patterns and trends not identifiable by other methods commonly used for this purpose, such as individual case studies and classical statistics. In order to achieve a better interpretation of the results, we firstly perform a theoretical review around the CSA, and a contextual review around the case of Ecuador specifically (Chapter 1). After presenting the data to be processed from the sources, specific context and the way in which they are organized (Chapter 2), we will use data mining techniques to perform a statistical analysis that integrates all available data and allows us to propose a new method of data processing applied to SEC (Chapter 3). In the case of the analysis of actors, the temporal evolution of their connectivity and the particular characteristics of each group (or type of actors), the analysis of complex networks will be used that will allow us to decipher their behavior in all its complexity (Chapter 4). Finally, we will review the results obtained, some cases of SEC in Ecuador after the study period and the proposal of a method that integrates the results of chapters 3 and 4 to achieve a deeper understanding and a possible application in predictive models typical of systems dynamics (Chapter 5). Thanks to the methodological contribution proposed in this thesis and the new knowledge obtained regarding the phenomenon of SEC in Ecuador, we intend to vindicate the fundamental role of environmental movements in the fight to preserve natural resources and, consequently, their contribution to sustainability global. This claim is a wake-up call, both to civil society and government entities, for their lack of involvement or omission in defense of the environment. ; El presente documento constituye una aproximación conceptual y empírica al problema de los Conflictos Socio Ambientales (CSA) en Ecuador mediante una evaluación de 51 casos, distribuidos en todo el territorio ecuatoriano, comprendidos entre los años 1977 y 2014. El principal motivo de preocupación concerniente al avance de los CSA, tanto en Ecuador como a nivel regional y global, es el incremento de las actividades extractivas que soportan el sistema económico mundial. Las áreas más ricas en recursos naturales lucrativos, como por ejemplo el gas, el petróleo, los bosques, minerales, fuentes de agua y tierras agrícolas, son las más expuestas al choque de intereses entre las industrias extractivas y las poblaciones locales. En el caso de los países en desarrollo, países constantemente endeudados como Ecuador, las necesidades económicas inmediatas imperan sobre la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos. En respuesta, el activismo ambiental, liderado en muchos casos por organizaciones indígenas, es un factor clave para identificar y denunciar la destrucción ecológica. De su éxito depende en gran parte, la conservación de los recursos naturales y los ecosistemas que podrían garantizarnos a todos, un futuro más sostenible. Dada la complejidad del tema, el análisis de CSA requiere involucrar diversas ramas de la ciencia, sobre todo en relación a los principales campos de estudio de la sostenibilidad: medio ambiente, sociedad y economía. La evaluación se hará tomando en cuenta el conjunto de casos como un solo sistema complejo mediante la implementación y adaptación de metodologías de minería de datos y análisis de redes complejas. Las metodologías propuestas en el presente trabajo permiten realizar combinaciones y comparaciones simultáneas de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Nuestro propósito es contribuir al estudio y la comprensión de este tipo de fenómenos, a través de la identificación de patrones y tendencias no identificables mediante otro tipo de métodos comúnmente utilizados para este fin, como son el estudio individual de casos y la estadística clásica. Con el objeto de conseguir una mejor interpretación de los resultados, realizamos en primer lugar un repaso teórico en torno a los CSA y una reseña contextual en torno al caso del Ecuador específicamente (Capítulo 1). Después de presentar los datos que procesaremos desde las fuentes, el contexto específico y la forma en la cual están organizados (Capítulo 2), utilizaremos técnicas de minerías de datos para realizar un análisis estadístico que integre todos los datos disponibles y nos permita proponer un nuevo método de tratamiento de datos aplicado a los CSA (Capítulo 3). Para el caso del análisis de actores, la evolución temporal de su conectividad y las características particulares de cada grupo (o tipo de actores), se utilizará el análisis de redes complejas que nos permitirán descifrar el comportamiento de los mismos en toda su complejidad (Capítulo 4). Finalmente, revisaremos los resultados obtenidos, algunos casos de SEC en Ecuador después del período de estudio y la propuesta de un método que integre los resultados de los capítulos 3 y 4 para lograr una comprensión más profunda y una posible aplicación en modelos predictivos típicos de la dinámica de sistemas (Capítulo 5). Gracias al aporte metodológico propuesto en esta tesis y al nuevo conocimiento obtenido con respecto al fenómeno de los CSA en Ecuador, pretendemos reivindicar el papel fundamental de los movimientos ambientalistas en la lucha por preservar los recursos naturales y, en consecuencia, su contribución a la sostenibilidad global. Esta reivindicación es un llamado de atención, tanto a la sociedad civil como a los entes gubernamentales, por su falta de implicación u omisión ante la defensa del medio ambiente. ; El present document constitueix una aproximació conceptual i empírica al problema dels Conflictes Soci Ambientals (CSA) a l'Equador mitjançant una avaluació de 51 casos, distribuïts en tot el territori equatorià, compresos entre els anys 1977 i 2014. El principal motiu de preocupació en quant a a l'avanç dels CSA, tant a l'Equador com a nivell regional i global, és l'increment de les activitats extractives que mantenen el sistema econòmic mundial. Les àrees més riques en recursos naturals lucratius, com per exemple el gas, el petroli, els boscos, minerals, fonts d'aigua i terres agrícoles són les més exposades al xoc d'interessos entre les indústries extractives i les poblacions locals. En el cas dels països en desenvolupament, països constantment endeutats com l'Equador, les necessitats econòmiques immediates imperen sobre la conservació i l'ús sostenible dels recursos. En resposta, l'activisme ambiental, liderat en molts casos per organitzacions indígenes, és un factor clau per a identificar i denunciar la destrucció ecològica. Del seu èxit depèn, en gran part, la conservació dels recursos naturals i els ecosistemes que podrien garantir-nos a tots, un futur més sostenible. Donada la complexitat del tema, l'anàlisi de CSA requereix involucrar diverses branques de la ciència, sobretot en relació als principals camps d'estudi de la sostenibilitat: medi ambient, societat i economia. L'avaluació es farà tenint en compte el conjunt de casos com un sol sistema complex mitjançant la implementació i adaptació de metodologies de mineria de dades i anàlisis de xarxes complexes. Les metodologies proposades en el present treball permeten realitzar combinacions i comparacions simultànies de dades quantitatives i qualitatives. El nostre propòsit és contribuir a l'estudi i la comprensió d'aquest tipus de fenòmens, a través de la identificació de patrons i tendències no identificables mitjançant un altre tipus de mètodes comunament utilitzats per a aquesta fi, com són l'estudi individual de casos i l'estadística clàssica. A fi d'aconseguir una millor interpretació dels resultats, realitzem en primer lloc un repàs teòric entorn dels CSA i una ressenya contextual entorn del cas de l'Equador específicament (Capítol 1). Després de presentar les dades que processarem des de les fonts, el context específic i la forma en la qual estan organitzats (Capítol 2), utilitzarem tècniques de mineries de dades per a realitzar una anàlisi estadística que integri totes les dades disponibles i ens permeti proposar un nou mètode de tractament de dades aplicat als CSA (Capítol 3). Per al cas de l'anàlisi d'actors, l'evolució temporal de la seva connectivitat i les característiques particulars de cada grup (o tipus d'actors), s'utilitzarà l'anàlisi de xarxes complexes que ens permetran desxifrar el comportament del seu comportament en tota la seva complexitat (Capítol 4). Finalment, revisarem els resultats obtinguts, alguns casos de CSA a l'Equador després del període d'estudi i la proposta d'un mètode que integri els resultats dels capítols 3 i 4 per a aconseguir una comprensió més profunda i una possible aplicació en models predictius típics de la dinàmica de sistemes (Capítol 5). Gràcies a l'aportació metodològica proposada en aquesta tesi i al nou coneixement obtingut respecte al fenomen dels CSA a l'Equador, pretenem reivindicar el paper fonamental dels moviments ambientalistes en la lluita per preservar els recursos naturals i, en conseqüència, la seva contribució a la sostenibilitat global. Aquesta reivindicació és un anomenat d'atenció, tant a la societat civil com als ens governamentals, per la seva falta d'implicació o omissió davant la defensa del medi ambient. ; Postprint (published version)

Ringkasan Eksekutif Tujuan dari kegiatan IbW ini adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam membangun kapasistas lokal seperti kesejahtraan masyarakat melalui pemanfaatn teknologi untuk pemanfaatan potensi lokal khususnya di Kecamatan Bebandem, Kabupaten karangasem. Kecamatan Bebandem terletak di bagian utara Kabupaten Karangasem berada pada ketinggian antara 225 – 975 m dpl dengan luas wilayah 61,80 km². Sebagian besar wilayahnya berupa perbukitan, dengan tebing-tebing curam dan menjadi hulu dari beberapa sungai yang mengalir di Kabupaten Karangasem. Geologi wilayah terbentuk dari endapan bahan vulkanik yang menjadi bahan galian C. data menunjukkan areal ini sebagian besar digunakan sebagai lahan kering (87,24%), 8,38% untuk lahan pertanian, dan sisanya (7,02%) untuk peruntukan lain. Sebagian besar mata pencaharian penduduk 73,54 % berasal dari sektor pertanian (pertanian lahan sawah, perkebunan, dan peternakan), kerajinan 19,33 %, perdagangan dan jasa 6,01 %, dan pertambangan 1,12 %. Dari angka tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa sektor pertanian merupakan bidang startegis sehingga perlu mendapatkan prioritas. Baru-Baru ini, komoditas yang paling dikembangkan di daerah ini adalah kakao dan salak. Komoditas ini menawarkan beberapa keuntungan, meliputi: harga yang relatif stabil dan tinggi, dengan mudah dijual pasar, dan mudah untuk ditangani, tidak memerlukan perawatan sulit dan perlakuan khusus. Sementara itu, di (dalam) sektor ternak, khususnya peternakan sapi sangat penting untuk mendukung ekonomi keluarga. Masalah yang paling krusial dijumpai di wilayah ini adalah masih tingginya angka kemiskinan. Pada tahun 2008 tercatat jumlah penduduk miskin di Kecamatan Bebandem berjumlah 5.996 KK dari total 41.835 KK di Kabupaten Karangasem. Kondisi ini menuntut adanya upaya menentukan strategi khusus dan langkah yang lebih serius dalam membangun perekonomian masyarakat. Startegi yang ditempuh adalah melalui pemberdayaan segenap potensi masyarakat secara sinergis, holistik dan berkelanjutan sehingga program yang dilakukan dapat berjalan secara efektif dan produktif. Strategi ini sejalan dengan strategi yang dibangun oleh pemerintah, seperti yang tertuang dalam rencana pengembangan Kabupaten Karangasem 2005-2010, prioritas pengembangan wilayah tersebut meliputi pengembangan Bebandem sebagai pusat pengembangan kakao dan sapi, rehabilitasi lahan bekas galian C untuk dikembangkan menjadi kawasan hutan, pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat khususnya industri rumah tangga, industri menengah dan koperasi, pengembangan lembaga keuangan tradisional (LPD), dan pengembangan pertanian yang mengikutsertakan partisipasi desa adat. Hal ini dimulai dengan rencana pengembangan yang efektif, wilayah ini perlu mendapat dukungan dari universitas, yang memiliki tujuan dan fungsi sebagai inisiator, motivator, fasilitator, innovator dan komunikator dalam pengembangan pariwisata secara lebih luas. Metode yang ditawarkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan wilayah diatas meliputi beberapa pendekatan, yaitu: (1) Model Partisipatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), (2) model Entrepreneurship Capacity Building (ECB), (3) model Teknologi Transfer (TT) dan (4) model Informasi Teknologi (IT). Kegiatan yang dilakukan, secara garis besar dapat dikelompokan menjadi 5, yaitu: (1) Budidaya tanaman kakao, penanggulangan penyakit gayas, dan tumpangsari kakao dengan HMT, (2) Pengolahan hasil pertanian local (labu siam dan umbi-umbian) bahan camilan khas masyarakat setempat, (3) Pengolahan limbah pertanian menjadi pakan sapi dan pengolahan limbah sapi menjadi pupuk permentasi, (4) Reahabilitasi lahan bekas galian C dengan tanaman kultura (tanaman keperluan ritual), dan (5) Penyusunan awig-awig tertulis berbasis pemberdayaan masyarakat Kata-kata kunci: pemberdayaan, ekonomi kerakyatan, masyarakat adat Executive Summary The purpose of IbW is to empower people in building local capacity as well as welfare of society through technology-based local exploitation potency, at Bebandem, Karangsem Regency in particular. Bebandem is located in the northern part of Karangasem regency, geographically located at an altitude between 225-975 m above sea level. The village occupied an area of 61.80 km². Most of the areas consist of hills, with steep cliffs and into the upstream of the several rivers that flow in Karangasem regency. Geologically, the regions are formed from sediment eruption of Mount Agung volcanic material that became the C minerals. Data showed that the land use in the district is primarily for dry land (87.24%), 8.38% of agricultural fields, and others (7.02%). Most people (73.54%) work in agriculture sector (agriculture paddy fields, plantations, and livestock), 19.33% produce various kinds of craft, trade and services 6.01%, and about 1.12% working in the mining. These figures indicate that the agricultural sector has a strategic role and need priority to be developed. Recently, the most developed commodity in the region is cocoa and salak (snake-skin fruit). These commodities offer many advantages, include: high and relatively stable prices, easily sold in the market, and the relatively easy to handle, does not require special and difficult treatment. Meanwhile, in the livestock sector, a cattle in particular, plays a fairly important as supporting the family economy. However, poverty is still considered as the most crucial problem in this region. In 2008, it is recorded that number of people living below poverty line is high, about 5996 households of total 41,835 families within Karangasem Regency. This condition requires a specific strategy and efforts to determine a more serious step in building the community's economy. The strategy pursued in this program is through synergic, holistic and sustainable empowerment of all communities' potential in order to ensure effective and productive program. This strategy is inline with the strategy set up by the government. As stated in the Karangasem Regency Development Plan 2005-2010, priority will be given in the following areas, include developing Bebandem as integrated cocoa and cattle development centers; rehabilitation of ex-mining land through the development of community forests C; economic empowerment of the people, especially small business / home industries, medium enterprises and cooperatives, traditional financial institutions (LPD), and agriculture in the broad sense to include the participation of desa adat (indigenous village). It is also stated that to make sure the effectiveness of this development plan, the region needs support from university/college, which aimed to function as initiator, motivator, facilitator, innovator and communicator in tourism development widely. Methods and approaches used in this community empowerment program, include (1) participatory rural appraisal (PRA) model; 2) entrepreneurship capacity building (ECB) model; 3) technology transfer (TT) model and (4) information model technology (IT). In general, the overall activities performed are: (1) cocoa cultivation, gayas disease prevention, and intercropping cocoa with HMT, (2) Processing of local agricultural produce (squash and jain) of typical local snacks, (3) Processing of agricultural waste into cattle feed and cattle waste into fertilizer fermentation, (4) Development of forest by planting 'kultura' (plantation used for ritual purposes), and (5) Draft of written awig awig (traditional rules and regulations) based community empowerment. Result showed that IbW activities got a very positive response from stakeholders - target communities, village heads, district and Local Government Unit (SKPD). There are number of reasons that drive these conditions include: (1) IbW program have brought significant benefits for the society, especially the transfer of applied science and technology to the public that fits the needs of the community, (2) Methods and community empowerment strategies undertaken in these activities, especially the assistances considered more effective compare with any community empowerment without assistance-ship, and (3) The involvement of various components within the team especially the PPL (communication and extension officer), head of village, and Babinsa, especially in creating a synergy between the respective components so that the empowerment run intensive and productive which resulted on the sustainability of the program conducted. Key words: empower, social welfare, local community

Many households have spanning livelihoods that draw on rural and urban resource opportunities. Urban and rural areas are closely linked, each contributing to the other, they therefore need to be considered jointly in development planning. The absence of rural development policies that recognise and seek to take advantage of positive aspects of rural-urban linkages in the impact regions of many cities in Developing Countries is a constraint to both rural and urban development. This policy vacuum requires a study to unveil how such deficiencies have affected rural-urban linkages and in turn livelihoods in both rural and urban areas.The impact region of Dar es Salaam is very conspicuous. The impact region surrounds Dar es Salaam city, which is the country's main point of entry and exit for goods and people and has always had an important role to play in the national development. Poor provision of socio-economic and physical infrastructure is evident in the impact region of Dar es Salaam. The poor development of infrastructure in the impact region dates back to the purpose of establishing Dar es Salaam city. There is a common agreement that the city was established as a port to receive agricultural produce and minerals from the hinterland to be exported to Europe. Consequently, the first objective of this research was to identify the types of rural-urban linkages in the impact region, describe the level of development of the impact region and the extent of rural-urban linkages. The second objective of the research was to evaluate the strength and weaknesses of rural-urban linkages in the impact region, analyse rural-urban linkages with specific focus to the city and the settlements in the impact region, and appraise its role in enhancing livelihoods in urban and rural areas as well. The third objective was to formulate a policy framework for effective rural-urban linkages and enhanced livelihoods. These issues have been investigated empirically. The research addresses the question of urban-rural linkages first from a theoretical standpoint, and thereafter illustrates it with some concrete cases at two different geographical locations. Besides, it takes a dynamic approach to rural-urban linkages by looking more closely at changes affecting the impact region livelihoods rather than merely describing the linkages between urban and rural areas. The study adopted participatory methodology tools such as focus group discussions, mobility matrix, Venn diagrams, and small-scale household surveys. These tools were put to practice in the commodity chain analysis from the production stage in the villages to the consumption stage in urban areas. This research unveils the latent potentials of rural-urban linkages in livelihood enhancement in both rural and urban areas. The observed weak rural-urban linkages and livelihoods development can be attributed to the limited local institutional development and its interplay, inadequate provision of social, physical and economic infrastructure and ineffective regional planning machinery in the impact region.Main findings in the study were: locally designed institutions are fundamental safety nets; affordable transport complements other factors; and that migration is a survival strategy in rural-urban linkages. Based on these findings, the study recommendations include: Firstly, institute planning teams to deal with the urban problems that cut across local authorities boundaries consisting of core city and the adjacent district authorities. Secondly, involve local communities to surcharge new development in the impact region for the provision of line infrastructural facilities, such as roads, electricity and water. Thirdly, support locally designed institutions and private small-scale processing industries by formulating a policy that allows governments non-governmental organisations and donors to invest in institutions, either directly or indirectly by creating an environment friendly to the emergence of local institutions. Lastly, as regards migration of people, it is at the heart of development. Policies need to support migration by creating socio-infrastructure facilities such as schools, water, and value added processing and employment opportunities to the new areas.The report is organised in eight chapters. Chapters one to four describe the context, the conceptual framework and the research methodology. Chapter five and six present the case studies, while chapters seven and eight present the cross case analysis, policy implications and recommendations.

Обоснованы факторы, стимулирующие разработку золо-шлаковых отвалов энергетических предприятий, в которых могут содержаться значительные запасы ценных цветных и редких металлов. Приведены формулы расчета экономического эффекта по подобным проектам, позволяющие оценить возможные объемы получения ценных металлов, а также величину выручки и прибыли по проекту. Обоснованы перспективы использования цветных и редких металлов для промышленности Сибирского региона. ; Advancing scientific and technical progress, and new scientific achievements in various industries (aerospace, etc.), have led to an increased demand for many non-ferrous and rare metals, especially in the steel industry, which produces about 70 various metals, as well as in the engineering industry. The planned increase in production in the Russian Federation confirms the severity and urgency of the problem of supplying the industry with scarce metals and suggests, in connection with a reduction in the quantity and quality of Proved Ore Reserves, an increase in activities for the integrated use of ores, as well as exploiting man-made deposits. It should also be taken into consideration that huge amounts of man-made waste have been accumulated. For example, more than 2 billion tons of ash and slag from thermal power stations and metallurgy enterprises have already been accumulated in the Russian Federation, and the Kemerovo region annually collects about 3 million tons of ash and slag waste (ASW). Currently, there exist about 100 million tons worth of ash dumps. At the same time, the reserves of a number of valuable, scarce metals (titanium, zirconium, strontium, vanadium) in these dumps could be thousands or tens of thousands of tons. Therefore, a basis for effective means of processing these waste reserves is an essential task. Prospects for the integrated use of valuable non-ferrous and rare metals from the ASW of the Kuznetsk Coal Basin should be based on the dynamics of metal consumption in the world and the Russian Federation, as well as by accounting for the influence of factors from the distribution of mining and metallurgical production. In addition, the prospects for socio-economic development of the region (Kemerovo region) that allow for the designation of specific directions for the usage of rare metals in competitive markets and the optimization of options for their extraction should be considered. The optimization of the integrated uses of precious metals presupposes: the exploration of man-made objects and the transfer of metals reserves to the "balanced" category; an increase in the profitability of scarce metal extraction projects from ASW; and a prognosis for metal consumption and perspectives for socio-economic development in the region. To make a decision about beginning to develop anthropogenic deposits, which result from the ASW of energy companies and contain precious metals, both external and internal factors, as well as the cumulative effect of the project's implementation must be taken into account. As a result, the optimal option for the extraction of metals from ASW can be selected. Additional considerations should be made for the rationality of the plan for metals extraction, allowing for the extraction of the maximum amount of metals from ash dumps and ash spillover into the concentrate, as well as the optimality of extraction method from the ash concentrate, preferably using the same technology in order to get the widest range of crude metals. In addition, a rational plan for ASW processing must coordinate the production of metallic and nonme-tallic products. However, a number of non-metallic products could significantly increase the profitability of man-made object processing projects, especially if one intends to manufacture only metal concentrates. In some cases, even the sale of ASW is possible if processing is unprofitable. In this case, the resulting social and environmental effect (ecological improvements, the reduction in the costs of storing man-made waste, improvements to the health of the population, a reduction in medical bills, etc.) could make such a decision sensible. One of the options for the development of small high-tech enterprises in the Kemerovo region is to create compact plants to process man-made waste and extract valuable metals. They could be created as part of mining companies on the basis of technological and economic cooperative ties between energy and coal mining companies. Small high-tech companies would receive financial support for the use of innovative methods to extract precious metals, as well as government support (e.g., tax exemptions, preferential energy tariffs, etc.). The diversification of production will increase their financial stability in an unstable field in difficult geological conditions. The competitiveness of production in the Kemerovo region is promising due to the influence of four parameters: the strategy of the regional development, the demand for non-ferrous and rare metals, production factors (technology, equipment, raw materials from the waste of mineral products), and related supporting industries (the mining and metallurgical complexes). In general, the results of the investigation into the problem of the economic evaluation of non-ferrous and rare metals contained in coal and ash slag waste have led to a conclusion about the prospects for the integrated use of a number of non-ferrous and rare metals in ash dumps at energy plants in the Kemerovo region. The reserves of a number of these scarce metals can be assessed as potentially economical. By implementing cost-effective techniques to extract metals from ash and slag dumps, it is possible to optimize the use of titanium and zirconium, and later the use of polymetals in a complex with strontium, gallium, germanium and other rare metals. By taking into consideration the original production volume, there could be a demanded for these metals in the metallurgical and machine-building enterprises in the Kemerovo region and Siberia. Thus, complex extraction of precious metals is one of the ways to create a coal cluster.

Slowly but steadily, Europe is emerging from an energy crisis that threatened to stymie the post-pandemic recovery and plunge its economy into recession once more. After Russia's weaponisation of energy supplies left European governments scrambling to secure alternative fossil fuels for the better part of 2022, the energy outlook today has defied the most pessimistic expectations: supplies are ensured, storages are adequately filled,[1] and energy prices are returning to pre-crisis levels. Consequently, the focus in Brussels has shifted from navigating the crisis to ensuring that the transition to renewables, as enshrined in the European Green Deal, does not jeopardise European energy security once more.
Yet the roadmap for doing so is complex. Drawing on the lessons learnt during the crisis, European energy security arguably rests on two pillars: secure supply chains and efficient energy use. Only the combination of the two can successfully emancipate Europe from energy dependency, and bolster the often-touted resilience of the European economy.Pillar one: Securing autonomous supplies
The International Energy Agency defines energy security as "the uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price".[2] It follows that the first milestone on the road to European energy security is the availability of an uninterrupted supply of energy. This requires both an independent generation capability and to satisfy the remaining demand through imports while remaining committed to a political vision that seeks, in the long run, to phase out the latter in favour of the former.
In May 2022, in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the European Commission presented REPowerEU, its plan to wean the Union off its dependence on Russian fossil fuels by frontloading the roll-out of renewable power generation capacity. The plan targets a 42,5 per cent renewable energy share by 2030; the measures proposed to this end include investment worth 300 billion euro and proposals for fast-tracking the permitting processes for renewables.[3] Despite reservations on the EU's capacity to meet the 2030 target,[4] REPowerEU is undeniably a step in the right direction as regards energy security, since it will enable the Union to source a sizeable part of its energy requirements in house by the end of the decade.
Yet in its execution the Union must avoid re-creating conditions analogous to those that allowed Russia to engineer last year's energy crisis.[5] The roll-out and sustainment of green energy generation capacity requires access to a host of minerals and rare earth elements (REEs). Today, European REE demand relies on third-country imports, and, given Europe's absence from the upstream part of most REE value chains,[6] this will remain the case for the foreseeable future. Moreover, China has positioned itself as "the kingpin of clean energy supply chains" thanks to a provident industrial policy of targeted, state-backed investment and, since 2010, increasing export restrictions.[7] Given the centrality that REE imports will have in the green transition, the risk of replacing one strategic dependency (Russian fossil fuels) with another (Chinese REEs) is therefore a real one.
Against this backdrop, it is imperative for the Union to develop a strategy to initially navigate, but ultimately mitigate these dependencies. The Critical Raw Materials Act is a welcome start, in that it sets a maximum import quota of 65 per cent from a single third country for the Union's annual consumption of any strategic raw material. However, the 65 per cent ceiling should not be considered as an end goal; on the contrary, it should be continuously revised downward, leveraging the firepower of the Global Gateway to challenge China's quasi-monopolistic position in the REE value chains. Doing so requires protracted efforts to diversify the European supply chain, and ultimately engagement with China and the United States to create the conditions for open global supply chains. This outcome ought to be a target of the Union's international development policy in the years to come, as it will ensure a viable transition to autonomous energy generation and allow for its sustainment over time.
With this target in sight, policymakers must nonetheless take into account that, in a context where all 27 member states are net importers of energy,[8] the transition to pan-European self-sufficiency in energy generation will be no rapid feat. Consequently, member states will have to backfill through imports of oil and gas, which, along with nuclear generation capacity, are likely to account for a substantial part of European energy consumption for the foreseeable future. If energy security is to be sustained throughout the transition, it is then crucial for member states to maintain the hard-earned diversification in the sourcing of fossil fuel imports. EU-wide coordination on this aspect can lead to many low-hanging fruits – for example, consistently pursuing the joint purchasing of gas via the recently established EU energy platform[9] would allow the Union to leverage its market weight as a major consumer to drive down gas prices. Ultimately, however, real energy security can only be achieved by reducing the EU's energy dependency rate to a level that would allow for the rapid substitution of imports with domestic energy production, should any economic or geopolitical contingencies arise. This "de-risking" approach should underpin the political vision that guides all EU energy policy choices in the upcoming years.Pillar two: Reducing demand by ensuring energy efficiency
If energy security is to be achieved without jeopardising the 2050 climate targets, all these measures to ensure supply should be complemented by policies aiming to reduce demand for energy and raw materials by ensuring their efficient use. Doing so requires a multi-faceted effort across several policy areas, which builds on the lessons learnt in 2022. Fixes to the electricity market to reduce consumption at the margin,[10] by, for example, better linking wholesale and retail prices, should be the tip of the iceberg; in the long run, the Union requires a comprehensive industrial plan[11] that treats energy efficiency as a tenet of sustainable development. Recycling goals for raw materials should be constantly but realistically revised upwards, and investment both within and outside the EU in transition-enabling sectors, such as those identified in the Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP), should be geared to defined energy efficiency goals. Finally, the Union can do more to address the skill shortage that besets green industries today, by, for instance, better aligning its environmental policies with skill development strategies at the sectoral level. The American Inflation Reduction Act – which compels firms that wish to benefit from tax credits to allocate at least 15 per cent of the new labour hours required for the projects to newly-hired apprentices – offers interesting lessons in this respect.
Strategies to foster energy efficiency at the industrial level should not spare ambition: the crisis has shown industry to be more prone to substitution of energy sources than it would admit itself.[12] Financing these efforts while maintaining a level playing field will prove difficult, as the sustainable finance strategy and the European Investment Bank can only go that far before distortive state aid will need to kick it. Yet if the Union wants to attain energy security and meet the Paris climate commitments enshrined in its own legislation, it will need to double down on demand reduction first of all.An ambitious but realistic approach
Achieving European energy security in the era of decarbonisation will revolve around two pillars: pursuing an autonomous energy generation capacity, backstopped by imports, and fostering the efficient use of resources. To reach these targets, an ambitious but realistic approach to policymaking is required. Ambitious, in that member states should not hesitate to make use of the economic firepower and R&D capacity at their disposal to steer private industry towards well-defined but demanding sustainability targets. Realistic, in that it will have to take into account that the pool of resources that enable the transition is finite, and thus that both China and the United States will have agency in shaping Europe's ability to access the critical raw materials and related processing capacities that underpin the transition. A targeted, priority-based approach to investment should therefore be pursued; particular emphasis must be put on contingency planning, both at the European and member state level. Ultimately, pursuing ambitious energy generation and efficiency goals with a realistic approach is the shortest path to attain European energy security today, and thereby ensure that Europe doesn't repeat tomorrow the mistakes of yesterday.Tommaso Luisari is a young professional currently working as a consultant in Brussels after graduating from Bocconi University in April 2023.
This is a winning article (3rd place) submitted to the 2023 edition of the IAI Prize contest.[1] European Commission DG Energy, EU Reaches 90% Gas Storage Target Ahead of Winter, 18 August 2023, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/node/5508_en.[2] International Energy Agency (IEA) website: Emergency Response and Energy Security, last updated 3 August 2023, https://www.iea.org/about/emergency-response-and-energy-security.[3] See the 2023 Flagship Technical Support Project "Accelerating Permitting for Renewable Energy" in the European Commission DG Reform website: https://reform-support.ec.europa.eu/node/437_en.[4] IEA, "Is the European Union on Track to Meet Its REPowerEU Goals?", in Renewables 2022. Analysis and Forecasts to 2027, Paris, IEA, 2022 (revised version January 2023), p. 117-128, https://www.iea.org/reports/is-the-european-union-on-track-to-meet-its-repowereu-goals. The IEA concludes that "in none of [our forecasts] are [the increase] levels consistent with the [targets in the] REPowerEU plan".[5] Jillian Ambrose, "Russia Is Orchestrating Europe's Gas Crisis, Says Energy Agency Boss", in The Guardian, 12 January 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/p/kadjk. For more details on how Russia engineered Europe's gas crisis, see Dmitri Alperovitch with Sergey Vakulenko, "How Russia Engineered the Perfect Gas Crisis" (podcast), in Geopolitics Decanted, episode 17 (29 July 2022), https://podcast.silverado.org/episodes/analysis-of-the-war-in-ukraine-july-28-2022-IzPM5ON9.[6] Jane Nakano, "The Geopolitics of Critical Minerals Supply Chains", in CSIS Reports, March 2021, p. 15, https://www.csis.org/node/60182.[7] IEA, The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions, Paris, IEA, May 2021 (revised version March 2022), p. 162, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions; Ibid., p. 4-6.[8] Eurostat, "Energy Imports and Dependency", in Shedding Light on Energy in the EU – 2023 Interactive Edition, March 2023, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/energy-2023#energy-imports-dependency.[9] See the EU Energy Platform webpage for more details: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/node/5060_en.[10] Michael Pollitt et al., Recommendations for a Future-Proof Electricity Market Design, Brussels, Centre on Regulation in Europe, December 2022, https://cerre.eu/?p=10904.[11] Pier Paolo Raimondi, "Walking out of the Woods: EU Industrial Policy between the Energy Crisis and Decarbonisation", in IAI Commentaries, No. 22|64 (December 2022), https://www.iai.it/en/node/16355.[12] Benjamin Moll, Moritz Schularick and Georg Zachmann, "Not Even a Recession: The Great German Gas Debate in Retrospect", in ECONtribute Policy Briefs, No. 48 (May 2023), http://hdl.handle.net/10419/273549.

features of national environmental policy formation and functioning are researched. A conclusion that the environmental crisis is a result of imperfections in the social and economic system mechanisms is received. The role of the environmental component in political and economic problems solving is determined. The problems of implementation modern national environmental policy are analyzed. The necessity of its further improving is substantiated and the priority directions of its further development are determined. The implementation of the reform process of the national economic policy sustainable use and recreation of natural resources and objects within all industrial and territorial complexes in Ukraine, that distinguished by high resource and energy consumption, was associated primarily with the need to overcome the environmental and economic crisis events. In aspect of the environmental and economic development of Ukraine in 1992-2015 can be divided into two stages: - general ecological and economic crisis with a simultaneous significant reducing of the main natural resources using (1992-2000) - water, mineral, partly land, reducing emissions into the air etc.; - relative stabilization and revival beginning (since 2000) of industrial and agricultural manufacturing with increasing in certain regions of the polluted water volume, the harmful substances emissions and others. The current in Ukraine system of indicators for assessing the ecological environment and natural resources management is largely based on the parameters of 70th years statistical reporting. To change this evaluation methodology should concentrate on the following directions of the formation of sustainable using and reproduction of natural resources principles: - the scientific substantiation for internal needs of Ukraine in various types of natural resources; - accelerated implementation of the prevention measures of the irreversible violations of environment ecological state in ore mining areas and industrial urban agglomerations, ensuring its sustainable improvement and ecologically balanced condition; - execution of environmentally sound assessments of population specific provision by different types of natural resources, including life-supporting; - improving the economic levers of environmental control. Ukraine is one of the countries whose development largely depends on balancing the use of available natural resource base, primarily life-supporting (land, water, mineral and raw material). Research and analysis confirm that, despite the inherited problems of development, Ukraine has its own opportunities of problems solving, especially through the effective using of all kinds natural resources. Assuming that the industrial structure is the core national economy, its dynamics, natural and resource input, the priority objective is the improvement of industry structure in the direction of increasing its technology and providing benefits to those sectors and industries that produce the final ecologically not capacious and environmentally friendly products. This is a problem of great strategic goal, to which the public policy must focus. Thus, the most active level of ecological and economic systems is regional one, as the region (area) is also the governance subject, at this level environmental problems of society are emerging, the requirements for the production greening and environmental management are nominated. The region combines specific area points of productive forces distribution, polluting enterprises and natural resources using enterprises, which are parts of its economic structure. The structure and scale of regional production determine the character and volume of pollution, the intensity of the impact on the environment. Thus, the development of the national economy requires considering for at least three factors: first, the natural resource potential of the national territory, which in Ukraine, as in each country, has its limitations, especially when it comes to some of the basic elements of the environment (water, forests, etc.); second, the development of economic, particularly industrial, structure, oriented towards on minimization of natural resources costs; thirdly, economical production and using of natural resources, because it is not only related to the economy, but above all with air pollution, water and so on. The more powerful the natural resources are involved in the production process, the greater possibility of deterioration in the environment quality by harmful industrial and non-industrial emissions. JEL:R 58 ; Досліджено особливості формування і функціонування системи національної екологічної політики. Отримано висновок, що екологічна криза є наслідком недосконалості механізмів соціально-економічної системи. Визначено роль екологічної складової у вирішенні політичних та економічних проблем. Проаналізовано проблеми реалізації сучасної національної екологічної політики. Обґрунтовано необхідність її подальшого удосконалення і визначено пріоритетні напрями її подальшого розвитку. Проведення у процесі реформування національної економіки політики збалансованого використання і відтворення природних ресурсів та об'єктів у межах усіх виробничо-територіальних комплексів України, що вирізнялися високою ресурсо- та енергоємністю, було пов'язане, в першу чергу, з необхідністю подолання еколого-економічних кризових явищ. В еколого-економічному аспекті розвиток України в 1992-2015 рр. можна розділити на два етапи: - загальна еколого-економічна криза з одночасним суттєвим скороченням використання головних природних ресурсів (1992—2000) - водних, мінерально-сировинних, частково земельних, зниження викидів у повітря тощо; - відносна стабілізація і початок відродження (з 2000р.) про­мислового та аграрного виробництв зі зростанням в окремих регіонах об'ємів скидання забруднених вод, викидів шкідливих речовин та ін. Діюча в Україні система показників оцінки екологічного стану навколишнього середовища та використання природних ресурсів значною мірою ґрунтується на параметрах статистичної звітності 70-х років. Для зміни даної методики оцінки варто зосередити увагу на наступних напрямах щодо формування засад збалансованого використання і відтворення природних ресурсів: - наукового обгрунтування внутрішніх потреб України в різних видах природних ресурсів; - прискореного впровадження заходів щодо попередження незворотних порушень екологічного стану середовища в гірничодобувних регіонах та промислово-міських агломераціях, забезпечення його стійкого покращання та екологічно врівно­важеного стану; - виконання екологічно обґрунтованих оцінок питомої забезпе­ченості населення різними видами природних ресурсів, у тому числі життєзабезпечуючими; -удосконалення економічних важелів регулювання природоохоронної діяльності. Україна належить до числа країн, розвиток яких значною мірою залежить від збалансованості використання наявної бази природних ресурсів, у першу чергу, життєзабезпечуючих (земельних, водних, мінерально-сировинних). Дослідження й аналіз підтверджують, що, незважаючи на успадковані проблеми розвитку, Україна має власні можливості їх вирішення, насамперед шляхом ефективного викорис­тання всіх видів природних ресурсів. Якщо виходити з того, що промислова структура є ядром націо­нальної економіки, її динаміки і природоресурсомісткості, то пріори­тетним завданням є вдосконалення структури промисловості у напрямі підвищення її технологічності та надання переваг тим галузям і виробництвам, які випускають кінцеву екологічно немістку і екологічно чисту продукцію. Це проблема великої стратегічної мети, на яку має спрямовуватися державна політика. Таким чином, найбільш активним рівнем еколого-економічних систем є регіональний, оскільки регіон (область) є одночасно об'єктом управління, на цьому рівні формуються екологічні проблеми суспіль­ства, ставляться вимоги до екологізації виробництва і раціонального природокористування. Саме регіон поєднує конкретні пункти розміщення продуктивних сил, підприємства-забруднювачі і підприємства- природокористувачі, які є елементами його економічної структури. Структура і масштаб регіонального виробництва визначають характер і обсяги забруднень, інтенсивність впливу на природне середовище. Отже, розвиток національної економіки вимагає враховувати при­наймні три обставини: по-перше, природоресурсний потенціал національної території, який в Україні, як і у кожної країни, має свої обмеження, зокрема, коли йдеться про окремі базові елементи довкілля (воду, лісові ресурси тощо); по-друге, розвиток економічної, зокрема промислової структури, зорієнтованої на мінімізацію затрат природних ресурсів; по-третє, економне видобування і використання природних ресурсів, бо воно не тільки пов'язане з ефективністю економіки, але передусім із забрудненням повітряного басейну, водоймищ тощо. Чим потужніше природні ресурси залучаються у процес виробництва, тим більші можливості погіршення якості довкілля шкідливими промисло­вими і непромисловими викидами.

Judul: Konflik Agraria diUrutsewu: PendekatanEkologiPolitikPenulis: Devy Dhian CahyaniPenerbit: STPN Press (2014)Halaman: 251Tanpa dibayangi rasa sangsi, saya langsungmenyatakan bahwa buku ini sangat berguna. Baiksecara praksis, pun teoritis. Saya bersinggunganpertama kali dengan naskah Devy kira-kirasetahun yang lalu ketika ia masih dalam bentukpdf, naskah skripsi yang sudah diuji. Waktu itusaya sedang terlibat dalam aliansi SolidaritasBudaya untuk Masyarakat Urutsewu (Esbumus)dalam persiapan acara Arak-arakan Budaya diUrutsewu yang sudah dilaksanakan pada 16 April2014 yang lalu.Kegunaan praksis buku ini saya rasakan padasaat itu; bersama dengan beberapa orang wargaUrutsewu (Seniman Martodikromo, WidodoSunu Nugroho, dan Ubaidillah) kami menggunakanskripsi Devy sebagai salah satu sumberuntuk menyusun kronologi konflik tanah yangsudah sangat panjang di Urutsewu. Kronologikonflik yang disusun ini, bersama dengan f ilesikripsi Devy sendiri, kami gunakan sebagai bahanbacaan di dalam Esbumus agar para personel yangterlibat dengan segera bisa masuk ke jantungpermasalahan konflik tanah di Kebumen. Karenaterasa betapa jarangnya mahasiswa sekarang yangmelakukan riset konflik agraria, ditambah dengankontribusi nyata teks ini yang sudah kami rasakan,rasa hormat mendalam dihaturkan oleh tulisanReview BukuRANTAI KOMODITAS, KEWAJIBAN ILMU,DAN SKALA DALAM KONFLIK AGRARIA URUTSEWUBosman BatubaraJudul: Konflik Agraria diUrutsewu: PendekatanEkologiPolitikPenulis: Devy Dhian CahyaniPenerbit: STPN Press (2014)Halaman: 251ini kepada penulis, Devy.Secara teoritis, saya masih percaya bahwa salahsatu karya tulis ilmiah yang bagus adalah manakaladia mampu memancing pertanyaan-pertanyaandi benak pembaca sebagai bahan bagipenelitian lanjutan. Jadi, meskipun secara personalsaya kadang merasa sayang atau tidak puasmengingat betapa besar energi yang telah dicurahkanDevy dalam menggarap penelitiannyadibandingkan dengan hasil yang ia capai, saya kirafungsi ketidakpuasan saya adalah memulaimelontarkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan untuk penelitiselanjutnya.Dari sisi apa fokus yang diteliti, saya merasariset ini hanya membidik realitas secara parsial.Riset ini dikerangkai secara teoritis untuk mengetahuiekologi politik konflik tambang pasir besidi Urutsewu. Tidak ada masalah bagi saya dalammetode dan metodologi. Masalah muncul didalam unit "pasir besi" yang diteliti. Mengapa?Setelah saya bergulat dengan tema konflikagraria di Urutsewu, saya tersadarkan bahwa konflikini sudah sangat panjang. Berdasarkan kronologiyang kami susun seperti yang disebutkan diatas, konflik di daerah pesisir Kabupaten Kebumenini merentang sejak 1830-an ketika ada penataantanah dalam bentuk Galur Larak yang membagitanah dengan sistem membujur utara-selatan.Sejak itu, berbagai bentuk perampasan tanahmuncul di pesisir Kebumen. Dari situ kita bisamelihat bahwa pasir besi hanyalah satu komoditasyang muncul dalam lintasan sejarah. Ada banyakbentuk masalah yang muncul, misalnya "pemakaiansebagai lapangan tembak oleh militer;Bosman Batubara: Rantai Komoditas, Kewajiban Ilmu, dan Konflik .: 680-683 681ketakutan masyarakat mengakui bahwa merekamemiliki sertifikat tanah pasca '65-66; masuknyaperkebunan tebu Madukismo; pemijaman tanahuntuk uji coba senjata berat; pembangunan jalanlintas pantai selatan Jawa; penambangan pasir besi;dan yang paling terkini adalah pemagaran tanaholeh TNI AD. Dari rentangan kasus-kasus itudapat dilihat bahwa pasir besi hanyalah satukomoditas yang muncul dalam rangkaian prosespanjang pertarungan hakatas tanah, dimanakondisi kontemporer secara diametral memperhadapkanmassa petani dengan TNI AD, konjungturyang bertarung di Urutsewu sekarang ini.Tanah di Urutsewu berganti fungsi dalam berbagaibentuk komoditas (perkebunan tebu, jalan,tambang pasir besi, area latihan tembak) danmemicu konflik.Implikasi "kesilapan" memilih unit yang dianalisismembuat skripsi Devy kurang mampu menangkapberbagai perubahan ekologi yang terjadi.Di sini, saya mengandaikan sudah ada kesepakatanbahwa pengertian ekologi politik memasukkan,diantaranya, unsur perubahan ekologidalam berbagai tingkatan—molekul, struktursub-seluler, sel, serabut, organ, organisme, populasi,komunitas, ekosistem, dan landskap.Karena unit yang dianalisis buku ini adalah"ekologi politik tambang pasir besi" yang masihakan terjadi, maka yang dominan muncul dalampembahasan perubahan ekologi politik pada BabVI adalah perubahan ekologi (yang juga) akanterjadi kalau tambang pasir besi dibuka. Dandengan memberikan perhatian pada perubahanyang akan terjadi ini, maka penulis kemudianbanyak meluputkan perubahan ekologi yangtelah terjadi karena konflik panjang, terutamadengan TNI AD, seperti misalnya, perubahanorganisme karena adanya peristiwa penembakanpada 16 April 2011 dan ledakan mortir sebelumnya,serta perubahan landskap karena adanya pembangunanberbagai ornamen militer di sepanjanglahan pasir Urutsewu—menara pandang, tempatpeledakan peluru, rumah perlindungan, tempatuji coba alat berat seperti tank, dan kehadirangedung Dislitbang TNI AD itu sendiri di DesaSetrojenar.Perubahan-perubahan ekologi tingkat organisme-landskap seperti yang dipaparkan di atastidak mungkin tidak menimbulkan reaksi darimanusia-manusia yang tinggal di sekitarnya.Hampir dipastikan pula, sebagai bagian dari aksireaksitersebut, muncul satu kebiasaan baru yangmungkin dalam alunan waktu telah berubahmenjadi ko-evolusi, atau perubahan bersama, baikdi kalangan TNI AD, maupun di kalangan kelompokyang, untuk menyederhanakan penyebutan,tertindas seperti petani Urutsewu. Koevolusimacam apa dan sedalam mana yang telahmuncul, itu yang tetap menjadi misteri. Setidaknyabagi saya.Dari analisis seperti di atas, maka ke depanpenelitian yang harus dilakukan adalah melihatekologi politik dalam kerangka ruang ekologi danwaktu. Perubahan-perubahan apa yang terjadipada masa Kolonial, Kemerdekaan, Paska Kemerdekaan,'65-66, Orde Baru, dan Paska Reformasi.Dengan melakukan studi kronologislah kita akandapat melihat semakin jelas tentang kondisi alam,sosial, serta material praktis yang membentukkondisi sosio-alamiah Urutsewu masa kini besertasemua proses peminggiran yang menyertainya.Saya tidak bisa memandang enteng naskah ini.Meskipun, karena itu pula saya merasa tergodauntuk mempertanyakan arahnya. Sebagai manusia,saya percaya dengan apa yang saya baca pada"Konsepsi Kebudjaan Rakjat" bahwa "Kesenian,ilmu dan industri adalah dasar-dasar dari kebudajaan…Kesenian, ilmu dan industri baru bisamenjadikan kehidupan Rakjat indah, gembira danbahagia apabila semuanja ini sudah mendjadikepunjaan Rakjat." Apakah naskah Devy ini sudahmenjadi "kepunjaan Rakjat"?Susah untuk menjawa pertanyaan ini. Namunsaya bisa menghadirkan satu hal yang saya anggap682 Bhumi No. 40 Tahun 13, Oktober 2014sebagai kebutuhan orang Urutsewu, setidaknyadalam perspektif subyektif pemahaman saya. Halini penting dimunculkan agar bisa terlihat lebihterang, apakah naskah Devy ini mengabdi kepadakepentingan masyarakat. Tentu saja kepentinganmasyarakat di sini lagi-lagi subyektif. Seseorangbisa mengajak berdebat. Namun, poin yang inginsaya sampaikan adalah, memberikan sebuahukuran terhadap naskah Devy berdasarkan kebutuhanmasyarakat.Dalam beberapa kali diskusi dengan para elitgerakan petani di Urutsewu, masalah yang sayarasa masih sangat susah dipecahkan sampaisekarang adalah bagaimana menghidupkanorganisasi petani di Urutsewu. Seperti halnyakebanyakan organisasi petani yang saya lihat—dan dengar tentangnya—di Jawa Tengah. Sayasampai pada beberapa poin pemikiran mengenaiorganisasi petani di Jawa Tengah, yaitu: 1)memilikisifat elitis dalam artian orangnya itu-itu saja dandengan demikian isu berputar di kalangan yangitu-itu juga; 2)hampir tidak ada kaderisasi; 3)tidakada agenda organisasi yang disusun bersama,misalnya agenda tahunan, dan dengan demikiantidak ada rapat-rapat kontinu; serta 4)kurangberdikari di bidang ekonomi.Naskah Devy ini, kita sadari atau tidak, belumlahmenyentuh apa yang saya anggap sebagaikebutuhan organisasi petani di atas. Dia barumenyentuh dan mengantarkan pembaca ke "halaman"permasalahan-permasalahan itu. Jadi,seandainya waktu bisa diputar mundur dan sayaditakdirkan menjadi kawan diskusi Devy dalamproses penyusunan skripsinya ini, maka saya akandengan sangat bersemangat menyarankan diamelakukan penelitian mendalam terhadap"ekologi politik-mikro organisasi petani diUrutsewu," agar hasilnya juga menjawab permasalahan/kebutuhan organisasi petani seperti yangsaya sampaikan di atas. Andai itu terjadi, sependekyang dapat saya pahami, teks ini akan semakinbernas baik secara teoritis maupun praktis.Dari segi ekologi politik tambang pasir besi,saya merasa Devy melewatkan satu hal dengantidak membahas konteks global dan nasionalsurutnya perusahaan pasir besi di Urutsewudengan dicabutnya perizinan oleh TNI AD padaMei 2011. Dalam konteks global, tentu saja ini tidakbisa dipisahkan dari kecenderungan menurunharga bijih besi di pasaran dunia. Pada awal 2011bijih besi memiliki harga sekitar 175 Dollar AS perton, dan kecenderungan turun terus terjadihingga menginjak harga sekitar 80 Dollar AS perton pada medio 2014 (sumber:chartbuilderinfomine.com). Hal seperti ini jugaterjadi dengan ledakan permintaan komoditasmangan di Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) padaperiode 2008-10 dan kemudian menyusut seiringdengan menurunnya harga mangandunia danturunnya pertumbuhan ekonomi China ke bawah9%, setelah sebelumnya selama sepuluh tahunpada periode 2002-12 konsisten di atas 9%. Dalamkonteks ini, China adalah tujuan ekspor manganNTB.Di tingkat nasional, ini tentu saja tak bisadipisahkan dari konteks regulasi UU Minerba 4/2009 yang mewajibkan pembangunan pemurnian(smelter) untuk sektor industri ekstraktif. Meskipunkemudian hal ini dianulir kembali melaluiPeraturan Pemerintah (PP) 1/2014 yang menurunkankonsentrasi bijih ekstraksi yang dapatdieksport. Sebagai contoh, untuk pasir besi (jenispig iron) pada Peraturan Menteri Energi danSumber Daya Mineral(Permen ESDM) 7/2012yang merupakan "cucu" UU 4/2009 disebutkanpasir besi boleh dieksport dengan konsentrasikemurnian lebih dari 94% Fe; dan pada PermenESDM 1/2014 ("anak" dari PP 1/2014) dia diturunkanmenjadi e" 58% Fe."Penganuliran" ini adalah hal yang lain, yangpenting diperhatikan di sini adalah kewajibanpeningkatan nilai tambah komoditas ekstraksidan penyerapan tenaga kerja lokal melalui pembangunansmelter telah membuat dinamikaBosman Batubara: Rantai Komoditas, Kewajiban Ilmu, dan Konflik .: 680-683 683industri ekstraksi berubah ke arah ketakutankalangan industri tidak mampu memenuhikualif ikasi yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintahmelalui UU Minerba 4/2009 (dan peraturan turunannya)sebelum ia kemudian dianulir sepertiyang dijelaskan di atas.Poin saya membawa dua variabel global dannasional ini, sebagai tambahan terhadap angkakebutuhan besi yang tinggi dan disebut sebagaipemicu munculnya berbagai Izin Usaha Pertambanganpasir besi di Indonesia oleh Devy, inginmenunjukkan bahwa logika yang sama bisa ditautkanmengapa aktivitas ini menyurut belakangan.Tentu saja tanpa menapikan bahwa adaperlawanan di tingkat lokal seperti yang digalangberbagai kelompok petani di Urutsewu. Dengandemikian, kita bisa melihat lebih jelas antarahubungan "skala" global, nasional, dan lokal dalamrantai produksi komoditas pasir besi, atau yangoleh Devy disebut sebagai kapitalisme global.Untuk menyimpulkan sumbangan teoritisbuku ini, dengan demikian, adalah kemampuannyamemicu pertanyaan tentang: 1)politik ekologikonflik agraria di Urutsewu dalam rentang temporalyang lebih panjang (sejak 1830-an) hinggasekarang dalam berbagai bentuk eskalasi—deeskalasinyakarena perubahan komoditas; 2)memetakan kebutuhan yang lebih konkret organisasi-organisasi petani dengan mengasumsikanbahwa ilmu seharusnya adalah "kepunjaan Rakjat";dan 3)memperlihatkan secara gamblang hubungan"skala" (global, nasional, dan lokal) dalamrantai produksi komoditas. Dan rasanya, inilahtugas peneliti berikutnya.