Suchergebnisse

Bu tez çalışmasında, Avrupalılaşma ve yumuşak güç kavramları kullanılarakAlman Dış Politikasının Avrupalılaşması, Avrupa Birliği'nin Rusya-Ukraynaçatışmasında yumuşak güç kullanması üzerinden incelenmektedir. Tezin temelargümanı, Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukrayna krizinde ulusal tercihlerini başarılı bir şekildeAvrupa Birliği seviyesine yüklerken, Avrupa Birliği de çatışma karşısında sert güçunsurları yerine sivil güç ve yumuşak güç birleşim unsurlarını kullanmasında etkiliolduğudur. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak, Avrupalılaşma ve yumuşak güç kavramları detaylıbir şekilde sunulmuştur. Daha sonra, tezin ikinci bölümünde aşağıdan yukarıyaAvrupalılaşma ve yukardan aşağıya Avrupalılaşma boyutları üzerinden Alman dışpolitikasının Avrupalılaşması detaylandırılmıştır. Tezin üçüncü bölümünde,Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukrayna krizindeki rolü ve Avrupa Birliği"nin krize karşı yumuşakgüç kullanmasındaki etkisi incelenmektedir. Tezde Almanya"nın Rusya-Ukraynakrizinde ulusal politikasını başarılı bir şekilde Avrupa Birliği seviyesine taşımış olduğuve Avrupa Birliği"nin Rusya"ya karşı kriz boyunca sadece sivil ve yumuşak güçunsurlarını kullandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. --- The Europeanization of German foreign policy is evaluated through an analysisof the case of Germany"s role in the Russia-Ukraine crisis in this thesis. The mainargument of the thesis is that Germany successfully uploaded its national preferences tothe European Union level during the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the European Unionused combination of civilian and soft power tools in tackling the crisis instead of hardpower. In this regard, firstly, the theoretical framework of Europeanization and softpower concepts are presented in detail. Then, in the second chapter of the thesis, theEuropeanization of German foreign policy is elaborated with the dimensions ofuploading and downloading. Finally, Germany"s role in the Russia-Ukraine crisis andthe European Union"s employment of soft power for addressing the crisis is analysed.The thesis concludes that Germany has successfully uploaded its national preferences tothe European Union level, and the EU employed combination of civilian and soft powerin dealing with the crisis.

AbstractThe conventional wisdom is that capital market integration and now monetary union have limited the options available to macroeconomic policy makers in Europe. The question considered here, therefore, is why many prominent Europeans insist that monetary union is a rational response to capital market integration. Monetary union eliminates exchange rate volatility — but only at a cost in terms of tightening the constraints on macroeconomic policy. Using a combination of macroeconomic theory and (descriptive) statistical analysis of European performance, I find that: capital market integration has increased macroeconomic flexibility through a mitigation of the current account constraint; European states have combined macroeconomic policies in a manner that has taken advantage of greater flexibility on the current account; the cost of such flexibility in terms of the impact of financial volatility on the real economy manifests differently in different countries; and monetary union both enhances flexibility on the current account and mitigates financial volatility.

This report presents an overview of existing integration-political goals, programmes and strategies at different governance levels: the European Union level, the national level represented by the ten MATILDE countries –Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom,the regional level analysed based on the MATILDE rural case study regions, as well as the local level of these ten countries.Hence, this report aims to analyse "the desired goals and guiding principles in the governance of migration and integration politics" (MATILDE Grant Agreement No. 870831, 2019, p. 119)

The claim of democratic legitimacy -- Democracy and human rights -- Human rights, courts and democracy -- The EU and the member states -- The point of fundamental rights in EU law -- The foundation of EU fundamental rights -- The EU citizen as a bearer of EU rights.

The European Union sees itself as a beacon of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender friendliness and seeks to promote these norms in its external relations. However, such identity claims and norm promotion are inherently political and should be critically examined as such. Taking a relational approach, this article conceptualises and examines the Othering processes within the European Union enlargement to highlight the political nature of what is often described as a technocratic process. Through exploring the triangulation of the European Union enlargement, Othering processes and crises, it is argued that (1) the use of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights as a measure of Europeanness is based on a longer tradition of defining the European Union's symbolic boundaries, but that (2) it is in perceived moments of crisis that the European Union redraws and strengthens the boundaries between the Self and the different types of Others through changing combinations of Othering mechanisms. Finally, the article also argues that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights promotion is not only a tool in constructing the European Union's identity but also a source of an identity crisis, as is shown by the rise of anti-gender politics.

Developing countries have so far been concerned about securing access to the industrial-country markets only for their primary and manufactured products. Despite the relative unimportance of their services, it is in their long-term interests to ensure events such as 'EC 1992' do not frustrate future attempts to establish competitive service exports. (SJK)

This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2018 in 36 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and 8 non‐MS). The first and second most commonly reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The European Union (EU) trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable during 2014–2018. The proportion of human salmonellosis cases due to Salmonella Enteritidis was at the same level in 2018 as in 2017. Of the 27 reporting MS, 16 met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 11 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased during recent years but stalled in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results from Competent Authorities for pig carcasses and for poultry tested through National Control Programmes were more frequently positive compared with food business operators. Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans were the third most commonly reported zoonosis in the EU and increased from 2014 to 2018. Yersiniosis was the fourth most frequently reported zoonosis in humans in 2018 with a stable trend in 2014–2018. The number of reported confirmed listeriosis cases further increased in 2018, despite Listeria rarely exceeding the EU food safety limit tested in ready‐to‐eat food. In total, 5,146 food‐ and waterborne outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the most commonly detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one in five outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and egg products was the highest risk agent/food pair. A large increase of human West Nile virus infections was reported in 2018. The report further updates on bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.

The aim of the research presented in the article is to characterize retired persons who receive benefits ensuring the maintenance of existing living conditions. The research was conducted with the use of selected data mining methods, such as classification trees, multivariate correspondence and cluster analysis. The paper includes socio-demographic and economic factors, i.e. sex, household type, retirement age, health status and type of pension scheme. The research was conducted on the basis of data from the project "Share 50+ in Europe".
The presented results allow to identify beneficiary who is not threatened by the so-called pension gap which means the inability to maintain an earlier standard of living due to insufficient retirement benefits.