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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hitnal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 311 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 34 per cent is covered by soil,8 per cent by rockout crops, 3 per cent by Mining/ Industrial area, 12 per cent by water bodies, settlements, 150cm) soils.  About 33 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 2 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 1 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 34 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 1 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 34 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 8 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 5 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 21 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 25 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 11 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 13 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 19 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4(1) 59(19) Sapota - 59(19) Maize - 63(20) Pomegranate - 63(20) Bajra - 110(35) Guava - 59(19) Redgram - 63(20) Jackfruit - 59(19) Bengal gram 4(1) - Jamun - 4(1) Groundnut - 106(34) Musambi 4(1) 59(19) Sunflower 4(1) 59(19) Lime 4(1) 59(19) Cotton 4(1) 59(19) Cashew - 59(19) Chilli - 63(20) Custard apple 4(1) 106(34) Tomato - 59(19) Amla - 110(35) Brinjal - 59(19) Tamarind - 4(1) Onion - 59(19) Marigold - 63(20) Bhendi - 63(20) Chrysanthemum - 63 (20) Drumstick - 63(20) Jasmine - 59(19) Mulberry - 59(19) Crossandra - 59(19) Mango - - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Hitnal is located at North latitude 150 20' 35.836" and 150 19' 2.884" and East longitude 760 19' 29.484'' and 760 17' 1.088" covering an area of about 351.12 ha coming under Hitnal and Chikkasanakandi villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Hitnal micro watersheds of Shahpura sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 10 (29.41 %) were marginal, 6 (17.65%) were small, 9 (26.47 %) were Semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 84 (56.00%) men and 66 (44.00 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.33 per cent of illiterates, 18.67 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.67 per cent middle school education, and 7.33 per cent high school education, 11.33 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.67 per cent of them had Diploma, 2.00 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.18 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.82 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.82 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 32.35 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 50.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 5.88 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.94 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.65 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 21.71 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.76.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 67.15 per cent (45.93 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 32.85 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 5.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Paddy, 0 and 0 and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 85.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 85.29 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.45 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, and Paddy was Rs.22744.14 , 24612.64 and 46877.36 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.02 and 1: 1.20 respectively.  Further, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60641.18 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 46611.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 4 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 70.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 82.35 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.35 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.18%), pulses (88.24%) and oilseeds (17.65%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (20.59%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (8.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.76%), inadequate extension services (14.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (38.24%), Less rainfall (32.35%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (38.24%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lambadi Tanda Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 752 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 72 per cent is covered by soil, 1 per cent by railway, 26 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 42 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 30 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 31 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 63 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 30 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 42 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 16 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 72 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 19 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (20 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 47 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 33(4) 480(64) Sapota 72(10) 173(23) Maize - 513(68) Pomegranate 72(10) 384(51) Bajra 57(7) 464(62) Musambi 105(14) 351(47) Groundnut 33(4) 258(35) Lime 105(14) 351(47) Sunflower 33(4) 423(56) Amla 105(14) 269(36) Redgram - 456(60) Cashew 72(10) 173(23) Bengal gram 33(4) 178(23) Jackfruit 72(10) 173(23) Cotton 33(4) 390(52) Jamun - 254(34) Chilli - 513(68) Custard apple 138(18) 383(51) Tomato - 302(40) Tamarind - 254(34) Brinjal - 302(40) Mulberry 72(10) 173(23) Onion - 302(40) Marigold - 513(68) Bhendi - 513(68) Chrysanthemum - 513(68) Drumstick 72(10) 237(31) Jasmine - 333(44) Mango - 190(25) Crossandra - 302(40) Guava 72(10) 173(23)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lambadi Tanda is located at North latitude 150 26' 15.024" and 150 24' 33.401" and East longitude 760 20' 55.807'' and 760 18' 40.56" covering an area of about 756.94 ha coming under Indargi and Amrapura villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lambadi Tanda micro watersheds of Indargi subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 8 (22.86 %) were marginal, 15 (42.86%)were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 119 (66.85%) men and 59 (33.15 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (50.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 42.70 per cent illiterates, 58.42 per cent pre university education and 3.93 per cent attained graduation.  About, 80.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 57.87 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 68.57 per cent possess TV, 22.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 54.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 14.29 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.1, women available in the micro watershed was 1.13, hired labour (men) available was 16.27 and hired labour (women) available was 17.13.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 64.70 per cent (39.58 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 35.30 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Red gram and Pea and cropping intensity was recorded as 89.34 per cent.  Out of the sample households 31.43 percent possessed bank account.  About 31.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Red gram and Pea was Rs.30337.34, 24204.85, 50875.63, 20666.32 and 19177.95 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 0.87, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.80 and 1:3.10 respectively.  Further, 20.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 74914.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 64200.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 75 horticulture trees and 210 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2942.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 31.43 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 94.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 62.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (51.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.14%), high rate of interest on credit (60.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lakshmapura-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 545 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  An area of about 9 per cent in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 90 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 41 per cent has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 7 per cent of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 92 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 63 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 36 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 3 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 96 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed.  An area of about 52 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 47 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) and 82 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 75 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 186(34) 218(40) Sapota 12(2) 106(19) Maize 11(2) 394(72) Pomegranate 12(2) 279(51) Bajra 76(14) 368(68) Guava 12(2) 113(21) Groundnut 22(4) 291(53) Jackfruit 12(2) 114(21) Sunflower 89(16) 184(34) Jamun 1(<1) 240(44) Cotton 134(25) 323(59) Musambi 103(19) 186(34) Red gram 12(2) 308(57) Lime 103(19) 193(36) Bengalgram 133(25) 300(55) Cashew - 102(19) Chilli 64(12) 168(31) Custard apple 243(45) 261(48) Tomato 64(12) 168(31) Amla 95(17) 410(75) Brinjal 71(13) 367(67) Tamarind 1(<1) 139(25) Onion - 266(49) Marigold 11(2) 393(72) Bhendi - 438(81) Chrysanthemum 11(2) 393(72) Drumstick 12(2) 308(57) Jasmine 11(2) 222(41) Mulberry 22(4) 338(62) Crossandra 12(2) 316(58) Mango 1(<1) 23(4)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-3 is located at North latitude 150 20' 43.594" and 150 22' 31.215" and East longitude 760 3' 16.822" and 760 4' 28.559" covering an area of about 344.86 ha coming under Vadhaganala and Halageri villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-3 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Lakshmapura-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (22.86%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.86 %) were medium and 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 91 (59.09%) men and 63 (40.91%) were women. The average population of landless was 4.2, marginal farmers were 4.1, small farmers were 4.2, semi medium farmers were 5.0 and medium farmers were 7.0.  Majority of the respondents (41.56%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.87 per cent illiterates, 68.83 per cent pre university education and 1.95 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 8.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 20.78 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 74.29 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 71.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow and 11.43 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.74, women available in the micro watershed was 1.11, hired labour (men) available was 9.77 and hired labour (women) available was 10.46.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 84.23 per cent (39.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.77 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 6.00 live bore wells and 5.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 17.14 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Groundnut, Onion and Bajra and cropping intensity was recorded as 81.20 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Groundnut, Onion and Bajra was Rs.31903.14, 19207.39, 32370.14, 47863.79 and 38542.60 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.01, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.60, 1: 4.10 and 1:0.82 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.57 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 69322.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50357.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 14 horticulture trees and 33 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 14.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 82.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (54.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (54.29%) and oilseeds (11.43%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (31.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (28.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20.00%), Less rainfall (42.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (20.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lakshmapura-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 460 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 14 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 85 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 46 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 96 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 19 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 79 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 87 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 12 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 49 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 18(4) 313(68) Sapota 46(10) 127(28) Maize - 331(72) Pomegranate 46(10) 263(57) Bajra 47(10) 295(64) Guava 46(10) 127(28) Redgram 18(4) 283(62) Jackfruit 46(10) 127(28) Bengal gram - 136(30) Jamun 18(4) 47(10) Groundnut - 188(41) Musambi 46(10) 263(57) Sunflower 18(4) 283(62) Lime 46(10) 263(57) Cotton - 330(72) Cashew 46(10) 127(28) Chilli 18(4) 312(68) Custard apple 47(10) 295(64) Tomato 18(4) 176(38) Amla 47(10) 159(34) Brinjal 18(4) 176(38) Tamarind 18(4) 47(10) Onion - 194(42) Marigold 18(4) 312(68) Bhendi 18(4) 312(68) Chrysanthemum 18(4) 312 (68) Drumstick 46(10) 138(30) Jasmine 18(4) 176(38) Mulberry 33(7) 140(30) Crossandra 18(4) 176(38) Mango 18(4) 47(10) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Lakshmapura-2 is located at North latitude 150 22' 54.598" and 150 21' 33.894" and East longitude 760 3' 55.966'' and 760 1' 49.0989" covering an area of about 493.28 ha coming under Lakshmapura, Vadagenahalu, Tadakal and Haligeri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Lakshmapura-2 micro watersheds of Bhanapur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Lakshmapura-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 18 (51.43%) were marginal, 6 (17.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 75 (60.48%) men and 49 (39.52 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.8, marginal farmers were 3.8, small farmers were 3.7, semi medium farmers were 3.2 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (37.10%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.84 per cent illiterates, 70.96 per cent pre university education and 4.03 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 64.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 22.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available was 10.63 and hired labour (women) available was 10.73.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 87.34 per cent (32.07 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 12.66 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Bengal gram, Groundnut and Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 81.77 per cent.  Out of the sample households 31.43 percent possessed bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 31.43 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Bengal gram, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.53974.39 , 72039.01, 16550.91, 43647.47 and 25637.44 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.60, 1: 4.50, 1: 2.90 and 1:1.70 respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 53057.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 50914.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 18 horticulture trees and 33 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3485.71 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 48.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (82.86%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 77.14 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.43 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 68.57 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (97.14%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.14%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.14%), Less rainfall (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania on the Approval of the State Sports Development Strategy for 2011-2020 states that it is important to create and develop a horizontal structure of public administration of sport, which includes many state administration areas and municipal institutions, which would allow to develop cooperation with non-governmental sports organizations and private sector of sports activities. To create legal and economic conditions for the fast development of active and healthy lifestyle and universal sports clubs as primary subjects of the national sport system; to promote their contribution to non-formal sports education and employment of children and young people, development of various sports, interaction between amateur and professional sports. In this respect, the tasks have been set to create a multi-tier system of strategic cooperation with non-governmental sport organizations (federations) with public administration structures, to expand cooperation between municipal institutions in the field of sport, authorized by the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the Government) so that these resolutions include the National Sport for All Development Program implementation, enhancing the vitality of communities through sport, ensuring healthy lifestyle conditions and developing sports infrastructure through territorial planning documents and investment programs; to create and develop a system of partnerships in the field of sport between public and private sectors; to develop cooperation between institutions of all fields of management by developing and implementing physical activity, healthy lifestyles and work ability, social cohesion through sport, leisure employment and social prevention and other interinstitutional programs, accordingly reorganizing and expanding functions of the institution authorized by the Government, strengthening its administrative capacity. The implementation of the strategy is particularly relevant, as is the case at the level of municipal administrations and councils, to which functions are delegated to implement the priority functions of sport policy. Problems in the implementation of sport policy are analyzed by scientists as well as representatives of sports policy legislators (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018, etc.). The aim of the research is to analyze how the sports policy of the Republic of Lithuania is formulated and implemented in the activities of municipal administrations and councils. Research methods -analysis of scientific literature, analysis of laws, analysis of sports management system. Research results and conclusions. The real role of municipalities and the priority to develop community sport, to promote the vitality of communities has not been realized yet. The role of private business for private investment in sports infrastructure for the development of sports movement and cooperation with socially responsible business representatives, the independent role of clubs and non-governmental organizations as a priority have also not been understood and finally not implemented. In the functional division of activities in the sport policy process, all chains of interaction between organizations, acting within the competence, must strive to implement laws and strategic goals of sports policy. In order to achieve these objectives, the activities of the institutions depend on the political decisions adopted jointly by the central government, public programs and projects. It is important that the executive structures are delegated the same kind of functions, so that the implementation of the policy is carried out consistently in all areas of the republic.Improvement of the process of implementing sports policy and the search for the improvement, trying to achieve the efficiency of activities of municipal administrations and councils must be the main goal of all institutions involved in it. The whole system of institutions involved in the development and implementation of sport policy is too centralized. Institutional differences in the management of interdependence and in the resolution of structural problems between national organizations and municipal organizations are very pronounced. This has a negative impact on the status of municipal territorial sports divisions, when grants are distributed from the state budget, selecting sportsmen, performing medical technological examination of promising sportsmen, setting up sports bases, and so on ; В постановлении Сейма Литовской Республики об утверждении Государственной стратегии развития спорта на 2011–2020 годы отмечается важность создания и совершенствования горизонтальной структуры государственного управления спортом, которая включает в себя многие направления государственного управления и муниципальные учреждения, что позволяет развивать сотрудничество с неправительственными спортивными организациями и частным сектором спортивной деятельности. Планируется создание правовых и экономических условий для развития активного и здорового образа жизни, быстрого развития универсальных спортивных клубов как основных субъектов национальной спортивной системы, чтобы содействовать их вкладу в неформальное спортивное образование и занятость детей и молодежи, развитие различных видов спорта, взаимодействие любительского и профессионального спорта. В связи с этим были поставлены задачи по созданию многоуровневой системы стратегического сотрудничества с неправительственными спортивными организациями (федерациями) со структурами государственного управления, расширения сотрудничества между муниципальными учреждениями в области спорта, уполномоченному Правительством Литовской Республики (далее именуемым правительством), с включением Национальной программы развития спорта для всех реализация, повышение жизнеспособности сообществ через спорт, обеспечение условий здорового образа жизни и развитие спортивной инфраструктуры через посредство подготовки документов территориального планирования и инвестиционных программ, чтобы создавать и развивать систему государственно-частного партнерства в сфере спорта; сотрудничество между учреждениями всех областей управления путем развития и реализации физической активности, здорового образа жизни и трудоспособности, социальной сплоченности посредством спорта, занятости досуга и социальной профилактики и других межведомственных программ, соответственно реорганизуя и расширяя функции уполномоченного правительством учреждения, укрепляя его административный потенциал. Реализация стратегии особенно актуальна на уровне деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов, которым делегированы функции для реализации приоритетных функций спортивной политики. Проблемы в реализации спортивной политики анализируются представителями ученых и законодателей спортивной политики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Целью исследования является анализ того, как формируется и реализуется политика спорта Литовской Республики в деятельности муниципальных администраций и советов. Методы исследования - анализ научной литературы, анализ законов, анализ системы спортивного менеджмента. Результаты и выводы исследования. Реальная роль муниципалитетов и приоритетность развития общественного спорта, повышения жизнеспособности сообществ, не были реализованы. Роль частного бизнеса в спортивную инфраструктуру для развития спортивного движения и сотрудничество с социально ответственным бизнесом, независимая роль клубов и неправительственных организаций в качестве приоритета остается недостаточно осмысленна и неосуществлена. При функциональном разделении видов деятельности в процессе спортивной политики все цепи взаимодействия между организациями, действующими в пределах своей компетенции, должны стремиться к реализации законов и стратегических целей спортивной политики. В достижения этих целей деятельность учреждений зависит от принимаемых совместно центральным правительством политических решений, государственных программ и проектов. Важно, чтобы исполнительным структурам были делегированы одинаковые функции, а реализация политики осуществлялась последовательно во всех областях республики. Совершенствование процесса реализации спортивной политики и поиск повышения эффективности муниципальных администраций и советов должны быть главной целью всех учреждений, участвующих в нем. Вся система учреждений, занимающихся разработкой и реализацией спортивной политики, слишком централизована. Институциональные различия в управлении и в решении структурных проблем между национальными организациями и муниципальными организациями очень заметны. Это отрицательно сказывается на состоянии муниципальных территориальных спортивных подразделений, когда гранты распределяются из государственного бюджета в процесе отбора спортсменов, медико-технологических исследований перспективных спортсменов, создания спортивных баз. ; У Постанові Сейму Литовської Республіки про утвердження Державної стратегії розвитку спорту на 2011-2020 роки відмічається важливість створення і удосконалення горизонтальної структури державного управління спортом, яка включає в себе багато напрямків державного управління та муніципальні установи, що дозволить розширяти співпрацю з неурядовими спортивними організаціями і приватним сектором спортивної діяльності. Планується створення правових та економічних умов для розвитку активного і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів і здорового образу життя, швидкого розвитку універсальних спортивних клубів як основних суб'єктів національної спортивної системи, щоб сприяти їх вкладу в неформальне спортивне товариство і зайнятість дітей і молоді, розвиток різних видів спорту, взаємодію аматорського і професійного спорту. У зв'язку з цим були поставлені завдання щодо створення багаторівневої системи стратегічної співпраці з неурядовими спортивними організаціями (федераціями), зі структурами державного управління, розширення співпраці між муніципальними установами у сфері спорту, уповноважених Урядом Литовської Республіки (далі урядом), з включенням Національної програми розвитку спорту для всіх, підвищення життєздатності товариств через спорт, забезпечення здорового образу життя і розвиток спортивної інфраструктури через посердництво територіального планування та інвестиційних програм; створення і ровиток системи державно-приватного партнерства у сфері спорту; співпраці між установами всіх областей управління шляхом розвитку і реалізації фізичної активності, здорового образу життя і працездатності, соціальної згуртованості черз посередництво спорту, зайнятості у сфері дозвілля і соціальної профілактики та інших міжвідомчих програм. Реалізація стратегії особливо актуальна на рівні діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад, яким делеговані функції для реалізації спортивної політики. Проблеми у реалізації спортивної політики аналізуються вченими і законотворцями спортивної політики (Tukkula, 2016; Pollitt and Bouckaert, 2003, Houlihan, 2005, Grix et al, 2018 и др.). Метою дослідження є аналіз того, як формується і реалізується спортивна політика Литовської Республіки у діяльності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад. Методи дослідження - аналіз наукової літератури, аналіз законів системи спортивного менеджменту. Результати і висновки дослідження. Реальна роль муніципалітетів і пріоритетність розвитку суспільного спорту, підвищення життєздатності товариств, не були реалізовані. Роь приватного бізнесу у спортивній інфраструктурі з метою розвитку спортивного руху і співпраці з соціально відповідальним бізнесом, незалежна роль клубів і неурядових організацій у якості пріоритету залишається недостатньо осмисленою і нездійсненою. При функціональному розділенні видів діяльності у процесі спортивної політики всі ланцюги взаємодії між організаціями, що діють у межах своїх компетенцій, повинні діяти у межах реалізації законів і стратегічних цілей спортивної політики. Для досягнення цих цілей діяльність установ залежить від політчиних рішень, що приймаються сумісно з центральним урядом, державних програм і проектів. Важливо, щоб виконавчим структурам були делеговані рівні функції, а реалізація політики здійснювалась послідовно в усіх сферах республіки. Удосконалення процесу реалізації спортивної політики і пошук підвищення ефективності муніципальних адміністрацій і рад повинні бути головною метою всіх установ, що приймають в них участь. Вся система установ, що займаються розробкою і реалізацією спортивної політики, надзвичйно централізована. Інституційні відмінності в управлінні і вирішенні структурних проблем між національними і муніципальними організаціями є великими. Це негативно впливає на стан муніципальних територіальних спортивних підрозділів, коли гранти розподіляються з державного бюджету у процесі відбору спортсменів, медико-технологічних досліджень перспективних спортсменів, створення спортивних баз тощо.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chennahalu-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 548 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soil, 150 cm) soils.  About 3 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 71 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 22 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 33 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 11 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 85 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 35 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 20 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 0.75%) in 37 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 10 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 85 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 37 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 58 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 81 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 14 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 93 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 50(9) 377(69) Sapota 114(21) 229(42) Maize - 427(78) Pomegranate 114(21) 313(57) Bajra 114(21) 366(67) Musambi 141(26) 286(52) Groundnut - 302(56) Lime 141(26) 286(52) Sunflower 50(9) 377(69) Amla 114(21) 364(67) Redgram 23(4) 404(74) Cashew 114(21) 229(42) Bengal gram 27(5) 57(10) Jackfruit 114(21) 229(42) Cotton 27(5) 399(73) Jamun 23(4) 221(41) Chilli 23(4) 404(74) Custard apple 141(26) 339(62) Tomato 23(4) 320(58) Tamarind 23(4) 221(41) Brinjal 23(4) 320(58) Mulberry 91(17) 252(46) Onion - 343(62) Marigold 23(4) 404(74) Bhendi 23(4) 404(74) Chrysanthemum 23(4) 404(74) Drumstick 114(21) 311(57) Jasmine 23(4) 320(58) Mango 23(4) 139(26) Crossandra 23(4) 320(58) Guava 114(21) 229(42)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chennahalu-2 is located at North latitude 150 31' 42.071" and 150 30' 3.654" and East longitude 760 12' 16.973'' and 760 10' 16.085" covering an area of about 554.55 ha coming under Kudrimutti Village of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chennahalu-2 micro watersheds of Irakallaguda subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 16 (44.44 %) were marginal, 10 (27.78%)were small, 4 (11.11 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.78 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 113 (62.78%) men and 67 (37.22 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (46.11%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.67 per cent illiterates, 59.45 per cent pre university education and 7.22 per cent attained graduation.  About, 69.44 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 27.78 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 45.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.56 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 41.67 per cent possess TV, 8.33 per cent possess mixer grinder, 72.22 per cent possess mobile phones and 44.44 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 13.89 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.33 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 13.89 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 3, women available in the micro watershed was 3.19, hired labour (men) available was 19.06 and hired labour (women) available was 19.26.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.27 per cent (38.73 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.73 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Bengala gram, Sorghum and Bajra, and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.54 per cent.  Out of the sample households 44.44 percent possessed bank account  About 30.56 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Bengala gram, Sorghum and Bajra was Rs.34765.49 , 24196.96 and 41002.19 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.70, 1: 0.56 and 1: 0.61 respectively.  Further, 47.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 22.22 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 37861.11 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 27444.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 16 horticulture trees and 95 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 250.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 16.67 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 0.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.89 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (83.33%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.44 per cent of the households and 5.56 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.44 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 38.89 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (91.67%) and oilseeds (30.56%) are adequate for consumption. 3  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (86.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (88.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (72.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75.00%), high rate of interest on credit (44.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (72.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.89%), inadequate extension services (2.78%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (52.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundrigi microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 411 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils and 11 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  An area of about 48 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 40 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 84 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under high (>57 kg/ha) in the available phosphorus content.  An area of about 12 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under low (4.5 ppm) and 23 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in the available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in the available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 172(42) 17(4) Sapota 98(24) 114(28) Maize <1(<1) 189(46) Pomegranate 98(24) 114(28) Bajra 175(42) 51(12) Guava 95(23) 117(28) Groundnut 95(23) 219(53) Jackfruit 98(24) 114(28) Sunflower 95(23) 80(19) Jamun 95(23) 116(28) Cotton 95(23) 93(23) Musambi 98(24) 114(28) Red gram 95(23) 79(19) Lime 98(24) 114(28) Bengalgram - 189(46) Cashew 95(23) 167(40) Chilli 172(42) 17(4) Custard apple 175(42) 189(46) Tomato 172(42) 17(4) Amla 175(42) 189(46) Brinjal 79(19) 234(57) Tamarind 95(23) 21(5) Onion <1(<1) 314(76) Marigold 95(23) 94(23) Bhendi <1(<1) 314(76) Chrysanthemum 95(23) 93(23) Drumstick 98(24) 166(40) Jasmine 95(23) 93(23) Mulberry 98(24) 252(61) Crossandra 95(23) 93(23) Mango 95(23) 3(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundrigi is located at North latitude 150 16' 58.624" and 150 14' 44.725'' and East longitude 760 12' 48.228'' and 750 11' 55.13" covering an area of about 411.61 ha coming under Mallikeri, Kunakeri and Lachananakeri Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundrigi micro watersheds of Karkihalli subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 16 were marginal, (47.06 %) were small 4 (11.76%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 4 (11.76 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (58.19%) men and 74 (41.81 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (40.68%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 29.94 per cent illiterates, 32.20 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.86 per cent middle school education, and 9.60 per cent high school education, 5.65 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.69 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.35 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.65 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.64 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 70.59 per cent possess TV, 29.41 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess plough, 20.59 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.59 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.82 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 15.45 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.82.  Further, 67.65 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.77 per cent (35.53 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 45.23 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 20.00 live bore wells and 20.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 58.82 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Pearl millet and Redgram and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.29 per cent.  Out of the sample households 52.94 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 52.94 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 11.11 per cent have borrowed loan from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Groundnut, Cotton and Redgram was Rs.51685.51, 24587.06, 47833.51, 33857.89 and 12779.58 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.00, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.80 and 1:4.30 respectively.  Further, 17.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 59020.59 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 40667.65 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 28 horticulture trees and 35 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 61.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 23.53 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.29 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (52.94%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 58.82 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 79.41 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (58.82%), pulses (55.88%) and oilseeds (20.59%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (52.94%) wild animal menace on farm field (70.59%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (26.47%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.29%), high rate of interest on credit (20.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.76%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.41%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%), Less rainfall (52.94%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (20.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Maps and visual representations in general are powerful tools of propaganda and construction of the "other" that perpetrators of genocide employ in different ways and in different contexts and depending on audience, purpose, and stage of genocide. Maps and visual representations are also powerful tools to denounce genocide and are used by the victims to relate, remember, and communicate their experience. These topics will be discussed in the context of the Holocaust and focusing specifically on cartographic design. The role of propaganda, semiotics, the concept of "myth," and iconography will be briefly discussed to frame the theoretical context of the presentation. These topics are part of a broader research agenda on the geographies and cartographies of genocide that I have been engaged in for several years. In particular, I am interested in how cartography, geography and GIScience may contribute to defining, studying, and understanding past genocides, and, hopefully, help preventing future ones. As the majority of my past and current research has been on the Holocaust, the examples discussed in my presentation are relative to that specific genocide. To start with, it is useful to review and define what genocide is and who its perpetrators are. Genocide has been defined in various ways. According to the United Nations (1951), genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) killing members of the group; (b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. This definition stresses the physical destruction of the group targeted by direct or indirect methods, such as the prevention of births by members of the group or the forcible transfer of children from the targeted group to another group. Harff and Gurr (1988) highlight the role of the State and the policy dimensions of genocide: "by our definition, genocide… is the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group." Katz (1994) remarks the fact that it is the perpetrator that defines who the targeted victims and groups: ".the actualization of the intent, however successfully carried out, to murder in its totality any national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, social, gender or economic group, as these groups are defined by the perpetrator, by whatever means." However defined, genocide is carried out in stages that may vary temporally and geographically, as well as in the methods used to commit it, and this is especially the case when acts of genocide are committed over a long period of time and over a large area, as the Holocaust as well as the Armenian genocide, on which I have also worked, show well. Hampton (1986) has proposed a model of the stages of genocide – later modified and redefined, by Stanton (2013) and others – that identifies eight steps, more or less in succession, that include classification ("us vs them"), symbolization ("Jews", "Germans", "Tutsi", swastikas, yellow stars), dehumanization (one group denies the humanity of members of another group and calls them "vermin," rats," or "cockroaches"), organization (as a group crime, as opposed to an individual act, genocide needs to be organized, usually by the State), polarization (this is when rhetoric is ramped up, legislation is introduced, extremists emerge, and political moderates are silenced), preparation (victims are forced to wear identifying symbols, lists are made, victims separated from rest of population, for example in ghettos), extermination (words such as "extermination" or "cleansing" are typically used since the victims are explicitly defined as not fully humans by the perpetrators), and denial (this is always present and starts as soon as during and immediately after the extermination stage, and can outlive the perpetrators themselves; denial includes the destruction of evidence, the destruction of the reputation and credibility of the survivors or witnesses, the claim that deaths were due to famine, migration, disease or, as in the Armenian genocide, all of the above plus the effects of WW1, and – as an ultimate insult – the blaming of the victims themselves). Once genocide is defined and its stages are identified, a third element is crucial to its understanding: why people commit genocide. Doing so is needed to determine what role maps play in genocide from the perspective of both perpetrators and victims. Several models have been proposed to try and explain why seemingly normal individuals engage in genocide, and models have even been proposed to estimate the likelihood of genocide happening in a given society at a certain time. Waller's model (2005) is perhaps the most influential and, in my opinion, the most convincing. I will discuss Waller's work in more detail during my presentation; here, let just say that the model identifies "ultimate influences" (human nature) as well as "proximate influences" as the reasons why people commit genocide. Most interesting in the context of my research are the "proximate influences," which include the cultural construction of worldviews, the psychological construction of the "other," and the social construction of cruelty. In turn, these "proximate influences" are historicized, i.e., they take different forms in different places at different times depending on the specific context. Thus, the indoctrination of SS members during the Holocaust included collectivistic values, authority orientation, and social dominance (cultural influences); "us vs. them" mentality, moral disengagement, and the blaming of the victims (psychological influences); professional socialization, group identification, and the identification of binding factors for the group (social influences). Maps, and images in general (including posters, paintings, movies and other forms of mass communications), can and do play a role in all of the "proximate stages" in Waller's model. In my presentation, as an illustration and for brevity, I will show examples of psychological proximate influences, including the construction of the "other," and in particular I will discuss strategies for the definition, communication, and mass diffusion of an "us vs. them" mentality, the gradual construction and spreading of "moral disengagement" among the perpetrators, and, also among the perpetrators (but also among the bystanders of genocide), the gradual development of a "blaming the victim" mentality to justify active participation, or at least acquiescence, to genocide. In general, to understand the role maps play in this context it is useful to refer to the literature on propaganda and on semiotics, and cartographers have traditionally written about these topics. Perhaps less studied, although not less useful general and specifically in the context of genocide and the definition of the "other," is an iconographical (or iconological) approach; borrowed from art history, this is an especially complex and difficult technique to apply to the interpretation and study of maps, but a promising one. In my presentation I will touch on semiotics, propaganda, and iconography as well as reference and discuss Roland Barthes and his definition of the concept of "myth," which I believe play a central role, one that overlaps all "proximate influences" as defined above, to explain how maps and images relate to genocide. In the final part of my presentation, I will show examples of the use of maps by perpetrators and victims of genocide. From the perpetrators' perspective, myth and propaganda work together in the service of the State; crucial to the effectiveness of genocide, propaganda and the creation of myths have to be monopolies of the State or they will not work effectively. Nazi Germany was especially effective and efficient from this point of view, with a body of work that I will introduce that include both images and writings from Nazi leaders and propagandists. Referring back to the stages of genocide discussed above, I will make the case that different cartographic design principles are applied for the first six stages (classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, and preparation) of genocide – as well as the psychological construction of the "other" – as opposed to the seventh (extermination) stage. Interestingly, from the point of view of cartographic design, there is a distinct similarity between the maps and images produced by the victims and those produced by the perpetrators, at least as far as the first six stages of genocide are concerned. As I will show in the presentation, this argument is better made via examples, tables, and direct comparisons of design elements, but to briefly summarize my point, depending on their purpose and audience, genocide maps are intended to be alternatively unambiguous or euphemistic, for the masses or for the military and/or political elites, impressionistic or emotional rather than rational and scientific, for public consumption or for private and secret use. In terms of specific elements of design, it is possible to identify the intended audience, purpose, and genocide stage in terms of the use of muted vs. saturated colors, the presence or absence of a legend, the use or not use of graduated symbols and arrows, the scale of the map, how visual contrast is employed to highlight certain elements, the use of black and white, etc. As concerns more specifically the seventh stage of genocide – extermination – this is when the application of the methods and tools of scientific cartography become the urgent preoccupation of the perpetrators, as many examples from the Nazi archives prove; hence, the search for accuracy and precision in the representation of places, times, and themes, including the insistence on the exactness of measurements, the standardization of design elements, and in general the teaching and application of clear, unambiguous, and replicable designs and methods to make maps. Briefly put, maps produced for the extermination of the victims are characterized as the triumph of denotation and technology, while in the previous six stages connotation and the creation of "myth" are guiding principles by which maps are designed and produced, and their effectiveness is measured. In my conclusions, I will remark on the fact that as much as maps (and, by extension and in the present time, GIS) have been used and will continue to be used to commit genocide, they can also be effectively used to counteract and denounce genocide. To do so, one should learn how to exploit propaganda techniques and how to use the theories of semiotics and iconography and the idea of myth to counter-map and resist genocide.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sompalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 759 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 676 ha (89%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 53 ha (7%) by quarry and about 30 ha (4%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 89 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent in the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 38 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 5 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 38 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 1 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 28 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 388(51) 179(24) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 388(51) Jamun - 388(51) Sunflower 388(51) - Musambi 353(47) 35(5) Cotton 388(51) - Lime 353(47) 35(5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 388(51) - Custard apple 388(51) - Bengal gram 388(51) 179(24) Amla 388(51) - Guava - - Tamarind - 388(51) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 1707' – 1709' North latitudes and 77020' – 77024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 758.76 ha, bounded by Madhakal, Sedam, Kotanpalli villages and Telangana State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Sompalli Microwatershed (Adki subwatershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.9 to 31.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 64.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 60 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system among all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 11.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 42.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 10185 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.6686 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmer's weeder.  The average per capita food consumption is around 641.8 grams (1558.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.27530 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1127 per households. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1496 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.1011332 per year for the total area of 758.8 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 21155/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.22481) and bengal gram (Rs.9938).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 62156) and bengal gram (Rs. 49395). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (82.4 %) and bengal gram (17.60 %).  In Sompalli micro-watershed, major soil series is soil of alluvial landscape of Gundagunthi (GGN) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 14.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (100 %). Adki (ADK) is also having shallow soil depth cover 23.6 % of area, the crops are red gram (66.1 %) and bengalgram (33.9 %). Mathimuda (MTM) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of areas, crops red gram are (100 %). Dhandothi (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 22.9 % of area, crops are red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.36971/ha in MTM soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs.20218/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.83).  In bengalgram the cost of cultivation in Rs.16250/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.46).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (3.8 to 2.4 %) and bengal gram (2.46 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kotagi Shahpur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 516 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 178 ha (35%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 328 ha (66%) by rock outcrops and about 10 ha (2%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 35 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 35 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 22 percent soils are loamy and 13 per cent is clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 22 percent is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 13 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1% slope) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 22 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 13 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 18 per cent is neutral (6.5-7.3) and 17 per cent is slightly moderately alkaline (7.3-8.4) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) and about 20 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of about 15 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 19 percent soils are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 34 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 19 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 65(13) Guava - - Maize - 65(13) Sapota - - Bajra - 65(13) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - - Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - 65(13) Amla - - Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - - Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - - Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - - Marigold - - Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kotagi Shahpur is located at North latitude 160 52' 21.765" and 160 51' 11.042" and East longitude 770 11' 54.044'' and 770 9' 26.878" covering an area of about 522.83 ha coming under Katagi shahapura and Hattikunni Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Kotagi Shahpur micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 37 total respondents, 17 (45.95 %) were marginal, 13 (35.14%)were small, 1 (2.70 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.70 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (54.12%) men and 78 (45.88 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.53%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 68.24 per cent illiterates, 1.18 percent were functional literates, 27.64 per cent pre university education and 1.18 per cent attained graduation.  About, 72.97 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 51.18 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.30 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 94.59 per cent possess TV, 27.03 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 8.11 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 21.62 per cent of the households possess plough.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.70 per cent possess local cow and 2.70 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.21, women available in the micro watershed was 1.86, hired labour (men) available was 10.14 and hired labour (women) available was 7.61.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 76.78 per cent (31.82 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 10.25 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 5.41 per cent of the households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Horse gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Sorghum, Horse gram and Groundnut was Rs.26790.21, 34228.96, 67937.63, 35242.56 and 37520.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.20, 1: 1.10 and 1:1.20 respectively.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 74414.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 29766.22 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 37 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 648.65 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.11 per cent depends on own funds and 8.11 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 75.68 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 75.68 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.95%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 70.27 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.89 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.30 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 78.38 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.59 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (97.30%) and oilseeds (2.70%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (75.68%) wild animal menace on farm field (2.70%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.16%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.27%), high rate of interest on credit (13.51%), low price for the agricultural commodities (70.27%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (59.46%), inadequate extension services (5.41%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(59.46%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Haligeri-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 802 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 16 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 84 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 58 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 67 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 5 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 61 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 31 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 2 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 2 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 15 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 84 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm)in 4 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 35(4) 515(64) Sapota 35(4) 234(29) Maize 35(4) 514(64) Pomegranate 35(4) 225(28) Bajra 35(4) 560(70) Guava 35(4) 234(29) Redgram 35(4) 504(63) Jackfruit 35(4) 234(16) Bengal gram - 290(36) Jamun - 161(20) Groundnut - 293(37) Musambi 35(4) 524(65) Sunflower 35(4) 524(65) Lime 35(4) 524(65) Cotton - 549(69) Cashew 35(4) 234(29) Chilli 35(4) 515(64) Custard apple 35(4) 535(72) Tomato 35(4) 225(28) Amla 35(4) 290(36) Brinjal 35(4) 225(28) Tamarind - 161(20) Onion 35(4) 221(28) Marigold 35(4) 511(64) Bhendi 35(4) 225(28) Chrysanthemum 35(4) 511 (64) Drumstick 35(4) 238(30) Jasmine 35(4) 221(28) Mulberry 35(4) 235(29) Crossandra 35(4) 221(28) Mango - 161(20) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Haligeri-3 is located at North latitude 150 24' 35.308" and 150 22' 52.919" and East longitude 760 4' 6.789'' and 760 2' 12.128" covering an area of about 719.28 ha coming under Halageri, Bhanapur, Veerapura and Tadakal villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Haligeri-3 micro watersheds of Haligeri sub-watershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal, 8 (22.86%)were small, 7 (20.00 %) were Semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 66 (54.55%) men and 55 (45.45 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (36.36%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 36.36 per cent illiterates, 63.64 per cent pre university education and 6.61 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 24.79 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 5.71 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.85, women available in the micro watershed was 1.03, hired labour (men) available was 6.17 and hired labour (women) available was 6.37.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 90.10 per cent (57.23 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram and Sunflower and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.76 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 80.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 68.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 37.93 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 27.59 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank. 2  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 73.68 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sorghum, Bengal gram and Sunflower was Rs.26600.58, 32265.36, 29342.57 and 25256.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.20, 1: 1.70, 1: 1.63 and 1: 1.10 respectively.  Further, 60.00 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81454.37 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 74740.06 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 16 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 34.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 485.71 for land development. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 28.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 57.14 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 77.14 per cent of the households and 11.43 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (88.57%), pulses (74.29%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (31.43%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market(40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bannikoppa-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, behaviour, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 215 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 40 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 59 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 48 per cent area, 49 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 84 (39) 86 (40) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 7 (3) Drumstick - 130 (61) Musambi 7 (3) 123 (57) Sunflower 7 (3) 123 (57) Lime 7 (3) 123 (57) Groundnut - 41(19) Cashew - - Chilli - - Custard apple 84 (39) 86 (40) Pomegranate - 130(61) Amla - 171 (80) Tomato - - Tamarind 7 (3) Mulbery - 171 (80) Jasmine - 41 (19) Guava - - Marigold - 171 (80) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 171 (80) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) is located in between 15020' – 15021' North latitudes and 75056' – 75057' East longitudes, covering an area of about 214.70 ha, bounded by Kavalura and Bannikoppa villages with length of growing period (LGP) 60-90 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bannikoppa-6 micro-watershed (Koppal taluk and district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.6 to 48.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 90.3 per cent of sample households.  Social groups belong to general caste and other back ward (OBC) is around 40 per cent.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all the sample households.  Among all sample farm households have a yashaswini health card.  Among all farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of among all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities of among all sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.36 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 81.6 per cent of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation and agricultural labour is a subsidiary occupation is around 66.7 per cent of farmers followed by like self employed is around 16.7 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 37940 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 57247 per household; about 40 per cent of sample farmers are having sprayer, chaff cutter, earth remover and weeder.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 12536 per household; about 100 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 501.1 grams (1396.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34726 per household. All sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 613. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3272/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 9556) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5114), greengram (Rs. 4521), coriander (Rs. 1604), bajra (Rs. 102) and sorghum is negative retunes.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2000/ ha/year is sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coriander (Rs. 104170) followed by bengal gram (Rs. 68231), bajra (Rs. 49751), sorghum (Rs. 37959), green gram (Rs. 23945) and sunflower (Rs. 17486). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is green gram (43.3 %) followed by coriander (23.1 %), bengal gram (20.2 %), sunflower (8.5 %) and bajra (5.0 %).  Bannikoppa-6 Micro watershed, major soils are soil Handrala (HDL) series is having deep soil depth cover around 3.27 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram (50.0 %), coriander (26.7 %) and bengal gram (23.3 %). KDL series are having very deep soil depth cover the crops are sunflower (66.3 %), sorghum (18.3) and bajra (15.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram Rs.29964/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.30). 3  In coriander the cost of cultivation is Rs 16626/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.07).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs. 9695/ha in HDL soil (with BCR of 1.47).  In bajra the cost of cultivation is Rs.12792 /ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.01).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 13848/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.38) and sorghum the cost of cultivation is Rs. 26174/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coriander (76.3 %), green gram(43.8 %), bajra (15.6 %), sorghum ( 32.8 %) and sunflower (57.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ballary-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 570 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 41 per cent is covered by soils, 58 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 28 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 10 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 1 per cent area is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 0.75%) in 27 per cent area.  An area of about 28 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 12 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 15 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 40 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4(1) 100(18) Sapota - 65(11) Maize - 104(18) Pomegranate - 71(12) Bajra 33(6) 103(18) Guava - 65(11) Groundnut 33(6) 97(17) Jackfruit - 65(11) Sunflower 4(1) 35(6) Jamun - 71(12) Cotton 4(1) 100(18) Musambi 4(1) 67(12) Red gram - 39(7) Lime 4(1) 67(12) Bengalgram 6(1) 87(15) Cashew - 116(20) Chilli - 98(17) Custard apple 37(6) 150(26) Tomato - 98(17) Amla 33(6) 153(27) Brinjal 33(6) 92(16) Tamarind - 6(1) Onion 33(6) 88(16) Marigold - 104(18) Bhendi 33(6) 92(16) Chrysanthemum - 104(18) Drumstick - 39(7) Jasmine - 98(17) Mulberry - 122(21) Crossandra 33(6) 65(11) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ballary-2 is located at 760 18'44.386'' to 76016'47.538'' East and North longitude 15029'46.415'' to 150 28'19.282'' and covering an area of about 553.19 ha coming under Vanaballary, Asishinakeri and Jinnapura Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ballary-2 micro watersheds of Indargi sub-watershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 40 total respondents, 1 (2.50 %) were marginal, 17 (42.50%) were small, 19 (47.50 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.00 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 104 (57.78%) men and 76 (42.22 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (45.00%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.22 per cent illiterates, 46.11 percent pre university education and 5.00 per cent attained graduation.  About, 95.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 70.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 40.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100.00 per cent possess TV, 97.50 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.50 per cent possess mobile phones and 15.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.50 per cent possess bullock cart and 7.50 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.50 per cent possess local cow and 2.50 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 7.03, women available in the micro watershed was 3.42, hired labour (men) available was 5.47 and hired labour (women) available was 7.95.  Further, 2.50 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 75.27 per cent (69.48 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.73 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 15.00 live bore wells and 14.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 37.50 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Chilly, Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 96.99 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 7.50 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.50 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 27.27 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 36.36 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 45.45 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Chilly and Groundnut was Rs.18334.91 , 33748.35, 37527.77 and 45424.49 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.20, 1: 2.10, 1: 3.40 and 1: 0.80, respectively.  Further, 92.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.50 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 80425.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57100.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 42 horticulture trees and 211 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 2.50 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5750.03 for land development and Rs. 537.53 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.00 per cent depends on own funds and 77.50 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 102.50 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 7.50 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 95.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (7.50%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 87.50 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 5 per cent of farmers practicing Field Bunding as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire wood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 92.50 per cent of the households and 25.00 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 30.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.50 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 67.50 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.50 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (95.00%), pulses (87.50%) and oilseeds (57.50%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (92.50%) wild animal menace on farm field ( 77.50%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (92.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (75.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (90.00%), high rate of interest on credit (90.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (95.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (95.00%), inadequate extension services (70.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.00%), Less rainfall (7.50%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.50%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Balachakra-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 530 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 489 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 15 ha (3%) covered by rock outcrops and 28 ha (5%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 488 ha (92%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 7 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100 - 150 cm) 25 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 41 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 20 per cent soils are very shallow and shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 25 percent soils are medium (51-100), 18 per cent soils are low (51- 100 mm/m) and 45 per cent area is very low (0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 81 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 11 percent soils are low (337kg/ha), about 57 percent is medium (145- 337kg/ha) and 34 percent is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 75(14) 102(19) Guava - 75(14) Maize 75(14) 102(19) Sapota - 75(14) Bajra 75(14) 102(19) Pomegranate - 75(14) Groundnut - 157(30) Musambi - 75(14) Sunflower - 75(14) Lime - 75(14) Redgram - 95(18) Amla 75(14) 82(15) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - 75(14) Jackfruit - 75(14) Chilli 75(14) 82(15) Jamun - - Tomato 75(14) 82(15) Custard apple - 157(30) Brinjal 75(14) 82(15) Tamarind - - Onion 75(14) 82(15) Mulberry - 75(14) Bhendi 75(14) 82(15) Marigold 75(14) 82(15) Drumstick - 75(14) Chrysanthemum 75(14) 82(15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Balachakra-1 is located at North latitude 160 41' 8.752" and 160 39' 29.062" and East longitude 770 17' 8.217'' and 770 15' 52.036" covering an area of about 529.94 ha coming unde Balichakra village of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Balachakra-1 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Balachakra-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 19 (54.29%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (61.15%) men and 61 (38.85 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.7, marginal farmers were were 3, small farmers were 4.7, semi medium farmers were 4.6 and medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (49.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 63.69 per cent illiterates, 34.38 per cent pre university education and 1.27 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.60 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.86 per cent possess TV, 17.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 82.86 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 34.29 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, women available in the micro watershed was 1.94, hired labour (men) available was 11.38 and hired labour (women) available was 11.22. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 85.00 per cent (59.45 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 15.00 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Green gram, Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 91.45 per cent.  Out of the sample households 20.00 percent possessed bank account and 20.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 57.14 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.26436.56, 46397.95, 29260.31 and 109143.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.30, 1: 1.34 and 1: 0.90 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 94894.29 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 57180.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 5 horticulture trees and 113 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 14.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 65.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.14 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (68.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (54.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.00%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (22.86%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Khanapur Hosalli-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 506 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 425 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by rock outcrops and 76 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 425 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of area is very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m), 14 per cent of area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 52 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 67 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 4 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent of area is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of 74 per cent and sufficient in an area of 10 per cent of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14 (3) 45 (9) Guava - 19 (4) Maize 19 (4) 40 (8) Sapota - 19 (4) Bajra 19 (4) 40 (8) Pomegranate - 19 (4) Groundnut 5 (1) 41 (8) Musambi - 19 (4) Sunflower - 19 (4) Lime - 19 (4) Redgram - 32(6) Amla 19 (4) 27 (5) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 14 (3) Cotton - 14 (3) Jackfruit - 19 (4) Chilli 19 (4) 27 (5) Jamun - - Tomato 19 (4) 27 (5) Custard apple 19 (4) 27 (5) Brinjal 19 (4) 27 (5) Tamarind - - Onion 19 (4) 27 (5) Mulberry - 19 (4) Bhendi 19 (4) 27 (5) Marigold 19 (4) 27 (5) Drumstick - 19 (4) Chrysanthemum 19 (4) 27 (5) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Khanapur Hosalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 56' 16.904" and 160 53' 57.614" and East longitude 770 14' 20.154'' and 770 12' 57.079" covering an area of about 505.34 ha coming under Khanapur Hosahalli, Kootagera and Motahalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 respondents, 19 (54.29%) were marginal, 8(22.86%) were small and 4 (11.43%) were semi medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 77 (51.68%) men and 72 (48.32%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (48.32%) were in the age group of 35-60 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 55.03 per cent illiterates, 2.01 per cent attained graduation.  About, 82.86 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 60.40 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 100 per cent possess TV, 88.57 per cent possess mixer grinder and 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and goat, 5.71 per cent possess local cow, 2.86 per cent possess buffalo and 11.43 per cent possess goat respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.46, women available in the micro watershed was 1.17, hired labour (men) available and hired labour (women) available was 4.71.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (33.03 ha), 97.23 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 2.77 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Jowar, Green gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 100 per cent.  The sample households possessed 97.14 per cent bank account and 25.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.86 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 60 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 80 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 75 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. 2  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Jowar, Green gram and Groundnut was Rs.35503.13 , 43272.81, 40596.22, 34735.50, and 75423.30 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.40, 1: 3.60, 1: 2.60, 1: 2.20, and 1:1.50 , respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 130044 in micro-watershed, of which Rs. 84174.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown horticulture crops was coconut (18), Lemon (3) and Mango (12) trees in the fields and forest specie have grown 22 teak trees, 59 neem trees and 7 tamarind trees in the field.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7628.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 80 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 74.29 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.43 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (11.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 91.43 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 37.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Cereals (94.29%), pulses (88.57%), oilseeds (85.71%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), inadequate extension services (40%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (65.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project