Suchergebnisse

International audience [Talking, in France, "local economic policy" is inconsistent with the text of the decentralization law of 2 March 1982 on the rights and freedoms of cities. However, developments since the early 1980s, to suggest that economic policy, which reported a large extent only of the state, has also become a practiced skill, in a significant field, locally. We must explain that birth and evolution.] ; Parler, en France, de « politique économique locale » est en contradiction avec le texte de la loi de décentralisation du 2 mars 1982 relative aux droits et libertés des com-munes. Néanmoins, l'évolution, depuis le début des années 1980, permet d'affirmer que la politique économique, qui relevait dans une large mesure exclusivement de l'État, est devenue également une compétence exercée, dans un champ important, au niveau local. Il faut expliquer cette naissance et son évolution.

Through a survey of approximately 1300 farmers, millers and traders, this study undertook an in-depth investigation of the rice marketing system in the midst of its transition from a centrally planned to a market-based economy. Its findings suggest strong private sector response to the reforms yet a number of remaining constraints to its further expansion. Its main policy implication is that liberalization of external trade (quota removal) and internal trade would lead to considerable income gain for the country, while benefitting farmers and the rural poor. Over the course of the project, several outreach activities were conducted, including several training modules in food policy analysis with participants from MARD and other government agencies, numerous workshops and seminars in Hanoi and other provinces, dissemination with international media, and publications. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1 ; MTID; MSSD

International audience ; What about administrative territories ? The historian consider them as petty objects, being either artefacts or convenient frames where he can develop his analysis. This paper tries to understand the policy of space that determined the administrative division of 19th century Lyon thanks through the examples of religious and others territories. ; Si les circonscriptions administratives ont tout du mauvais sujet pour l'historien, c'est que leur approche est souvent réduite à une alternative : la dénonciation de l'artifice et l'acceptation du cadre donné. Cet article veut tenter de rendre raison de l'artifice et de comprendre comment le cadre a été donné, et donc d'interroger le découpage territorial comme action d'administration et comme catégorie d'action des populations, bref comme politique spatiale, à partir d'exemples pris dans le Lyon du 19e siècle autour de circonscriptions politiques, judiciaires, policières ou religieuses.

"Jenseits der gängigen Hypothesen zur Erklärung der Einkommens- und Arbeitsmarktprobleme in den Industrieländern wird in diesem Beitrag vor allem der Strukturwandel von der Industrie- zur Dienstleistungsökonomie analysiert. In allen Industrieländern geht Beschäftigung im hochproduktiven Industriesektor verloren, während Beschäftigung im Dienstleistungssektor - allerdings mit sehr unterschiedlichen Raten - wächst. Diese Trends werden aus dem Entwicklungsprozeß der Industrieländer heraus erklärt. Die Interaktion von universellen Produktmarktveränderungen mit nationalen Rahmenbedingungen kann die sehr unterschiedlichen Beschäftigungsentwicklungen in den Industrieländern insbesondere bei konsumorientierten Dienstleistungen erklären. Dabei können drei Muster identifiziert werden: (1) Dienstleistungsexpansion im privaten Sektor bei hoher Einkommens- und Lohndifferenzierung (USA, Japan), (2) Dienstleistungsexpansion im öffentlichen Sektor bei egalitären Lohnstrukturen (aktive Wohlfahrtsstaatspolitik in skandinavischen Ländern), (3) relativ geringe Dienstleistungszuwächse bei intermediären institutionellen Arrangements, in denen die Lohnstruktur eine Ausweitung privater Dienstleistungen bremst und in denen der Staat zu passiven Maßnahmen (Finanzierung von Arbeitslosigkeit, Frühverrentungen) statt aktiver Beschäftigungsschaffung tendiert (Bundesrepublik und andere kontinentaleuropäische Wohlfahrtsstaaten). Aus der international vergleichenden Analyse folgt, daß die Industriebeschäftigung vor allem durch verstärkte Innovationsanstrengungen zu stabilisieren ist, daß aber zur Verbesserung der Arbeitsmarktlage die Aktivierung der Beschäftigungspotentiale des Dienstleistungssektors unverzichtbar ist. In der Bundesrepublik kann durch die Umwandlung von Kosten passiver Maßnahmen in Kosten der Dienstleistungsproduktion nicht nur die Beschäftigung, sondern auch das Wohlfahrtsniveau der Volkswirtschaft arhöht werden, ohne die negativen sozialen Auswirkungen einer Dienstleistungsexpansion durch Einkommensdifferenzierung wie in den USA in Kauf nehmen zu müssen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

AbstractWe examine long‐run relations implied by covered interest parity (CIP) in possibly cointegrated and nonstationary data series. Empirical evidence suggests that, ignoring market imperfections, CIP failed over January 6, 1984, through December 6, 1991, using weekly data from four major currencies relative to the U.S. dollar. The multivariate maximum likelihood vector autoregressive (VAR) methodology does not require data differencing and hence retains valuable information lost in previous research examining international market flows. Rejections are robust to both subperiod analysis and alternative interest rate series. Although test rejections are highly statistically significant, attainable economic profits appear small. Practitioners will find economic profits inconsequential relative to reasonable bounds on market frictions such as transaction costs. Nonetheless, the use of CIP to determine forward rates identically from interest rates and spot rates in academic studies is called into question.

Negotiated agreements often depend on the willingness of bargainers to change their positions. This willingness is shown to depend in large part on certain aspects of the negotiating situation. This article reports the results of simulation experiments that demonstrate increased flexibility when the negotiations are held in private at remote locations. Talks under such conditions have a stronger impact on bargaining behavior than do suggestions made by a mediator. Bargainers were also responsive to the timing of their opponent's moves: more agreements occurred when their opponent demonstrated early firmness followed by later flexibility. The variables explored in the experiments were also used to diagnose outcomes of historical and contemporary cases. Correspondences found between the diagnosed and actual outcomes provide support for the relevance of these variables as influences on the flexibility of international negotiators.

The 1980s witnessed increasing regional interdependence in Asia through trade and investment. Increasing flows of labor within the region, however, raise questions about three important issues: (1)the assumption that trade, investment and aid will eventually mitigate migration pressure in source countries and the effectiveness of migration policies based on that assumption; (2)whether increasing regional interdependence stimulates or deters migration; (3)the effect of rising interdependence on the political and international relations aspects of migration. As a partial attempt to address these questions, this article examines the regional pattern of economic interdependence by utilizing information concerning trade, investment and migration flows. The concept of interdependence/dependence is discussed within a political context, focusing on migration and policy responses to it. Observations are made on the implications for regional stability and development.

AbstractTheories of hegemonic leadership often begin with a constraining assumption: that international structure can explain both a state's capability to provide leadership and its interest in doing so. By conflating these explanations, traditional theories, even those from quite different approaches, share common problems. These problems are illustrated by examining three well-known models, and comparing their applications to the eighteenth century. This period provides difficult cases for all three, since countries with power did not provide political or economic leadership, and those which were attempting to provide leadership were not powerful. An alternative theory of leadership is then offered, using structural factors to explain capabilities, but domestic political economic factors to explain interests. The ability of this model to handle the historical cases with greater accuracy suggests that domestic factors could offer fresh insight into theories of leadership.

Events in Southern Africa during the early 1990s have re-opened a debate over the effectiveness of the Reagan Administration's policy of 'Constructive Engagement'. This was a controversy that had previously been laid to rest with the US Congress passing its Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in October 1986, since the ensuing punitive sanctions imposed by the enactment of this legislation scuttled Ronald Reagan's strategy of using friendly persuasion to encourage the South African Government away from its practice of apartheid. Yet, with hindsight, it may appear that the President's method of drawing the Pretoria regime into the international community, through offering recognition and encouragement in exchange for reform, has been triumphantly vindicated. After all, has not the African National Congress (ANC) come to power via a democratic process, thereby avoiding a bloodbath on the scale that so many had predicted?

Abstract Little is known about the struggle for housing in rural areas or whether rural housing standards and aspirations resemble those of urban areas. This article, based on field research in Venezuela, analyzes housing ideology as expressed in public policy and housing programs, and in interviews with and actions of rural leaders, employers, government officials, and citizens. Competing housing ideologies co‐exist but one—the cement‐block house—dominates; although international and urban in origin, the cement‐block model is diffused through rural housing agencies and political agendas. Housing practices are neither consistent with nor weaken the dominant ideology; and some aspects of rural housing conflicts are similar to those in urban settings. These findings support the need for further research to better understand the conditions under which rural and urban housing issues differ.

International audience ; "Oser le désert" pour les futures générations de citadins: une vision utopique des espaces intersticiels. Cette vision ne prend pas en compte les intérêts des natifs, les demandes des néo-ruraux ou des touristes de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest. Le Valromey refuse "le désert". La réflexion, au milieu des années 1990, tourne autour de trois thèmes : la carte du développement touristique toutes saisons, la carte de la marginalisation (stockage de déchets, alcoologie, accueil de sidéens), l'exploitation de traditions et de savoir-faire.Dans cette optique, il apparaît d'autant plus nécessaire de dépasser l'atomisation communale pour dégager une synergie politique fondée sur une intercommunalité à fiscalité directe que la quasi-totalité du Valromey n'appartient à aucun bassin de vie sur les cartes de l'INSEE. ce qui revient à nier la réalité : un tissu social extrêmement riche, mais méconnu.