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One of the most striking manifestations of the development of international transport is the increased importance of multimodal transport. Its characteristic feature is the use of at least two different modes of transport on one journey between different countries. One of the most distinctive legal problems in this context is the overlapping of legal regimes of the carrier's liability regarding different types of transport, for example, by sea and by road. In maritime transport, attempts have been undertaken to solve this specific problem by adopting the Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, commonly referred to as the Rotterdam Rules (RR), in 2008. This paper focuses on the development of maritime conventions as well as regulations related to the problems indicated. Another essential issue is the relation of the RR to the unimodal conventions governing the carrier's liability in other modes of transport, especially in transport by road, by rail and by inland waterways. The impact of the RR on the Polish legislation and potential changes in the case of the RR's ratification by Poland shall be also outlined. ; Jednym z najbardziej charakterystycznych przejawów rozwoju transportu międzynarodowego jest wzrost znaczenia przewozów multimodalnych. Ich cechą charakterystyczną jest wykorzystanie na jednej trasie przewozu pomiędzy różnymi państwami co najmniej dwóch różnych środków transportu. Jednym z najbardziej charakterystycznych problemów prawnych związanych z tym zjawiskiem jest nakładanie się na siebie reżimów prawnych w zakresie odpowiedzialności przewoźnika, dotyczących różnych rodzajów przewozu, np. morskiego i drogowego. W kwestii transportu morskiego podjęta została próba rozwiązania m.in. tego właśnie problemu w drodze uchwalenia w 2008 r. Konwencji o umowach międzynarodowego przewozu towarów w całości lub częściowo drogą morską, zwanej potocznie regułami rotterdamskimi (RR). W treści artykułu prześledzona zostanie ewolucja konwencji morskich, jak również unormowań dotyczących w szczególności wskazanego problemu. Istotna pozostaje również relacja RR do konwencji unimodalnych, regulujących odpowiedzialność przewoźnika w innych rodzajach transportu, w szczególności w zakresie transportu drogowego, kolejowego oraz wodnego śródlądowego. Zarysowany zostanie również wpływ RR na polskie ustawodawstwo i jego potencjalne zmiany w razie ratyfikacji RR przez Polskę.

El auge de Internet ha puesto en cuestión muchas normas y aproximaciones sociopolíticas, incluyendo la forma de pensar la privacidad, la seguridad o los riesgos. Estos temas están muy presentes en nuestra sociedad. Este artículo aborda la ciberseguridad sin perder de vista los grandes temas de Internet. Todo ello implica que haya modos distintos de pensar la guerra, la privacidad, los riesgos, los conflictos o las libertades civiles y cómo podemos ajustarlas para garantizar los derechos civiles y la paz en la arena internacional. Son cuestiones serias e importantes pero es precisamente porque importan a todos, es necesario evaluar el impacto de Internet en los mismos. Lo que se pretende en este trabajo es evaluar el papel de la ciberseguridad en la sociedad internacional. Cuando lo que está en juego es el futuro de la paz o nuestras libertades digitales, no se pueden dejar las soluciones solo en manos de gobiernos o expertos. Precisamos comprender qué sucede y calibrar su importancia. Los ciudadanos debemos ser parte de la solución. ; The rise of the Internet has unsettled many norms and socio-political approaches, including how we think about privacy, security or risks. These issues are everywhere throughout our society. This is a paper about cyber security and about big ideas in the Internet. There are different ways of thinking about war, privacy, risks, conflicts or civil liberties and how we can them fit together to guarantee civil rights and peace in the international arena. These are serious important and topics but it is precisely because they matter that it is necessary to evaluate the impact of the Internet on them. The point I want to make it is to evaluate the role of cybersecurity in the framework of international society. When it comes to the future of peace or our digital civil liberties, we can´t leave just the solutions to governments or experts. We all need to understand what is at stake and why it matters. Citizens need to be part of the solution.

Among the various developing countries in the world like China, Malaysia, Korea etc., India is also developing its infrastructures in the form of Road/Rail/Airports and Waterborne facilities at an exponential rate. Mumbai, the financial epicenter of India is overcrowded and to relieve the pressure of congestion, Navi Mumbai suburb is being developed on the east bank of Thane creek near Mumbai. The government due to limited space at existing Mumbai Airports (domestic and international) to cater for the future demand of airborne traffic, proposes to build a new international airport near Panvel at Navi Mumbai. Considering the precedence of extreme rainfall on 26th July 2005 and nearby townships being in a low-lying area, wherein new airport is proposed, it is inevitable to study this complex confluence area from a hydrodynamic consideration under both tidal and extreme events (predicted discharge hydrographs), to avoid inundation of the surrounding due to the proposed airport reclamation (1160 hectares) and to determine the safe grade elevation (SGE). The model studies conducted using the application of unstructured mesh to simulate the Panvel estuarine area (93 km2), calibration, validation of a model for hydraulic field measurements and determine the maxima water levels around the airport for various extreme hydrodynamic events, namely the simultaneous occurrence of highest tide from the Arabian Sea and peak flood discharges (Probable Maximum Precipitation and 26th July 2005) from five rivers, the Gadhi, Kalundri, Taloja, Kasadi and Ulwe, meeting at the proposed airport area revealed that: (a) The Ulwe River flowing beneath the proposed airport needs to be diverted. The 120m wide proposed Ulwe diversion channel having a wider base width of 200 m at SH-54 Bridge on the Ulwe River along with the removal of the existing bund in Moha Creek is inevitable to keep the SGE of the airport to a minimum. (b) The clear waterway of 80 m at SH-54 Bridge (Ulwe River) and 120 m at Amra Marg Bridge near Moha Creek is also ...

Transnationalization and, in particular, TNCs are already a longtime article of scientific discussions from the side of representatives of foreign and domestic economic science. During a few last decades TNCs are the objects of attentive supervision and detailed study of different branches of science: economies, political sciences, sociology and others like that. Beginning from 1960th scientists all over the world made the attempts to explain mechanism of activity of TNC both on national and on international markets; they also tried to find out the possible consequences of their global distribution on different fields of industry and aspects of economy of countries. In particular, the theory of TNC arranged as a separate science in 60th of ХХ century, since the time of the first achievements in this area, broadening, perfected and complemented in different periods with contributions of numerous researchers. On the different stages of its development the indicated theory got the different names in accordance with methodology and tool, that the authors of different conceptions utillized, and explained the different aspects of TNCs' activity. Key words: transnational corporations, direct foreign investments, internationalization, international trade, transaction expenses, internalization, competitive advantages. ; Транснаціоналізація і, зокрема, транснаціональні корпорації (ТНК) вже досить давно є предметом наукових дискусій з боку представників зарубіжної та вітчизняної економічної науки. ТНК впродовж кількох останніх десятиріч є об'єктами уважного спостереження та детального вивчення різних галузей науки: економіки, політології, соціології тощо. Починаючи з 1960-х років науковці безперервно здійснюють спроби пояснити закономірності діяльності ТНК як на національних, так і на міжнародних ринках, а також виявити можливі наслідки їх глобального поширення на різні галузі промисловості та аспекти економіки країн. Зокрема, теорія ТНК почала оформлюватися в окрему науку з 60-х років ХХ ст., тобто з часу досягнення перших здобутків у даній царині, розширюючись, вдосконалюючись та доповнюючись у різні періоди внесками численних дослідників. На різних етапах свого розвитку вказана теорія отримувала різні назви відповідно до методології та інструментарію, що використовували автори різних концепцій, та пояснювала різні аспекти діяльності ТНК. Ключові слова: транснаціональна корпорація, прямі іноземні інвестиції, інтернаціоналізація, міжнародна торгівля, трансакційні витрати, інтерналізація, конкурентні переваги.

Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'. ; Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'.

Ten years ago, the global financial and economic crisis began. In 2007, the hedge fund New Century Financial as well as the banks IKB Deutsche Industriebank and North-ern Rock were the first financial institutions and hedge funds to run into difficulties as a result of having en-gaged in ill-fated speculations in the US real estate mar-ket. What at first appeared to be a few individual cases quickly snowballed into one of the worst global economic and financial crises since the 1930s. As a result, in 2009, output plummeted by just under 4% among G7 countries, and even somewhat more so in the euro area. The situa-tion could have been much worse had it not been for the international community of states introducing several emergency packages to support the economic and finan-cial system - a move that had previously been inconceiv-able. However, the financial crisis marked not only the start of bank bailouts and economic stimulus packages. It was also the dawn of a global regulatory agenda which was agreed upon by the G20 heads of state and govern-ment at the summits in Washington, London and Pitts-burgh in 2008 and 2009. The promise was to "lay the foundation to prevent such a crisis from happening again." This presentation outlines the international regulatory process from the moment decisions are taken by the G20 up to their implementation in the European Union. It provides an overview of the current regulatory agenda and explores the question of whether the financial sys-tem has since become more stable, or whether more radi-cal steps are necessary in order to make the financial system crisis proof in the long term - for example by stripping banks of their power to create money. In con-clusion, it cautions against overestimating central banks' means of exercising control, while acknowledging that flexible money creation and loan origination on the part of private banks makes a positive contribution to stabiliz-ing an economy.

Depuis les années 1990, les autorités sénégalaises essuient les critiques que leur adresse la communauté internationale quant au respect des droits des élèves de l'école coranique (talibés). Une rhétorique globale d'interdiction de la mendicité, à laquelle certains talibés sont contraints à s'adonner chaque jour, s'est imposée et a forcé l'État sénégalais à prendre des mesures pour éradiquer cette pratique. Malgré les programmes et les politiques mis en œuvre, des talibés continuent à mendier dans les rues du Sénégal. Cette thèse propose d'interpréter les défis rencontrés par les autorités nationales dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques à la lumière des dynamiques socio-historiques qui ont participé à l'institutionnalisation de la mendicité des talibés comme problème public. Nous avançons l'hypothèse selon laquelle le problème public de la mendicité des talibés sénégalais est une construction socio-historique entamée par les Français dès leur retour au Sénégal en 1816, menée de façon relativement systématique par les autorités coloniales à partir de 1856, réappropriée par les autorités indépendantes socialistes sénégalaises après les années 1960 pour être enfin réinterprétée après les années 1990 avec l'appui des organisations internationales. La recherche s'appuie sur des approches théoriques complémentaires permettant de retracer le processus de définition et de redéfinition de la mendicité des talibés comme problème public tout au long des deux derniers siècles. L'approche constructiviste de la construction d'un problème public, développée dans des travaux d'analyse des politiques publiques, aide à resituer les fondements de l'interdiction de la mendicité des talibés au XIXe siècle. La sociologie du dispositif, quant à elle, permet d'analyser l'évolution de l'interprétation donnée par les pouvoirs publics, en fonction des morales des différentes périodes, à cette interdiction et ses effets contemporains. Les données empiriques mobilisées sont le fruit d'une recherche documentaire effectuée sur des archives nationales sénégalaises, la littérature officielle et les productions scientifiques et romanesques disponibles et accessibles au Europe et au Sénégal ainsi que d'observations, d'entretiens et d'échanges réalisés au Sénégal, au Mali et en Belgique. ; (POLS - Sciences politiques et sociales) -- UCL, 2017

The integration of African smallholders into global commodity chains is often portrayed as an engine for rural transformation that will generate broad-based economic growth and help to eradicate poverty. In this vein, in northern Ghana, the production of shea nuts, the fruit of the semidomesticated shea nut tree, which is in high demand in the international confectionary and cosmetic industry, is promoted by government agencies, international donors, non-governmental organizations, and agro-processing companies alike. In their discourses shea nuts become 'women's gold' and the shea industry an engine of poverty reduction. Based on qualitative and quantitative research in the Upper East and Upper West regions of northern Ghana this paper discusses the actual impact and future promises of smallholder integration into the global shea market. The way producers - mainly women from poor rural smallholder households - gain access to nuts and produce and market their crops is described, and the profits derived at different steps of the Ghanaian shea value chain analyzed. The research results show that the sale of shea nuts does provide a welcome source of income for rural women and poor rural households in Northern Ghana at a time of year when resources are scarce. Thus the production and sale of shea nuts helps to mitigate poverty. But the findings also suggest that because of low levels of production, resulting from labor and resource access constraints, as well as exploitative price setting by oligopolistic shea processing companies, the integration into the global shea commodity chain is not a 'game changer' for the producers. It does not have the potential of moving poor rural households out of poverty. This is also reflected in the behavior of rural women who tend to disengage from shea picking when more profitable economic activities such as independent farming, wage labor, or business opportunities arise. Therefore, discourses promoting shea production do not seem to rest on a sober analysis of the socio-economic impact of commodity chain integration, but rather tend to serve political, public relation, and marketing ends.

With the EU 2020 climate and energy package and the 2030 framework, the European Union has set clear objectives to be on track to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% compared to 1990 levels by 2050. The objective of this work is to conduct a comparable analysis that takes account of EU climate energy and policy developments and recent Commission's proposals, including its 'Clean Energy for All Europeans' package (EC, 2016a) and its proposals for an Effort Sharing Regulation for the period 2021-2030 (EC, 2016d) and revised EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) (EC, 2015b), as well as international climate negotiations orientated towards the preparation of climate pledges for 2030 in the context of the Paris Agreement. The analysis is conducted with the PACE (Policy Analysis based on Computable Equilibrium) model. Four main policy scenarios are considered to examine the impact of the 2030 targets on the competitiveness of the EU's industrial sectors. They reflect two levels of action within the Paris Agreement (EU unilateral action vs. international action beyond 2020) and two ways of using the EU ETS auction revenues (lump-sum transfer to households vs. subsidies for Renewable Energy Sources (RES)). In addition, these four scenarios are also examined with some variants to analyse further the impact of different settings for RES support schemes in Member States (MS). Indeed, the model was developed to allow for different types of RES support, which can also be combined: RES public support paid by tax payers, electricity levy directed to RES support and paid by electricity users and RES subsidy financed by the auction revenues. In the four main scenarios, the RES support settings have been chosen to be as close as possible to the current situation in the different MS while in variant (1) RES support is assumed to be an electricity levy in all MS. In variant (2), RES support is also a levy everywhere in Europe but the ETS sectors are not exempted from the levy.

Dogs' roles to support people with disabilities are increasing. Existing U.S. laws and regulations pertaining to the use of dogs for people with disabilities are only minimally enforced. Pushback legislation against some aspects of uses of assistance dogs currently is being passed or proposed in several states. Further, the U.S. Department of the Army and the Veterans' Administration support only dogs trained by an Assistance Dogs International (ADI) or International Guide Dog Federation (IGDF) accredited facility. Lacking a mandatory national process for screening the selection, training, and placement of assistance dogs with persons who have disabilities, the U.S. offers a creative but confusing opportunity for people to train their own dogs for any disability. While no U.S. surveillance system monitors assistance dogs, other countries generally have a legislated or regulatory process for approving assistance dogs or a cultural convention for obtaining dogs from accredited facilities. We conducted an online survey investigating current demographics of assistance dogs placed in 2013 and 2014 with persons who have disabilities, by facilities worldwide that are associated with ADI or IGDF and by some non-accredited U.S. facilities. Placement data from ADI and IGDF facilities revealed that in most countries aside from the U.S., guide dogs were by far the main type of assistance dog placed. In the U.S., there were about equal numbers of mobility and guide dogs placed, including many placed by large older facilities, along with smaller numbers of other types of assistance dogs. In non-accredited U.S. facilities, psychiatric dogs accounted for most placements. Dogs for families with an autistic child were increasing in all regions around the world. Of dog breeds placed, accredited facilities usually mentioned Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers, and sometimes, German Shepherd Dogs. The facilities bred their dogs in-house, or acquired them from certain breeders. Non-accredited facilities more often used dogs from shelters or assisted people in training their own dogs. Facilities in Europe and the U.S. place dogs in all roles; other parts of the world primarily focus on guide dogs. Expansion of assistance dogs in many roles is continuing, with numbers of dogs placed accelerating internationally.

International audience ; No individual country has sufficient resources to address all severe accident important phenomena within the framework of a national research programme, therefore optimised use of resources and the collaboration at European and international level are very important. Integrating European severe accident research facilities into a pan-European laboratory for severe accident and corium studies and providing resources to other European partners for better understanding of possible accident scenarios and phenomena is necessary in order to improve safety of existing and, in the long-term, of future reactors.SAFEST (Severe Accident Facilities for European Safety Targets) is a European project networking the European corium experimental laboratories with the objective to establish coordination activities, enabling the development of a common vision and of research roadmaps for the next years, and of the management structure to achieve these goals. One of the main objectives is to address and resolve the variety of the remaining severe accident issues related to accident analysis and corium behaviour. The project is a valuable asset for the fulfilment of the severe accident RetD programmes that are being set up after the Fukushima Daiichi accidents and the subsequent European stress tests, addressing both national and European objectives.Roadmaps on European severe accident experimental research for water reactors and for GenIV technologies will be drafted. Joint RetD is conducted to improve the excellence of the SAFEST facilities this includes measurement of corium physical properties, improvement of instrumentation, consensus on scaling law rationales and cross comparison of material analyses.Joint experimental research is a clear objective in the SAFEST project to provide solutions for stabilisation of severe accident and termination of consequences for the current Gen II and III plants. Consequently, the knowledge obtained in SAFEST shall lead to improved severe accident management measures, which are essential for reactor safety. In addition, it will offer competitive advantages for the nuclear industry and contribute to the long-term sustainability of nuclear energy.

The extent to which international high-skilled mobility channels are forming is a question of great importance in an increasingly global knowledge-based economy. One factor facilitating the growth of high-skilled labour markets is the standardization of certifiable degrees meriting international recognition. Within this context, we analysed an extensive high-skilled mobility database comprising roughly 382 000 individuals from five broad profession groups (Medical, Education, Technical, Science & Engineering and Business & Legal) over the period 1997-2014, using the 13-country expansion of the European Union (EU) to provide insight into labour market integration. We compare the periods before and after the 2004 enlargement, showing the emergence of a new east-west migration channel between the 13 mostly eastern EU entrants (E) and the rest of the western European countries (W). Indeed, we observe a net directional loss of human capital from E → W, representing 29% of the total mobility after 2004. Nevertheless, the counter-migration from W → E is 7% of the total mobility over the same period, signalling the emergence of brain circulation within the EU. Our analysis of the country-country mobility networks and the country-profession bipartite networks provides timely quantitative evidence for the convergent integration of the EU, and highlights the central role of the UK and Germany as high-skilled labour hubs. We conclude with two data-driven models to explore the structural dynamics of the mobility networks. First, we develop a reconfiguration model to explore the potential ramifications of Brexit and the degree to which redirection of high-skilled labourers away from the UK may impact the integration of the rest of the European mobility network. Second, we use a panel regression model to explain empirical high-skilled mobility rates in terms of various economic 'push-pull' factors, the results of which show that government expenditure on education, per capita wealth, geographical proximity and labour force size are significant attractive features of destination countries.

The extent to which international high-skilled mobility channels are forming is a question of great importance in an increasingly global knowledge-based economy. One factor facilitating the growth of high-skilled labour markets is the standardization of certifiable degrees meriting international recognition. Within this context, we analysed an extensive high-skilled mobility database comprising roughly 382 000 individuals from five broad profession groups (Medical, Education, Technical, Science & Engineering and Business & Legal) over the period 1997-2014, using the 13-country expansion of the European Union (EU) to provide insight into labour market integration. We compare the periods before and after the 2004 enlargement, showing the emergence of a new east-west migration channel between the 13 mostly eastern EU entrants (E) and the rest of the western European countries (W). Indeed, we observe a net directional loss of human capital from E → W, representing 29% of the total mobility after 2004. Nevertheless, the counter-migration from W → E is 7% of the total mobility over the same period, signalling the emergence of brain circulation within the EU. Our analysis of the country-country mobility networks and the country-profession bipartite networks provides timely quantitative evidence for the convergent integration of the EU, and highlights the central role of the UK and Germany as high-skilled labour hubs. We conclude with two data-driven models to explore the structural dynamics of the mobility networks. First, we develop a reconfiguration model to explore the potential ramifications of Brexit and the degree to which redirection of high-skilled labourers away from the UK may impact the integration of the rest of the European mobility network. Second, we use a panel regression model to explain empirical high-skilled mobility rates in terms of various economic 'push-pull' factors, the results of which show that government expenditure on education, per capita wealth, geographical proximity and labour force size are significant attractive features of destination countries.

The existence of two separate and distinctly different information spaces is acutely apparent in Latgale, and this situation is heightened by easily picked up Russian and Belarussian television programming as well as illegal satellite operator (smartcard) sharing. Considering these circumstances – and the fact that residents are exposed to vastly different information and interpretations about national, international, economic, social and cultural developments – national Latvian media policy is focused on forging closer links in the realm of information between Latgale and other regions of Latvia, thereby guaranteeing that residents of the border areas are informed of national processes and developments in international events. What steps should be taken in order to, with a reasonable amount of investment, reach as large an audience as possible and promote the development of diverse content for the Latgalian audience? The author of the article analyses the goals and support measures initiated by the Latgale electronic media programme of the National Electronic Mass Media Council (NEPLP) for Latgalian electronic media and producer groups. The programme is a set of measures and activities based on the public service remit for public and commercial media, which includes technical solutions for improving broadcasting standards. In particular, the programme focuses on supporting content generation at local radio stations, which in Latgale continue to be an important source of information and have substantial audiences. The article focuses on tasks that should be performed by the Latgale multimedia studio of Latvian Radio. The studio is a precondition for increasing the public media audience in Latgale as well as for the consolidation of Latgalian identity and protection of the Latgalian language. Based on the communicative needs of Latgalian speakers, the author accents the need for electronic media in the Latgalian language. In-depth studies regarding the demand for and use of written materials in the Latgalian language would help in developing a strategy for the coming years for shaping policy in regard to the preservation and further development of the Latgalian language.

The Moroccan dynamism of the CSR is very recent, it is as well for example that in 2006 we have seen appear the initiative by the Moroccan confederation of business associations (CGEM) through the CSR label with more than 70 companies in the majority of large firms labeled. The same year the Kingdom accedes to an international initiative Spearheaded by the United Nations: the Global Compact. At the policy level, the country has presented its achievements regarding the objectives millennia and began the implementation of the objectives of sustainable development. In this dynamism, What about SMEs? which are a key part of the national economy? The SME is the subject of my study where I wonder about the existence of the CSR in this structure and if it exists what form is present in focusing on the social practices because the environmental component is relatively developed My thesis is part of a qualitative approach by the method of case studies, this choice is proving to be the most appropriate for achieving my goal exploratory and seen the emerging nature of our theme. The study of these cases demonstrates that social practices that SMEs are putting in place are socially responsible reflecting a CSR the implicit but also our research explains the motivations of these practices and the relationship of SMEs with its stakeholders. ; Au Maroc, le dynamisme de la RSE est très récent, c'est ainsi par exemple qu'en 2006 on a vu apparaître l'initiative du patronat à travers le label RSE de la CGEM avec plus de 70 entreprises en majorité des grandes entreprises sont labellisées, la même année le royaume adhère à une initiative internationale piloté par les nations unies : le global compact. Au niveau politique, le pays a présenté ses réalisations concernant les objectifs millénaires et a commencé la mise en œuvre des objectifs du développement durable. Dans ce dynamisme, qu'en est il des PME? L'essentiel de l'économie marocaine? La PME est l'objet de mon étude où je m'interroge sur l'existence de la RSE dans cette ...