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International audience ; After 1956, the Suez crisis and the Algerian war imposed to France an attitude of complete discretion in the Middle East. The Lebanese crisis of 1958 was the first occasion that allowed France to take part in the diplomatic activity regarding this event thanks to the country's important cultural interests in Lebanon and its ties with the Maronite community. The attitude of France was defined by the newly-formed government of Charles de Gaulle, who returned to power in the aftermath of the May 1958 Crisis – and whose main concern was to avoid civil war and prepare constitutional change that would lead to the institution of the Fifth French Republic. The French considerations regarding the Lebanese crisis reveal the main issues that were at stake in France's policy regarding the Arab world and the country's relations with Americans and the British at a moment that France was undergoing a major internal crisis. During this short period of transition, the French diplomacy maintained the main orientations of the Fourth Republic ; at the same time, those of the Fifth Republic were also clearly announced. Under de Gaulle, the French diplomacy regained the conduct of the country's foreign affairs of which it had been deprived by the ultras of French Algeria. In the summer of 1958, it seemed entirely mobilized in the search of a solution that would preserve the French general interests in North Africa as well as the country itself from civil war. ; Après 1956, l'intervention franco-britannique à Suez et l'escalade de la guerre d'indépendance algérienne imposèrent à la France une attitude de discrétion totale face aux affaires du Moyen-Orient. La crise qui se déroula au Liban en 1958 fut le premier évènement d'envergure à l'obliger à s'en départir, non seulement en raison de l'importance des positions culturelles de la France dans ce pays, mais aussi à cause de la dimension internationale de cette crise. Sa gestion par le gouvernement de Gaulle permet d'apercevoir les enjeux de la politique de la ...

The logistics went over the century, as noted by Gonçalves (2007), from a fragmented and diluted within and value of organizations profile to a critical role in the strategy of the networks and chains of international business. For the twenty-first century, as will be seen in this article, logistics goes beyond these functions going to represent a social and political role in international relations between countries. The installation of a port located in East Africa near the Red Sea, the critical incident will be reviewed during a technical mission undertaken by a researcher in 2009. This research field, in the form of checklist, appoint the main barriers in infrastructure, information, rules and norms. The results indicate critical constraints of infrastructure and institutional opportunities that impact the implementation of new developments there. We will show that the progressive development of organizational arrangement to a complex undertaking, such as ports, can be key role in reversing the condition of misery and poverty in African countries. ; A logística passou ao longo do século XX, como lembra Gonçalves (2007), de um perfil fragmentado e diluído no interior e no valor das organizações, para um papel crítico na estratégia das redes e cadeias de negócios internacionais. Para o século XXI, como será observada nesse artigo, a logística extrapola essas funções passando a representar um papel político e social nas relações internacionais entre países. A instalação de um porto localizado no leste africano, próximo ao Mar Vermelho, será o incidente crítico analisado durante uma missão técnica empreendida por um dos pesquisadores no ano de 2009. Essa pesquisa de campo, sob a forma de diário de bordo, apontará as principais barreiras no âmbito das infra-estruturas, das informações, das regras e dos princípios culturais. Os resultados indicam restrições críticas de infra-estrutura e oportunidades institucionais que impactam na implantação de empreendimentos naquele local. Será demonstrado que o desenvolvimento progressivo do arranjo organizacional de um empreendimento complexo, como o portuário, pode ser papel chave na inversão da condição de miséria e de pobreza nos países africanos.

Los conflictos derivados del ejercicio del poder por los actores internacionales, por móviles de interés o de ideología, generan la impresión de que en ese ámbito no existe Derecho, a la luz de lo que aportan los dos enfoques clásicos de la política, el realista y el idealista. Pero si estos son tomados, no como posturas antagónicas sino como elementos complementarios de una visión integradora, y -fundamentalmente- si se comprende que dentro de los Estados la realidad jurídica es casi tan imperfecta como fuera de ellos, resulta posible contemplar a las relaciones internacionales como un ámbito en el que la lucha por el Derecho, aunque larga y difícil, es viable y digna de ser emprendida. ; The conflicts derived from the exercise of power by international actors, for interest or ideology, generate the impression that in this area Law does not exist, in the light of what both classic approaches of politics, the realist and the idealist, contribute. But if these are taken, not as antagonistic positions but as complementary elements of an integrating vision, and - fundamentally - if it is understood that inside the States the juridical reality is almost so imperfect as out of them, it becomes posible to acknowledge the international relations as an area in which the struggle for the Law, though long and difficult, is viable and worthy of being undertaken. ; Os conflitos derivados do exercicio do poder por atores internacionais, movidos pelo interesse ou pela ideología, geram a impressão que nesse espaço não existe o Direito, à luz do que aportam as duas facetas clássicas da política: o realista e o idealista. Mas se estes foram aceitos, não como posições antagónicas, alem de como elementos complementares de uma visão integradora e -fundamentalmente- se for comprendido que dentro dos Estados a realidade jurídica é quase tão imperfeita quanto fora deles, resulta possível olhar às relações internacionais como um espaço no que a luta pelo Direito, embora seja extensa e difícil, é possível e digna de ser empreendida.

Yıl: 2010Cilt: 9Sayı: 34ISSN: 1304-0278Sayfa Aralığı: 116 - 137 ; Öz:Vatandaşlık kavramı tarih boyunca tartışılan bir konu olmuştur. Geleneksel vatandaşlık kavramının oluşumu, modern ulus-devletin ve dolayısıyla modern kapitalizmin gelişimiyle paraleldir. Vatandaşlık konusu, son yirmi beş yıldan beri yoğunluklu bir şekilde tartışılır hale gelmiştir. Bu tartışmanın artmasının nedenleri, hızla artan küreselleşme, modern ulus-devletin yaşadığı aşınmanın artması ve kapitalizmin değişen dinamikleridir. Sayısı ve buna göre etkileri de giderek artan ulus-ötesi yargı sistemleri (Avrupa Adalet Divanı, Uluslararası Tahkim Yasası vb.) uluslararası iş piyasası, evrensel insan haklarına saygı gibi insiyatifler, ulusal vatandaşların tabi oldukları modern ulus-devletin sınırlarını belirsizleştirmiştir. Bu nedenle, ulus-devletler artık kendi sınırları içinde yaşayan insanları mutlak bir iktidar ile yönetmeye muktedir görünmüyorlar. Avrupa Birliği geçen yüzyılımıza damgasını vuran ulus devlet anlayışını değiştirmiştir. Ulus-üstü bir yapı olmasa da ulus- ötesi bu yapıda vatandaşlık din, mezhep ve milliyet gibi öğeler anlamını giderek yitirmektedir. Sosyal ve ekonomik öğeler daha fazla ön plana çıkmaktadır. ; Öz (İngilizce):The concept of citizenship has always been subject to hot discussions throughout history. Citizenship issue has begun to be discussed widely in the last 25 years. A fast increase of globalization, an increase in the erosion of the modern nation state and changing dynamics of capitalism are the reasons of increased discussion. Initiatives such as the transnational legal systems, whose number and accordingly effects are ever-increasing, (European Court of Justice, International Arbitration Law etc.), international labour market and respect to the universal human rights makes the frontiers of modern nation state, of which national citizens are dependent on, uncertain. Therefore, it seems that nation states are not capable of ruling the people that live within its frontiers with an absolute power. European Union has changed the understanding of nation-state. Although it is not a supranational body, it is certainly an organisation beyond the nation state. Citizenship in this kind of continental organisations more and more is becoming less meaningful with the concepts of religion, sect, and nationality. Economic and social concepts are becoming higher in the agenda in explaining the concept of citizenship.

Германия занимает 5-е место в мире по объёмам суммарного энергопотребления. Существенный вклад в общий энергобаланс ФРГ вносит сегодня атомная энергетика, на которую приходится 23,3% электрогенерации или 11,6% первичного энергопотребления страны. Атомная энергетика пользовалась безусловным приоритетом в энергетической политике ФРГ в 1960-1980-х гг., однако после аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС в 1986 г. под воздействием общественного мнения было решено отказаться от новых проектов в данной отрасли. Через полтора десятилетия отказ от атомной энергетики был закреплён законодательно и подразумевал закрытие всех германских АЭС к 2021 г. Поражение социал-демократов на парламентских выборах в сентябре 2009 г. принципиально изменило расстановку политических сил в Германии. Новая коалиция христианских и свободных демократов сегодня открыто выступает за продление сроков службы АЭС при одновременном сохранении запрета на их строительство и усиленном развитии альтернативной энергетики, что на данном этапе должно способствовать повышению энергобезопасности и конкурентоспособности страны, а также выполнению международных климатических обязательств ФРГ. ; Germany is the worlds fifth-largest country in terms of total energy consumption. Nuclear energy provides 23.3 % of electrical generation or 11.6 % of primary energy consumption of the country, a significant contribution to the total energy balance of the FRG. Building nuclear power stations was a top priority in the energy policy of the FRG in the 1960-1980s. The disastrous accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in 1986 resulted in Germanys decision to discontinue new nuclear projects, which was heavily influenced by hostile public opinion. 15 years later legislation to abandon the nuclear option was brought in, stipulating the closure of all German nuclear power stations by 2021. The defeat of the Social democrats in parliamentary elections in September 2009 changed the political landscape in Germany completely. The new coalition of Christian and Liberal democrats has publicly supported the extension of service of the nuclear plants, while advocating a ban on new construction and calling for quicker development of alternative energy resources. This is expected to improve the countrys energy security and international competitiveness and help fulfill its international climate protection obligations.

"Today, organized crime is affecting every segment of our society. It is a disease which infects everything that comes into contact with it. It is an insult added to every law-abiding citizen. It is high time our governments made a note and, moreover, took immediate action. Perhaps tomorrow will be late." Organized crime is a form of criminality manifestation, perhaps its most specific type. It is a phenomenon that causes horror as much as wonder about the way it works and, at the same time, a sort of lure for its mystery and the particular way of comprehension. For years and years it has inspired volumes of writing, plenty of which have become best-sellers, or have produced blockbusters, arousing amazing mass interest. That is because criminal organizations and their activity have been to society both a tangible everyday reality and a remote thing, beyond comprehension. Many authors have researched into organized crime and criminal organizations, pointing out their characteristics and specifics. They attribute such features to it as a perpetual connection of many people engaged in criminal activity, an organizational hierarchy with a great power of the leaders, the domination of rule and order, discipline and responsibility among the members, imposed solidarity, maintaining the secrecy of activity and of the organization, and the international character of their activity. Unfortunately, there are a large number of worldwide notorious criminal organizations. Over time, they have been discovered and studied by various criminologists, who have managed to provide sufficient information on the specific features of each of them, the activities on which they focus and the territories in which they operate. But what means should we use in order to face organized crime today? It is necessary that differentiated strategies be studied according to the type of the mafia organization against which a concrete operation is to be launched. The strategy should also be coordinated not only in national level but also internationally, because the international character of organized crime is already an established fact.

The aim of this study is to examine socio-economic transformation and gender relations in Lao PDR after the adoption of economic liberalization by the Lao government in the late 1980s. Against a background of general socio-economic transformation in Laos the main focus of the study is on the local level, with emphasis on how people in their everyday lives have engaged with and handled the changes. The application of economic liberalization shaped new conditions for people in local communities, and various livelihoods strategies were adopted under the new circumstances. The study examines gender relations, livelihoods and actors of change in two different contexts of globalization. The first context is the case of foreign direct investment in the Sepone mine, the largest gold-copper mine in the country located in Vilabury district, Savannakhet province. Five villages located close to the mine and directly affected by the operation were chosen as research site. The second case is the context of international tourism development in the small town of Vang Vieng, situated halfway between Vientiane Capital and the world heritage town of Luangprabang. The purpose with the two case studies is to examine how changes take place in different places of the same country under the same political direction and development policy. The study is inspired by theories of space and place and the view that phenomena are place-based and different places are constituted by different socio-spatial relations. The findings show that profound changes took place both in the economic and social-cultural spheres, including in gender relations. The two contexts experienced different processes of changes: in the context of Vilabury district, the transformation was produced through top-down development and created a dependency pattern where new social inequalities and social stratification emerged through unequal access to the new resources of the villagers. In the context of Vang Vieng and the expansion of international tourism, the development process proceeded more through a bottom-up pattern; the villagers perceived they were important actors of development, had more equal access to resources and could define livelihood strategies by themselves.

During the last twenty years, the urban night originally appeared in France as a new discourse in particular concerning the new functions of lighting in the city. The evolution of the rhythms of lifestyles toward night-time schedules, the offer of services and leisure activities during night, the promotion of the night-time image of cities or at the night-time cultural events in the town-centre and the development of Illumination Master Plans are at the centre of a series of questions on cultural, political and environmental policies. The objective of this doctoral dissertation is the study of the emergence of night-time as a new sphere of action for urban policies. The adoption of the policies of illumination by the French cities, in particular the experience of the city of Lyon, appears as an international reference model. This study is based on the research work relating to diffusion and mobility of ideas and models, the transfer process of the public politics as well the work regarding the urban expertise. This dissertation aims to address questions concerning diffusion of the Lyon's experience and its re-appropriation processes in three Mexican cities: Puebla, Morelia and San Luis Potosi. This research uses the city of Lyon (France) as a case study to investigate the physical planning strategies of lighting design in the city and takes into account the production of the reference model. It then analyse the modalities of reception and appropriation of this model in the cities of Puebla, Morelia and San Luis Potosi. This is essential to show the complexities of the production of transfer of expertise of lighting design as well the dynamic contribution by local actors and the lighting designers to the production processes to the lighting policies. The urban planning based on lighting design, is a process which takes place in the international context of an "analyzer" of the local changes through the public action ; Durant les vingt dernières années, la nuit urbaine a été à l'origine en France d'un nouveau ...

Zusammenfassung
Ich habe nur noch den Wunsch, Scharfrichter oder Henker zu werden. Briefe an Justice Jackson zum Nürnberger Prozeß. Hrsg. von Henry Bernhard (Manfred Messerschmidt)
Jerzy Kochanowski, In polnischer Gefangenschaft. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Polen 1945-1950 (Rüdiger Overmans)
Andreas Kossert, Kalte Heimat. Die Geschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen nach 1945 (Konrad Fuchs)
Vergangenheitspolitik und Erinnerungskulturen im Schatten des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Deutschland und Skandinavien seit 1945. Hrsg. von Robert Bohn, Christoph Cornelißen und Karl Christian Lammers (Susanne Maerz)
Alternativen zur Wiederbewaffnung. Friedenskonzeptionen in Westdeutschland 1945-1955. Hrsg. von Detlef Bald und Wolfram Wette (Martin Kutz)
Richard Dähler, Die japanischen und die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in der Sowjetunion 1945-1956 (Gerhard Krebs)
Die Macht der Wahrheit. Reinhold Schneiders »Gedenkwort zum 20. Juli« in Reaktionen von Hinterbliebenen des Widerstandes. Hrsg. von Babette Stadie mit einer Einführung von Peter Steinbach (Winfried Heinemann)
Hermann Wentker, Außenpolitik in engen Grenzen. Die DDR im internationalen System 1949 - 1989 (Rolf Steininger)
Franz Uhle-Wettler, Rührt Euch! Weg, Leistung und Krise der Bundeswehr (Heiner Bröckermann)
Tim Geiger, Atlantiker gegen Gaullisten. Außenpolitischer Konflikt und innerparteilicher Machtkampf in der CDU/CSU 1958-1969 (Henning Türk)
Documents Diplomatiques Français 1966. T. 1: 1er janvier 31 mai; T. 2: 1er juin 31 décembre. Ed. par Ministère des Affaires étrangères Documents Diplomatiques Français 1967. T. 1: 1er janvier 1er juillet. Ed. par Ministère des Affaires étrangères (Klaus-Jürgen Müller)
Mai 68 vu de l´étranger. Les Événements dans les archives diplomatiques françaises. Sous la dir. de Maurice Vaïsse (Klaus-Jürgen Müller)
Prager Frühling. Das internationale Krisenjahr 1968. Hrsg. von Stefan Karner [u.a.], Bd 1: Beiträge; Bd 2: Dokumente (Gerhard Wettig)
ČSSR-Intervention 68. DDR dabei – NVA marschiert nicht. Zeitzeugenberichte. Hrsg. von Guntram König unter Mitarb. von Günter Heinemann und Wolfgang Wünsche (Rüdiger Wenzke)
Dietrich E. Koelle, Peter Sacher und Herbert Grallert, Deutsche Raketenflugzeuge und Raumtransporter-Projekte (Bernd Lemke)
Hagen Koch und Peter Joachim Lapp, Die Garde des Erich Mielke. Der militärisch-operative Arm des MfS. Das Berliner Wachregiment »Feliks Dzierzynski« (Jochen Maurer)
Nils Abraham, Die politische Auslandsarbeit der DDR in Schweden. Zur Public Diplomacy der DDR gegenüber Schweden nach der diplomatischen Anerkennung (1972-1989) (Michael F. Scholz)
Georg Herbstritt, Bundesbürger im Dienst der DDR-Spionage (Clemens Heitmann)
Gunther Hauser, Die NATO – Transformation, Aufgaben, Ziele Johannes Varwick, Die NATO. Vom Verteidigungsbündnis zur Weltpolizei? (Carlo Masala)
Innere Führung für das 21. Jahrhundert. Die Bundeswehr und das Erbe Baudissins. Hrsg. im Auftr. der Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr Uwe Hartmann, Innere Führung. Erfolge und Defizite der Führungsphilosophie für die Bundeswehr (Winfried Heinemann)
Bedingt erinnerungsbereit. Soldatengedenken in der Bundesrepublik. Hrsg. von Manfred Hettling und Jörg Echternkamp (Martin Kutz)

Background  The supports paradigm has shifted focus from assessing competence and deficits among people with disabilities to identifying supports needed to live meaningful and productive lives in inclusive settings. Consequently, a rigorous and robust system is required that is capable of accurately determining the type and intensity of support needed and of allocating resources accordingly. The aim of the present study was to develop such a system to identify and classify support needs of people with disabilities based on the conceptual framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [WHO, The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), Author, Geneva, 2001], and the supports concept [Mental Retardation: Definition, Classification and Systems of Support, 9th edn (1992), 10th edn (2002), American Association on Mental Retardation, Washington, DC).Method  A total of 1012 individuals with disabilities who were supported by accommodation and day programme organizations across the eastern states of Australia were assessed. The instrument was used in a team setting involving the person, their family and friends and staff as appropriate. Version 1 was administered with 595 people with disability. This version was refined according to qualitative and quantitative analyses. Another 342 individuals were assessed using Version 2, resulting in a combined data set for 936 individuals. Version 3 was then trialled with a further 76 individuals with disabilities.Results  Ten domain scales in Health and Well Being (HWB) and Activities and Participation (A&P) were explored and refined. The scales effectively discriminated a range of intensities of support for people with various disabilities, with the highest support needs generally recorded by individuals with multiple disabilities who were ageing. The instrument can be used to develop a profile of needed supports across the domain scales. These measure current and predicted support needs, and contribute to future planning. The team approach proved beneficial in this regard.Conclusions  The I‐CAN is a useful instrument for effectively assessing the support needs of people with a disability using a person centred approach. It is effective in identifying support needs across health and well‐being areas, and activities of daily living.

<i>Background:</i> The wide use of genome wide association studies (GWAS) has led to the successful identification of multiple genetic susceptibility variants to several complex human diseases. Given the limited amount of data on genetic variation at these loci in populations of non-European origin, we investigated population variation among 11 population groups for loci showing strong and consistent association from GWAS with several complex human diseases. <i>Methods:</i> Data from the International HapMap Project Phase 3, comprising 11 population groups, were used to estimate allele frequencies at loci showing strong and consistent association from GWAS with any of 26 complex human diseases and traits. Allele frequency summary statistics and F_ST at each locus were used to estimate population differentiation. <i>Results:</i> There is wide variation in allele frequencies and F_ST across the 11 population groups for susceptibility loci to these complex human diseases and traits. Allele frequencies varied widely across populations, often by as much as 20- to 40-fold. F_ST, as a measure of population differentiation, also varied widely across the loci studied (for example, 0.019 to 0.201 for type 2 diabetes, 0.022 to 0.520 for prostate cancer loci, and 0.006 to 0.520 for serum lipid levels). <i>Conclusions:</i> The public health risk posed by any of these risk alleles is likely to show wide variation across populations simply as a function of its frequency, and this risk difference may be amplified by gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. These analyses offer compelling reasons for including multiple human populations from different parts of the world in the international effort to use genomic tools to understand disease etiology and differential distribution of diseases across ethnic groups.

A finales de los años '30 la ciudad Buenos Aires necesita planificar la construcción de un aeropuerto de escala internacional en reemplazo del Aeroparque Jorge Newbery. Durante las diferentes gestiones del General Pistarini como Ministro de Obras Públicas de la Nación, se proyecta y construye el Aeropuerto Internacional de Ezeiza ya después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Este proyecto incluye una renovación urbana de la periferia de Buenos Aires e incluye grandes obras de infraestructura, equipamiento de servicios y recreativo. La creciente demanda de tráfico aéreo durante los años 70 presencia el primer Plan Maestro para el aeropuerto y la ampliación de las Terminales de Pasajeros. Durante los años noventa los gobiernos neoliberales pasan a manos privadas la explotación comercial del aeropuerto. Con ellas surgen proyectos de ampliación y remodelación que sucesivamente se ponen en marcha y se desactivan. Las últimas modificaciones en las terminales no resuelven la demanda actual y el aeropuerto se encuentra a la espera de una inversión edilicia importante. ; At the end of the '30s Buenos Aires needs to plan the construction of an international airport in substitution of Aeroparque Jorge Newbery. During the different administrations of General Pistarini as National Minister of Public Works, is designed the International Airport of Ezeiza that were built after the World War II. This project included an urban renovation of the periphery of Buenos Aires and big infrastructure works, as likewise services and recreational facilities. During the 70's the growing demand of air traffic presences the first Master Plan for the airport and the extension of their Passengers Terminals. During the nineties the neoliberal governments gives to private companies the commercial operations of Ezeiza airport. In this context extension a renovation projects for the airport were successively developed, that were continuously starting and suspended. The last modifications in the terminals don't solve the current traffic demand and the airport is waiting for an important investment. ; Trabajo publicado en J. B. Camargo Júnior (ed.). Trabalhos apresentados ao VIII SITRAER / II RIDITA. São Paulo: EPUSP, 2009. ; Grupo de Transporte Aéreo - Grupo de Ingeniería Aplicada a la Industria

Da ein Großteil der internationalen Massenmedien auf die im Krieg tätigen Dolmetscher und Sprachmittler häufig gar nicht und oft nur am Rande eingeht, soll im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein allgemeiner Einblick in die Tätigkeitsbereiche der Dolmetscher im Irak-Krieg gegeben und aufgezeigt werden, was es bedeutet, im Irak in Kriegs- und Nachkriegszeiten als Dolmetscher zu arbeiten und welche Risiken damit verbunden sind. Der empirische Teil zielt darauf ab, anhand von Zeitungsartikeln aufzuzeigen, inwiefern sich die Berichterstattung über Dolmetscher im Irak-Krieg in arabischen, deutschsprachigen und US-amerikanischen Medien unterscheidet und welchen Einfluss diese Unterschiede auf die Darstellung bzw. Sichtweise der Dolmetscher haben können. Um Unterschiede in der Berichterstattung aufzeigen zu können, werden arabische, deutschsprachige und amerikanische Zeitungsartikel zum selben Ereignis anhand des von Mona Baker in Translation and Conflict. A Narrative Account vorgestellten Analysemodells von Walter Fisher verglichen um einerseits strukturelle Unterschiede aufzeigen zu können und um andererseits die verschiedenen Werte bzw. Wertvorstellungen feststellen zu können, die der abweichenden Berichterstattung zu Grunde liegen. Konnten keine Artikel zum selben Ereignis gefunden werden, so wurde der Diskurs, in den das jeweilige Ereignis eingebettet ist, analysiert, um mögliche Gründe für die abweichende Berichterstattung herauszufinden. ; Considering that the majority of international mass media does not cover the issue of natural and trained interpreters in Iraq at all or only peripherally, this thesis aims at giving a general insight into the scope of work of interpreters in the Iraq-War and at demonstrating what it means to be an interpreter during and after the war as well as pointing out which risks go along with the job. The empirical part of the thesis uses newspaper articles to demonstrate how media coverage on interpreters in the Iraq-War differs in the media of arabic and german-speaking countries and the USA and which implications these differences have for the view on the interpreter. To be able to identify differences in reporting, arabic, german and US newspaper articles relating to the same event are analyzed and compared with Walter Fisher's "Narrative Paradigm" model of analysis, which is thoroughly presented in Mona Bakers "Translation and Conflict. A Narrative Account. Fisher's "Narrative Paradigm" helps identify structural and value-related differences in the various newspaper articles. In cases, where no articles concerning the same event could be found in the analyzed newspapers, special attention is paid to the discourse the respective event is embedded in, and an analysis of the discourse is carried out in order to establish possible reasons for the diverging footage. ; vorgelegt von Nathalie M. Schedlbauer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Text dt., teilw. engl., teilw. arab. - Teilw. in arab. Schr. ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2009 ; (VLID)206158

Over the past thirty years, the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy became the policy with the highest level of consensus at the international level in order to guarantee the right to health. However, its implementation has been fraught with difficulties, among which stands out the different meanings that the strategy was acquiring over time, to the point of losing its original one. At present, the approach of rights in the field of public policies, based on the international standard on social rights, seeks to recover the initial commitment of the PHC with securing the right to health.In this paper, we will discuss the tensions between PHC and the right to health from the study of recent sanitary legislation drafted in the province of Cordoba (Argentina), noting its retrogressive nature. Finally, we will point out the institutional capabilities that the state must necessarily develop in order to implement a PHC policy focused on rights. ; En los últimos treinta años, la estrategia de Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) se convirtió en la política con mayor nivel de consenso a nivel internacional en orden a garantizar el derecho a la salud. Sin embargo, su implementación ha estado llena de dificultades, entre las cuales se destacan los diferentes significados que fue adquiriendo la estrategia con el transcurso del tiempo, al punto de perder su sentido original. En la actualidad, el enfoque de derechos en el campo de las políticas públicas, basado en la normativa internacional sobre derechos sociales, pretende devolverle a la estrategia de APS su inicial sentido garantista del derecho a la salud.En el presente trabajo se analizarán las tensiones existentes entre APS y derecho a la salud a partir del estudio de la reciente legislación sanitaria elaborada en la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina), señalando el sentido regresivo de la misma. Finalmente se señalarán las capacidades institucionales que el Estado necesariamente debe desarrollar con el objetivo de implementar una política de APS con enfoque de derechos.

Peace researchers aim to reduce violence "by analyzing different types of violence and its causes, predicting in order to prevent, and acting preventively and curatively"(Galtung 1996:50). This thesis addresses the issue of physical violence against women in contemporary Iraqi Kurdistan. Violence against women in Iraqi Kurdistan can be defined as structural violence, cultural violence and direct violence. The project introduces and discusses the strategies and measures implemented to combat the violence against women. In particular, I discuss the work done by local women's organizations and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and analyze their roles in improving the status of women and in ending violence against women. A central issue to discuss is the role of women's agency in a society characterized by patriarchal structures, in which the social roles of women submit to customary codified tribal systems that naturalize the idea that women are inferior. Through concepts developed in social theory, I will discuss different challenges and solutions to violence against women in Iraqi Kurdistan. How can women's organizations contribute to free women from structural violence? What are their aims and objectives? What do they perceive as challenges? With whom do they collaborate? Which factors inhibit female victims in seeking help? In addition to women's organizations, the government is involved in combating violence against women. What are the challenges facing the government in ending the violence? What is impeding government success? The outcomes of this work are encouraging, despite strong socio-cultural barriers. The theories and practices that may alleviate women's suffering and lead to their empowerment have come to the fore. Women's organizations have achieved important progress, and they have the potential for more. The findings suggest that local women's organizations and international NGOs know that combating violence against women presupposes "conscientization". This "critical consciousness" cannot be imposed on people, and it does not come from outside. But it can be developed through dialectical interaction and start within citizens who are in "limit-situation" which, according to Pinto, are the boundaries where all possibilities begin (Vieira Pinto in Freire 2003:99).