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WHILE IT IS CONVENIENT TO POINT THE ACCUSING FINGER AT ANYBODY BUT ONESELF, AS FAR AS THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY IS CONCERNED, WITH OR WITHOUT THAILAND'S "SNEEZE" AND THE SO-CALLED ASIAN CONTAGION, THE COUNTRY WOULD STILL BE FACING AN ECONOMIC CRISIS. THE MISGUIDED LIBERALIZATION, DEREGULATION, AND PRIVATIZATION POLICIES OF PAST GOVERNMENTS HAVE NOT CORRECTED THE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES OF THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMY. IN ADDITION, TO HAMPERING ECONOMIC GROWTH, THESE GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES HAVE CAUSED PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT TO BECOME EVEN MORE UNEVEN AND MORE INEQUITABLE. AS LONG AS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY ARE CURTAILED AND UNDERMINED, THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES CANNOT ACHIEVE HUMAN SECURITY. SINCE HUMAN SECURITY FOCUSES ON BASIC HUMAN DIGNITY AND THE DAILY CONCERNS OF ALL PEOPLE, IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE CURRENT DOMESTIC POLICIES BE CORRECTED.

THIS ARTICLE PRESENTS AND ANALYZES EXTENSIVE SURVEY DATA ON U.S. POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATIONS, AS WELL AS SOME POLICY PREFERENCES, OF MILITARY AND CIVILIAN LEADERS FROM 1976 TO 1996, A PERIOD THAT ENCOMPASSED THE COLLAPSE OF DETENTE, THE SECOND PHASES OF THE COLD WAR; THE REAGAN-GORBACHEV DENTENTE; THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET UNION; THE END OF THE COLD WAR; NUMEROUS POST-COLD WAR CONFLCTS; AND AMERICAN INTERVENTIONS IN THE PERSIAN GULF, SOMALIA, BOSNIA, HAITI, RWANDA, AND ELSEWHERE. THE CONCLUSION ADDRESSES BRIEFLY SOME POLICY IMPLICATIONS AND ASSESSES SEVERAL PROPOSALS FOR COPING WITH THE GAP BETWEEN THE MILITARY AND CIVILIAN SOCIETY.

FORTY YEARS HAVE PASSED SINCE RADIO REBELDE WAS LAUNCHED IN THE SIERRA MAESTRA MOUNTAINS, IN EASTERN CUBA, AT THE HEIGHT OF THE WAR AGAINST THE BATISTA DICTATORSHIP. THE CLANDESTINE RADIO STATION WOULD LATER GROW INTO A NETWORK OPERATED BY THE VARIOUS FRONTS OF THE REBEL ARMY. THE STATION'S AIM WAS TO PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ON THE WAR'S PROGRESS, COVERING THE FIGHTING IN THE MOUNTAINS AND URBAN AREAS, AND EXPOSING THE BLATANT LIES DISSEMINATED BY THE HIGHLY CENSORED PRINT AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA UNDER THE BATISTA DICTATORSHIP. THE BROADCASTERS WHO HOSTED REBELDE'S NIGHTLY PROGRAMS WERE THE FIRST TO EMBODY WHAT WOULD LATER BECOME THE RAISON D'ETRE OF REVOLUTIONARY CUBAN JOURNALISM FOR YEARS TO COME: DISSEMINATING THE TRUTH ABOUT THE CUBAN REVOLUTION AMIDST NEVER-ENDING SLANDER CAMPAIGNS AND CONSTANT LIES.

THE RESPONSES TO THE AUTHORS ARTICLE "RIGOR OR RIGOR MORITIS?" RAISE MANY ISSUES. HE CONSIDERS THE ISSUE OF LOGICAL CONSISTENCY AND PRECISION, WHICH SEVERAL OF THE RESPONDENTS DECLARE TO BE THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURE OF A SCIENTIFIC THEORY AND THE CARDINAL VIRTUE OF FORMAL TECHNIQUES. HE EXAMINES THE QUESTION OF CREATIVITY AND ORIGINALITY AND SHOWS WHY THE EXAMPLES OF INNOVATIVE WORK OFFERED BY HIS CRITICS DO NOT UNDERMINE HIS ORIGINAL ASSESSMENT. HE ALSO REVISITS THE ISSUE OF EMPIRICAL VALIDITY AND SHOWS THAT THE RESPONSES ACTUALLY LEND FURTHER SUPPORT TO HIS CENTRAL ARGUMENT.

It is argued that inequality of condition remains in Canada because inequality of educational opportunity has not been eliminated, ability to benefit from educational opportunities is not evenly distributed, & unequal opportunity & capacity produce unequal results in higher education. Interview data from 40 arts & science seniors & survey data from 400 undergraduates at the Memorial U in Newfoundland indicate that class differences contributed to differences in academic achievement, income, housing, & financial support. The differences in the capacity to benefit from educational opportunities resulted in different educational outcomes. Thus, schooling reinforced inequality of condition. 7 References. M. Pflum

An examination of the threat to local cultures/identities by new technologies that allow access to global ideologies, commodities, & representations, focuses on Nike, Inc, the most conspicuous multinational corporation dependent on consumption of sport-related commodities. The astonishing financial success resulting from Nike's "Just Do It" slogan & swoosh logo is described. However, it is noted that there is increasing opposition to advertisements reinforcing sexist & racist stereotypes, as well as monopolization of youth sport. Nike's presence in New Zealand is analyzed to illustrate global/local conflicts that result from the cultural invasion of products from countries like the US. Although many New Zealanders wear Nikes, complaints to the Advertising Standards Complaints Board about Nike TV ads, led to a ban on a commercial featuring a rugby coach psyching up his team that was seen as a violation of national advertising codes regarding the representation of violence. The New Zealand case is an example of how a local context may simultaneously desire the benefits of capitalism & reject some of its consequences. J. Lindroth

Argues that despite privatization public television must move away from a market-oriented model and towards a more citizen-oriented model with a commitment to diversity and citizen participation; US. Included in a collection of articles under the overall title "Media and democratic action".

Preconceptions & interests influence US media coverage of events in North Korea. Discourse on the 1995 North Korean famine in the New York Times, US News & World Report, & USA Today reflects the Western tradition of Orientalism, the US tradition of anticommunism, the US political need to dominate other countries with aid, & fear of recreating the Korean War. US media coverage of the famine is similar to coverage of other issues, eg, nuclear weaponry, four-party peace talks, & North Korean representation in the Olympics. The slant on famine reporting makes it possible to ignore North Korean need for famine relief. It shows how the media cannot disentangle itself from mainstream politics & economics. M. Pflum

Discusses relations with Japan in context of the Mutual Security Treaty, US dominance in the region. US pursuance of China's market combined with the policy of containment, and challenges to US hegemony. Included in a collection of articles under the overall title "Alternative security in the Asia-Pacific".

Argues that the proposed elimination of fair use and first sale for digital material will gut copyright's ability to promote the public interest and turn it into a vehicle that guarantees economic rights to copyright holders; US. Included in a collection of articles under the overall title "Media and democratic action". Also criticizes proposed extension of the duration of copyright.

As media markets are becoming globalized, as the public service ethos is displaced by hypercommercialism, & as media ownership falls into the hands of fewer multinational conglomerates, the prospects for the media system supporting a progressive & democratic political culture are dimming. Many people in the US & other countries know the limitations of the commercialized corporate media & the systematic ways used by the media system to block progressive social change -- progressive in the broad sense of a project of sharing material wealth, cultural status, & political power. In response, a new kind of social movement may be emerging that seeks to transform the media itself. 7 References. Adapted from the source document.

Scholars of contemporary society say that communities empower themselves when people share common goals & act together for social change. These communities often share a vision of civil society in which people of all classes & races are committed to the common good. A local empowerment effort of this type that began recently in a mid-Atlantic coastal community is described, based on participant observation of its practices of community building. Primary focus is on how people communicate when they want to build community & act together to create social change. Conclusions are drawn about the role of communication practices in empowerment & social change. 8 References. Adapted from the source document.