Suchergebnisse

This Research describes that a film is capable of actualizing a symbolizationthat can become an identity of state, community or individual. Oneof Hollywood Movies that succeeded as a signifier of United States' superpowerwas Superman Movie. "S" symbol on the costume of Supermanbecomes signifier of the United States' superpower. "S" means ambiguityin the meaning of superpower and it has been adhering to the global society'smindset that United States is the only most super country in the wholeworld. United States expands its hidden ideology through diplomacy especiallyby culture expansion. This research explores the meaning of "S" symbolin Superman Movies which is perceived as United States' internationalpropaganda. Through these movies, the meaning that United States wants usto comprehend is that they are in every way more superior than any country.Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy, International Propaganda, Superman,United States of America.

The legitimacy crisis that existing institutions of global governance are undergoing has led the European Union (EU) to place the idea of "effective multilateralism" at the heart of its foreign policy doctrine. This article draws inspiration from debates on the notion of power in International Relations to expose the normative dilemmas behind multilateralism in EU foreign policy. To do this, the article systematically analyses the metaphors on the EU's role in global governance that are present in political speeches that address the question of multilateralism during the period 2004 to 2011. This analysis shows that the most sedimented metaphor on the EU's role as a promoter of multilateralism - the EU as MODEL - is precisely the one that entails the most serious normative concerns from the perspective of the ideal traits of multilateralism described in the literature.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify how citizen response to crises is currently being enhanced, and how it might be increased, by emergency response organisations in member states of the European Union via communication strategies and tools. Data were gathered via an online questionnaire directed at emergency management and crisis communication experts working in the field of crisis response. The experts were drawn from the database of an international conference. The results indicate that while the importance of involving citizens in crisis response is generally acknowledged, the implementation of such activities is often fragmented. Although some initiatives are under way, coherent structures are lacking. It is suggested that the issue needs structural attention and that such efforts need to include a wide range of emergencies, applying regional and cultural specific approaches adapted to local needs. ; peerReviewed

In the last two decades, the international community has given great attention to the issues of deforestation and degradation. In Indonesia, these issues had been a very critical as they were related to the Indonesian government's commitment in reducing greenhouse gases by 2020 through the Reducing Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) mechanism. This paper describes the use of low resolution satellite imagery, i.e., MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) for monitoring deforestation in Sumatra during the period of 2000-2012. The main objective of the study was to derive rapid forest and land cover change information from low resolution imageries in Sumatra between 2000 - 2012. This study used level 2 Terra MODIS (MOD13Q1) imageries, acquired in 2000, 2006 and 2012 as the main data source, where the 16-day composite imageries were derived from NASA

The section examines the colonial history of Asia and Africa, as well as key periods and directions of colonization. The authors analyze the features of the colonial political systems, processes of power distribution, the relationships between colonies and metropolis. Particular attention is paid to the strengthening of Asia and Africa in the final period of colonialism, as well as the impact of the Second World War and a new system of international relations on the process of decolonization. ; В разделе анализируется история стран Востока в период колониализма, а также этапы и направления колонизации. Авторы исследуют особенности колониальных политических систем, процессы раздела влияния, взаимоотношения колоний и метрополий. Особое внимание уделено усилению международно-политического влияния Азии и Африки на завершающем этапе колониализма, а также влияние Второй мировой войны и новой системы международных отношений на процессы деколонизации.

This paper uses daily data to investigate the behavior of institutional
investors in Taiwan?s stock market. We adopted TGARCH and EGARCH models to
test various news. We found that, for the entire sample, a significant
clustering phenomenon exists in the investment behavior of three
institutional investors, and the impact due to a change of news content shows
significant asymmetry and leverage effects. That is, the impact of bad news
from the market is stronger than that of good news. In addition, an
asymmetric phenomenon can also be seen for the international news aspect as
responded to by foreign institutional investors. This phenomenon is more
significant than those of the dealers and institutional trust investors.
Moreover, the asymmetric phenomenon as responded to by the dealers for
domestic news is more significant than those of foreign investors and
institutional trust investors.

This article provides a post-2008 comparative perspective on mass strikes and street demonstrations in India and Brazil and looks as the relationship between the different forms of protests in the two countries. While the street protests gained considerable international attention, in contrast, the strikes received relatively little media attention beyond the national contexts, even though the mass strikes were going on for years and followed a coherent agenda. Following this, the article argues that the street demonstrations were politically diffused and dominated by the middle classes, which quickly shifted their political positions from left to right. The different protest dynamics of the working and middle classes reveal the enormous challenges that coalition attempts face. Subsequently, different definitions of the middle classes and their relationship or congruence with urban working classes are discussed.

The eco-friendliness achieved several spaces in society, also reaching the government as a response to the pressures exerted by international organizations, but also by society itself, demanding compliance with the legislation, seeking to develop better environmental quality and promote the municipalities reactions that seek answers to these requirements because for decades that environmental responsibility was focused only on federal and state government levels. However, in 1997, the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), by Resolution No. 237/1997, establishing the evaluation of local environmental impacts of projects for competence of municipalities, which must coordinate actions, developing environmental education for understanding and community respect for the environment, implementing regulations to control environmental deterioration, enabling a reduction of degraded areas, thus taking the mission to stimulate local sustainable development with social equity, economic development and environmental protection.

The Fourth Congress of the Communist International, held in November–December 1922, shows evidence of member parties outside Soviet Russia taking initiatives and exerting significant influence on central political questions before world communism. On at least three issues, all related to united-front policy, non-Russian delegates' pressure substantially altered Comintern Executive Committee proposals to the Congress. A central role in this process was played by leaders of the German Communist Party. The record of the Congress, newly available in English, also contains many calls for increasing the authority of the Comintern Executive. Still, the influence of non-Russian delegations, in a context of frequent division among leading Bolsheviks, suggests that influence of front-line parties was significant and possibly growing in 1922, little more than a year before the Comintern took a sharp turn toward Russian-dominated bureaucratisation.

In the field of international family planning, quality of care as a reproductive right is widely endorsed, yet we lack validated data‐collection instruments that can accurately assess quality in terms of its public health importance. This study, conducted within 19 public and private facilities in Kisumu, Kenya, used the simulated client method to test the validity of three standard data‐collection instruments used in large‐scale facility surveys: provider interviews, client interviews, and observation of client–provider interactions. Results found low specificity and low positive predictive values in each of the three instruments for a number of quality indicators, suggesting that the quality of care provided may be overestimated by traditional methods of measurement. Revised approaches to measuring family planning service quality may be needed to ensure accurate assessment of programs and to better inform quality‐improvement interventions.

This article attempts to analyze the impact of current international and regional dynamics on Qatar's foreign policy during Arab Spring with a special focus on the period from 2011 to 2013 coincided with former Emir Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani's leadership. Firstly, this study intends to comprehend Qatar's inconsistencies and contradictions both in domestic and foreign policy by giving importance to the leading concern of Qatar, namely, the regime survival, and its visible reflections on Qatar's regional and domestic stance. Subsequently, the article focuses on explaining the shifting position of Qatar toward Arab Spring in a different way, that is, through the concept of state-led change and the reasons behind how a tiny and monarchic country could adopt seemingly active role along with democratic discourse, albeit selective and conditional, toward the people's uprisings between 2011 and 2013.

Martha Nussbaum has argued for the superiority of her capabilities approach over the language of human rights. In this article it is argued that the capabilities approach is incapable of justifying something crucially important expressed in international human rights law: the requirement that every government treat all people as having equal status. Nussbaum has recently grappled with the role of equality within her approach, but has failed to offer a satisfactory explanation of its importance. The reason is that the value and importance of equal status cannot be fully articulated in the language of capabilities alone. While most philosophical conceptions of human rights also fail to incorporate the importance of equal respect, the limitations of the capability approach are more serious. For the purposes of specifying the duties of governments, capabilities are not the only things that matter.

The article presents the idea of the project named European Master in Official Statistics (EMOS), which involves the training of professionals of official statistics on European universities according to a unified program. The concept of EMOS the learning outcomes and competency models with syllabuses and practice plans would be developed in cooperation with Eurostat as the coordinating institution and national statistical offices. Regardless of the chosen university, graduate master's degree would receive an international certificate of public statistics. The article highlights the key methodological and organizational problems, and the benefits from the project. In addition, actions were described that were carried out to determine the interest in the EMOS initiative as well as guidance of stakeholders with their expectations as future employers. Also the possibility of implementing the project was identified, both from the perspective of higher education institutions and statistical offices.

Résumé Depuis le lancement de l'ère de réforme et d'ouverture, les institutions parties prenantes dans le processus de formulation et de prise de décision de la politique étrangère chinoise se sont à la fois professionnalisées et multipliées. La professionnalisation des institutions existantes a incontestablement renforcé l'efficacité de la diplomatie chinoise et facilité son intégration au sein des organisations internationales. Mais la multiplication des institutions ajoute en parallèle de nouveaux obstacles à la prise de décision. Cet article explique comment la multiplication et la compétition croissante entre institutions alourdit le processus de prise de décision de la politique étrangère chinoise jusqu'à la maintenir dans sa position réactive traditionnelle. Une nouvelle stratégie de politique étrangère plus proactive ne pourrait émerger en Chine qu'après une simplification institutionnelle de grande ampleur, que tente aujourd'hui d'entreprendre le nouveau président Xi Jinping, non sans difficultés.