Suchergebnisse

В современных условиях развитая экономическая система любого уровня все больше опирается на свой малый предпринимательский сектор, который позволяет решать серьезные задачи экономического и социального характера. Целью исследования является определение ресурса роста эффективности функционирования предприятий малого бизнеса в Тюменской области. В статье охарактеризованы критерии, в соответствии с которыми фирмы относят к субъектам малого бизнеса согласно российскому законодательству. Разграничены понятия «микропредприятия» и «малые предприятия». В работе авторы отразили специфику хозяйствования малых предприятий в современных условиях, их благоприятное влияние на состояние экономической системы федерального, регионального и местного уровней. Описана динамика показателей развития малого бизнеса по регионам Уральского федерального округа. Проведен анализ статистических данных за период с 2010-2013 гг. о состоянии малого предпринимательства, исследованы динамика числа малых предприятий. Особое внимание авторы уделяют отраслевой структуре малого предпринимательского сектора экономики Тюменского региона. В статье рассмотрены особенности распределения работников, занятых на малых предприятиях различных отраслей, проанализирована динамика заработной платы в сфере малого бизнеса. Методы и методология: в ходе исследования авторы использовали общенаучные методы: на основе научного абстрагирования проведен ретроспективный анализ основных показателей динамики состояния малого бизнеса в Тюменском регионе; кроме того, использованы метод экспертных оценок, метод сопоставления данных; посредством графической интерпретации данных и метода их группировки описаны динамика и структура основных показателей, характеризующих современные тенденции развития и функционирования малого предпринимательского сектора в региональной экономике. Научная новизна исследования заключается в выявлении и изучении особенностей функционирования малого бизнеса в Уральском федеральном округе для разработки действенных мер по поддержке субъектов малого предпринимательства в регионе. На основании проведенного анализа основных статистических показателей, характеризующих деятельность малых предприятий, авторами сформулированы выводы о современных тенденциях деловой и инвестиционной активности малого бизнеса Тюменской области, выявлены перспективные направления региональной поддержки субъектов малого предпринимательства.These days, a developed economic system of any level increasingly relies on its small business sector, which allows for resolving serious problems of economic and social nature. The purpose of this study is to determine the source of increasing small business functioning efficiency in Tyumen Oblast. The article outlines the criteria used to identify a company as a small business according to the Russian legislation. The difference between the concepts of "microenterprises" and "small enterprises" is defined. The work considers the peculiarities of business practices of small enterprises under modern conditions, their positive impact on the state of the economic system of the federal, regional and local levels is shown. The dynamics of indicators of small business development in the regions of Ural Federal District is presented. The article analyzes statistical data concerning the state of small business for the period 2010-2013 and dynamics of the number of small enterprises. Special attention is paid to the sectoral structure of the small business of Tyumen Oblast. The peculiarities of distribution of employees working for small enterprises in different industries are considered, the dynamics of wages in the small business sector is analyzed. In the research the authors used general scientific methods. A retrospective analysis of the main indicators of the small business state in Tyumen Oblast was conducted on the basis of scientific abstraction. The expert evaluation method (Delphi technique) and the method of data comparison were used. The dynamics and structure of the main indicators characterizing the current trends in the development and functioning of the small business sector in the regional economy were described via graphical interpretation of the data and the method of data grouping. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification and study of the characteristics of small business functioning in Ural Federal District for the purpose of development of effective measures to support small business entities in the region. Basing on the analysis of the main statistical indicators of small enterprises activities, the authors formulated conclusions about the current trends in business and investment activity of small business of Tyumen Oblast.

This research intends to investigate obstacles to moral education in a private school in Brazil, based on teachers' views, which were gathered through interviews, questionnaires and discussions during workshops. It is a qualitative case study conducted in a country where neoliberal values increasingly influence education, and where high rates of socio economic inequalities are easily observed. Similarly to other emerging economies, Brazil faces increasing privatisation in education, mainly in higher education but also in basic education levels. Although the majority of students attend public schools, the relevance and representativeness of private schools in the country go beyond these numbers. Historical and political circumstances have favoured their establishment, expansion and influence in the Brazilian society. As a general rule, private schools tend to work under little scrutiny of the Ministry of Education, and little attention is given to the values they promote. Concern for moral education and collective wellbeing, although part of national education policies, still need great efforts to be included in school practices on a daily basis in Brazil. Moral education holds potential to raise awareness of social injustices and to improve concern for collective wellbeing. Its relevance seems even stronger in the so-called developing countries, such as Brazil, where high rates of corruption and little concern for the common good reinforce existing inequalities in society. In this thesis, moral education is disconnected from more traditional or religious practices, while progressive approaches, such as values clarification (VC), are understood as an important contribution to the practice of moral education in schools. The main argument underpinning this research is the need to recognise education as a moral enterprise, and to develop moral education in schools as a response to contemporary challenges and the need for justice in society. In this sense, this thesis supports moral education and concern for collective wellbeing as essential components of schooling — which is increasingly viewed as a synonym of education — as well as their potential to assist in developing a more holistic conception of education, and deemphasising its instrumental value, which is dominant nowadays. This qualitative case study was developed with five teachers working in a private school in Brazil, and qualitative content analysis was applied to analyse the primary set of data (interviews). The results derived from the combination of this analysis and the secondary set of data (questionnaires and notes from a research diary from observations made during the workshops with teachers). They indicate that teachers consider students' parents as the main obstacle to moral education in the school, particularly the conflict of values between teachers and parents. Teachers also mentioned neoliberal influences as an obstacle to moral education, e.g. overloaded school curriculum and little time for extra initiatives, great pressure and concern from parents and school administration in relation to the use of books and students' performance. The school conduct, interests and decisions were pointed out as an obstacle to moral education as well, with emphasis on the lack of support for teachers on conflict situations with parents. Results suggest that teachers view moral education as an essential part of their job but also as a burden when developed without support from parents and school administration. Additionally, the study identified that teachers lack knowledge and practical training in moral education during their studies to become teachers, which could also constitute an obstacle to its development in the school. Finally, the suggestions mentioned to improve moral education in the school included more support for teachers, more communication between teachers, parents and school administration, and real engagement from the institution on matters of moral education. Although a qualitative case study without aims of generalisation, this research offers data and results relevant to numerous cases in Brazil and in other countries facing similar challenges, particularly in contexts of increasing privatisation in education and neoliberal values in society. It offers contributions to comparative studies in education, and it provides empirical data that could contribute to restrain existing hindrances to the inclusion of moral education in school practices in Brazil.

Abstrak___________________________________________________________________Sektor industri pengolahan memberikan kontribusi tertinggi dalam PDB di Indonesia sehingga sektor industri pengolahan juga mempunyai peran dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja yang tinggi. Namun dalam kurun waktu tahun 2007 hingga tahun 2011 laju pertumbuhan dan jumlah perusahaan industri pengolahan mengalami penurunan. Penurunan ini terjadi karena ada masalah-masalah yang harus dihadapi industri pengolahan, salah satunya ialah meningkatnya harga minyak mentah di pasar internasional.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh harga minyak mentah dunia dan tenaga kerja terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan analisis regresi sederhana dengan metode Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data time series (Periode 1980-2011) yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan World Bank. Pengujian secara parsial digunakan uji t-statistik dan pengujian secara serempak digunakan uji F-statistik dan uji asumsi klasik.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah harga minyak mentah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan yaitu sebesar 6734.848 kenaikan harga minyak mentah mempengaruhi PDB sektor industri pengolahan karena kenaikan harga minyak mentah ini akan mendorong kenaikan PDB sektor industri pengolahan. Tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan yaitu sebesar 0,101593 hal ini dikarenakan penyerapan tenaga kerja industri pengolahan yang tinggi secara langsung akan berkontribusi tinggi terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan. Harga minyak mentah dunia dan tenaga kerja secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan.Simpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa harga minyak mentah duniadan tenaga kerja baik secara parsial maupun bersama-sama berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap PDB sektor industri pengolahan. Saran yang berkaitan dengan penelitian ini adalah upaya lebih dari pemerintah untuk mengembangkan energi alternatif dan mengurangi ketergantungan sumber energi dengan diversifikasi sumber energi dalam menghadapi kenaikan harga minyak mentah dan peneyerapan tenaga kerja industri pengolahan yang tinggi harus diimbangi dengan kualitas tenaga kerja. Abstract___________________________________________________________________The processing industry contributes highest in gdp in indonesia so that sectors of the processing industry also has a role in the absorption of labor is high. But in the years 2007 to 2011 growth rate and the number of companies processing industry experienced a downturn. This decrease occurs because there are problems that must be faced by the processing industry, one of which is the rising price of crude oil in the international market.The purpose of this research is to analyze how the influence of world crude oil prices and labor to GDP sectors of the processing industry. Methods of analysis used in the study are using simple regression analysis with the method of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The data type used is the time series data (Period 1980-2011) sourced from the Central Bureau of statistics of the Central Java province and the World Bank. Testing of partially used the t-test statistics and testing simultaneously use the F-test statistics and test assumptions.The results of this research are the price of crude oil impact positively and significantly to the processing industry sector'S GDP amounted to 6734.848 increase in the price of crude oil affects the processing industry sector'S GDP due to the rise in crude oil prices will encourage the increase of the GDP sectors of the processing industry. The workforce is positive and significant effect of the processing industry sector'S GDP amounted to 0,101593 this is due to the absorption of labor high processing industry will directly contribute to the GDP sectors processing industry. World crude oil prices and labor together influential positive and significant processing industry sector to GDP.Summary of the research indicates that the price of crude oil duniadan labor either partially or all together positive effect significantly to GDP sectors of the processing industry. Suggestions relating to this research is the attempt of the Government to develop more alternative energy and reducing dependence on energy sources and diversification of energy sources in the face of rising prices of crude oil and peneyerapan labor processing industry must be balanced with a high quality workforce.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the situation of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry and to propose means for increasing its competitiveness. By using M. Porter's"diamond" model, primary and secondary data, we analysed the competitiveness of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry. The analysis showed that the competitiveness of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry is still very much dependent on the cheap Lithuanian labor force: there i, a lack of systematic mindset towards the development of the industry and employment of it, unused opportunities.The article describes the state of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry after one year of the liberalized international trade of the industry. The analysis was done by using data received from Eurostat, Euratex and the Lithuanian Statistical Department. Primary data were collected from interviews and a questionnaire survey.Lithuania is one of the most specialized countries in the production of apparel and textile among the members of the European Union. Statistical data show that the apparel and textile industry ha an important impact on the Lithuanian economy and social life even after the liberalization of textile import at the beginning of 2005. In 2005 it comprised 8.3% of the total manufacturing industry output, its exported output reaching 9.8% of the total Lithuanian export, and there were about 51000 employees in the industry.The article shows that the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry is on its crossroad when the former competitive advantages have to be changed by the new ones. Efficient labor force and new technologies have to replace the cheap labor force, so there is a great need for new mindsets and financial resources. Surveys have shown that companies use bank loans or their own financial resources for the renovation. This means that the renovation of the Lithuanian textile industry can be facilitated by providing more information about the possibilities of preferential loans and by revoking the taxation of investment in Lithuania. The competitive advantages of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry are the well developed infrastructure, the growing purchasing power and evolving needs of consumers, and natural resources such as linen and wool which can be used for the development of home and technical textile production in Lithuania.Nowadays the most important competitive advantage of the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry is the proximity to Scandinavian and other European Union countries, which allows to identify the needs and to serve them much quicker in comparison with the third countries (China, India, etc.).Although, managers of the Lithuanian apparel and textile companies perceive themselves as working in an open market already, and their approach to competitiveness is quite qualified, there are still lots of managerial problems. Generally, there is a lack of insight and no systematic perception of the industry, which are very important for creation of common competitive business systems in the industry. That is why we propose to Lithuanian Ministry of Economy to establi.h a group of consultants in cooperation with the Association of Lithuanian Apparel and Textile Industry and different educational institutions. The group would work with all those institutions and businesses in order to solve different kinds of problems and challenges. We propose to establish a fund of reorganization, the aim of which would be to work with hard-standing companies that need reorganization or closure.And finally, there are such opportunities as specialization in home textile, technical textile and production of wool articles for the Lithuanian apparel and textile industry. Those articles would find their markets in Scandinavia and other European Union countries where Lithuania has an advantage of market proximity. ; Straipsnio tikslas - išanalizuoti Lietuvos aprangos ir tekstilės pramonės įmonių konkurencinę būseną, susiformavusią po Lietuvos stojimo į Europos Sąjungą ir tekstilės gaminių importo liberalizavimo, ir pasiūlyti priemones šios pramonės įmonių konkurencingumui stiprinti. Pritaikius M. Porterio "Deimanto" modelį pagal antrinius ir pirminius duomenis buvo atliktas Lietuvos aprangos ir tekstilės pramonės įmonių konkurencingumo dimensijų tyrimas. Jis atskleidė šios Lietuvos pramonės vis dar didelę priklausomybę nuo darbo jėgos kainos, sisteminio požiūrio trūkumą plėtojant šią pramonės šaką bei parodė, kad išnaudojamos ne visos verslo aplinkos teikiamos galimybės.

During the last few years, the amount of information and services available and used in electronic form has increased almost exponentially. These types of digital information and services constitute a new general class of goods, which we call Intangible Goods. Intangible goods having distinct characteristics from their counterpart tangible ones, that require specialized approaches when accessed and traded over the Internet. Of major importance in the commercialization and trading of intangible goods and services is security. What is needed, is not only the secure transmission of the data but also models and methods for ensuring the protection of intellectual property, user authentication etc. Three papers describing different issues in these areas are presented in the first part of the minitrack.The first paper, ¿Models and Languages for Digital Rights¿ by Gunter and Wright, presents an approach to describing digital rights through abstract models and policy description languages. The model allows the owner of an intangible good to describe with precision the terms and conditions under which the good is accessed by the consumer. The described model provides a starting point for a precise analysis of the capabilities for specifying and understanding digital rights.The second paper, ¿Development of Personal Authentication System Using a Fingerprint with Digital Signature Technologies¿, by Isobe, Seto and Kataoka, presents a prototype biometrics-based personal authentication system in which smart card and fingerprint verification technologies are combined. By combining smart card and fingerprint verification, they provide a simple and robust method for authentication of the user.In the third paper, ¿Steganographic Watermarking for Documents¿, by Bogarin, Baran and Gomez, a prototype system that seals text documents is presented. The system allows the insertion of digital marks or patterns that are not easily perceived when viewed under ordinary word processors or text editors. This way information like document authenticity as well as right access, can be undetectably incorporated in the structure and content of the document itself.The second part of the presentations deals with systems and models for (electronic) commerce. The paper by Jazayeri and Podnar, ¿A Business and Domain Model for Information Commerce¿, presents a business model for the information marketplace using the UML. It defines goals and responsibilities of information customers, information providers and intermediaries providing a model for the emerging information marketplace, so that potential new technical and business opportunities can be identified.The next paper, ¿WebXice : an infrastructure for information commerce on the WWW¿ by Wombacher, Kostaki and Aberer, focuses on the question, how e-commerce participants with minimal infrastructure (i.e. a standard Web browser), can be technologically enabled to participate in the information commerce, without sacrificing the functionality and security required in an information commerce scenario. A prototype implementation, webXice, demonstrates the feasibility of the task.The paper ¿Implementing B2B Contracts Using Biz-Talk¿, by Bond, Goodchild, Herring and Milosevic, describes a B2B enterprise model that supports the wide range of economic transactions associated with intangible goods and services. A prototype framework demonstrating the relevant implementation issues supports the model. In the last part of the presentations, we have two papers presenting issues for e-government related services.The paper by Fortier and Smart, ¿Web based e-government data distribution¿ discusses protocols, services and policies being developed in the context of the US government e-government directive in order to allow the general public to access e-government information on watershed health, water quality assessment and fisheries assessment. It describes three web based data distribution models with varying levels of complexity and user interaction flexibility.The last paper, ¿From Physical to Digital Delivery: Definition, Scope and Tariff Revenue Implications of Electronic Goods Trading¿, by Teltscher discusses issues related to trading of intangible goods in the global market. The differences in tariffs and trading of goods based on United Nations data between developing and developed countries serve as the basis for the analysis.

Positive and negative effects of civil service regulations on urban police systems is the focus of this research project conducted over approximately a 2-year period beginning in November 1976. Data from the study were collected from 42 randomly selected American cities, ranging in size from 50,000 to 750,000 persons. In each study site, current civil service laws and police union contracts were collected, interviews were conducted with the most knowledgeable municipal officials and organization representatives, and police departments provided information on programs and policies in a police departmental questionnaire. Supplemental data were provided by the Police Foundation, the National Planning Association, and the FBI. The absence of an overall civil service system which governs police personnel affairs in America is noted. Civil service commissions differ from city to city in the roles they play in police personnel administration and, as a result, in the impacts they have on local officials, on police departmental programs and practices, and on the general quality of local law enforcement. While some commissions pose significant constraints on the abilities of local officials to promote innovative police programs, others work to promote departmental innovation and more efficient criminal apprehension procedures. The study examines a number of issues, among them the statutory supports for local civil service commissions and the impact of community politics and police unionism on local police personnel administration. Proposals for civil service reforms in the urban police context should be tailored to local circumstances and to meaningful variations in civil service roles. Numerous charts, footnotes, a bibliography, and diagrams illustrate the text. Appendixes include content analysis checklists for police bargaining contracts and personnel systems, a police questionnaire, an interview schedule, and a letter to urban executives. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141). ; Executive summary -- Chap. 1. Civil service in historical context -- Chap. 2. Study methodology -- Chap. 3. The laws and urban police personnel systems -- Chap. 4. Civil service in police work - actual policy and administration of police personnel systems -- Chap. 5. The impacts of city politics -- Chap. 6. Police unions in police personnel programs -- Chap. 7. Civil service and police personnel programs -- Chap. 8. Civil service an the quality of police performance -- Chap. 9. Major findings and conclusions -- Bibliography. ; Positive and negative effects of civil service regulations on urban police systems is the focus of this research project conducted over approximately a 2-year period beginning in November 1976. Data from the study were collected from 42 randomly selected American cities, ranging in size from 50,000 to 750,000 persons. In each study site, current civil service laws and police union contracts were collected, interviews were conducted with the most knowledgeable municipal officials and organization representatives, and police departments provided information on programs and policies in a police departmental questionnaire. Supplemental data were provided by the Police Foundation, the National Planning Association, and the FBI. The absence of an overall civil service system which governs police personnel affairs in America is noted. Civil service commissions differ from city to city in the roles they play in police personnel administration and, as a result, in the impacts they have on local officials, on police departmental programs and practices, and on the general quality of local law enforcement. While some commissions pose significant constraints on the abilities of local officials to promote innovative police programs, others work to promote departmental innovation and more efficient criminal apprehension procedures. The study examines a number of issues, among them the statutory supports for local civil service commissions and the impact of community politics and police unionism on local police personnel administration. Proposals for civil service reforms in the urban police context should be tailored to local circumstances and to meaningful variations in civil service roles. Numerous charts, footnotes, a bibliography, and diagrams illustrate the text. Appendixes include content analysis checklists for police bargaining contracts and personnel systems, a police questionnaire, an interview schedule, and a letter to urban executives. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The article is devoted to stimulate creative activity of subjects of educational space technologies for psychological health. In recent years there has been progress in the theory and practice of training and upbringing of the younger generation. increasingly makes use of new technologies of training and education. One of the features of modern democratic societies is a revision of the traditional goals of educational space, which today is not to create ideal conditions for the development of the personality involving free of any conflicts, the environment, and to ensure the systematization of mental and motor fitness of a person to transition to adulthood. And last but not least it is paid to creative activity, because creative activity is the basis of a strategy combining, first, a person must master the skills of a holistic perception of the image in all its facets. Raised by the research problem in this article is that the ability to formulate new combinations of known elements involves courage and independence in a kind of experimentation, willingness to trial and error, to actively search for successful combinations. All these positions are successfully transferred into practical experience and contribute to the development of fully informed and adapted individual in modern social and cultural space, and therefore her health as such. The purpose of this article is to highlight the outcomes of the empirical research and working with material that stimulates the creative activity of subjects of educational space in the context of health azarashvili technologies.In our study, was used the method of "Geocolor" in modification Vinnichuk I.P. To of research are criteria that relate only to the methodology of "Geocolor" and due to its purpose and peculiarities of working with a material that stimulates creativity. It technical and Executive criteria, with regard to the level of abstraction. First we understand how the use of different methods of preparing of an application (overlay pererozmischennya, ritmaa). The criterion of abstraction is considered as the ability to depart from the established traditional standards associated with a particular shape and color.Therefore, the search for the methodological and diagnostic approach that would best meet the requirements of our research continues. However, any empirical study should be based on proven and reliable data collection tools. To solve this problem, the method "Geocolor" was used. Conclusion. The analysis of the research results highlighted a certain dynamics: 72% of the subjects from the experimental group and only 60% from the control group fully coped with the task. The effectiveness of our experiment was tested by Fisher's test. According to the results of the study, it becomes clear that the preliminary mastering of the strategy of combining has a positive effect on the speed of production of images, as well as their diversity, variety.Originality. Given the plot-content saturation of the images, all the obtained images were conditionally divided into three types. ; Статья посвящена исследованию стимуляции творческой активности субъектов образовательного пространства как технологии обеспечения психологического здоровья. Для решения этой задачи была использована методика «Геоколор» в модификации Винничук И.П. Согласно результатам проведенного исследования становится понятно, что предварительное усвоение стратегии комбинирования положительно влияет на скорость продуцирования образов, а также на их разнообразие, многовариантность. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню стимуляції творчої активності суб'єктів освітнього простору як технології забезпечення психологічного здоров'я. Для вирішення цього завдання, було використано методику «Геоколор» в модифікації Віннічук І.П. Згідно з результатами проведеного дослідження стає зрозуміло, що попереднє засвоєння стратегії комбінування позитивно впливає на швидкість продукування образів, а також на їх різноманітність, багатоваріантність.

The article is devoted to stimulate creative activity of subjects of educational space technologies for psychological health. In recent years there has been progress in the theory and practice of training and upbringing of the younger generation. increasingly makes use of new technologies of training and education. One of the features of modern democratic societies is a revision of the traditional goals of educational space, which today is not to create ideal conditions for the development of the personality involving free of any conflicts, the environment, and to ensure the systematization of mental and motor fitness of a person to transition to adulthood. And last but not least it is paid to creative activity, because creative activity is the basis of a strategy combining, first, a person must master the skills of a holistic perception of the image in all its facets. Raised by the research problem in this article is that the ability to formulate new combinations of known elements involves courage and independence in a kind of experimentation, willingness to trial and error, to actively search for successful combinations. All these positions are successfully transferred into practical experience and contribute to the development of fully informed and adapted individual in modern social and cultural space, and therefore her health as such. The purpose of this article is to highlight the outcomes of the empirical research and working with material that stimulates the creative activity of subjects of educational space in the context of health azarashvili technologies.In our study, was used the method of "Geocolor" in modification Vinnichuk I.P. To of research are criteria that relate only to the methodology of "Geocolor" and due to its purpose and peculiarities of working with a material that stimulates creativity. It technical and Executive criteria, with regard to the level of abstraction. First we understand how the use of different methods of preparing of an application (overlay pererozmischennya, ritmaa). The criterion of abstraction is considered as the ability to depart from the established traditional standards associated with a particular shape and color.Therefore, the search for the methodological and diagnostic approach that would best meet the requirements of our research continues. However, any empirical study should be based on proven and reliable data collection tools. To solve this problem, the method "Geocolor" was used. Conclusion. The analysis of the research results highlighted a certain dynamics: 72% of the subjects from the experimental group and only 60% from the control group fully coped with the task. The effectiveness of our experiment was tested by Fisher's test. According to the results of the study, it becomes clear that the preliminary mastering of the strategy of combining has a positive effect on the speed of production of images, as well as their diversity, variety.Originality. Given the plot-content saturation of the images, all the obtained images were conditionally divided into three types. ; Статья посвящена исследованию стимуляции творческой активности субъектов образовательного пространства как технологии обеспечения психологического здоровья. Для решения этой задачи была использована методика «Геоколор» в модификации Винничук И.П. Согласно результатам проведенного исследования становится понятно, что предварительное усвоение стратегии комбинирования положительно влияет на скорость продуцирования образов, а также на их разнообразие, многовариантность. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню стимуляції творчої активності суб'єктів освітнього простору як технології забезпечення психологічного здоров'я. Для вирішення цього завдання, було використано методику «Геоколор» в модифікації Віннічук І.П. Згідно з результатами проведеного дослідження стає зрозуміло, що попереднє засвоєння стратегії комбінування позитивно впливає на швидкість продукування образів, а також на їх різноманітність, багатоваріантність.

This paper analyzes the quantitative impact of the growing role of non-traditional financial actors, in particular institutional investors, in the financing structure and consumer pricing of regulated private utilities. The focus is on the water sector in England and Wales, where the effect of the firms' corporate financing strategies on key outcome variables may have been underestimated. The analysis is based on a staggered difference-in-differences estimation of the impacts of the evolution of the ownership of the assets, namely an increased participation of institutional investors, on leveraging and water pricing decisions. It shows a statistically significant positive impact on leverage levels and average consumer prices. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

An inventory and review of current pesticide regulatory risk assessment procedures for bees and other pollinators is presented. For North America, the European Union, Brazil, China, and Australia, the work is based on a review of the published literature, covering pesticide regulatory risk assessment approaches of high-income countries. For low- and middle income countries in the African, Pacific and Caribbean region, the work is based on an online questionnaire, conducted during the summer of 2021, followed by ad-hoc questions for further details and clarifications. In hindsight, the focus on the above-mentioned high-income countries is justified, as the expectations were met that it is a widespread practice for low- and middle-income countries to consult assessments by APVMA (Australia), USEPA (USA) and EFSA (European Union). Protection goals in the published approaches focus on bees, especially the honey bee as a prevailing model organism. Approaches incorporating further taxa, in particular with regard to local pollination services, may be adopted in the future, but are currently prevented by knowledge gaps. All established risk assessment procedures follow a tiered approach, and establishing a lower-tier system in regions currently lacking risk assessment procedures is a much more important step toward improved pollinator protection compared to risk refinement at higher tiers. Several established risk assessment approaches include toxicity classification, which are similar to each other in general, offering an opportunity to assess risks at a screening level without data on exposure. However, basic toxicity data on pesticides are currently not required at all in many low- and middle-income countries. Thus, establishment of a general requirement of data on acute toxicity for honey bees would markedly improve risk assessment in these countries, given that obtaining and assessing such data is a comparatively standardized endeavour and not particular resource demanding. Exposure is handled in different ways by the established risk assessment procedures, with similarities in considered application methods, but marked differences between further parameters of exposure scenarios, e.g. regarding spatial and temporal relation between pesticide application and exposure event, contaminated matrices considered etc. There is a general consensus in the established risk assessment procedures with regard to adopted guidelines and guidance documents used for effect assessment. Approaches established by EPPO, EFSA and USEPA all compare exposure-toxicity quotients to predefined levels of concern for identification of unresolved unacceptable risks to bees, while the calculative basis for these quotients and/or threshold values differs between these approaches, reflecting particular application or situation specific factors or models, accounting inter alia for background mortality, interspecific extrapolation, uncertainty, measured residue data. The other established risk assessment procedures largely follow the approaches of EPPO, EFSA or USEPA. Risk enveloping might offer a resource saving strategy to assess risks of pesticides with similar use patterns in similar cropping systems, and adopting an approach similar to a working example set by IBAMA in Brazil might be feasible, at least for similar geographic regions, given that there are some commonalities in pollinator depend crops among the surveyed low- and middle-income countries. Risk management and uncertainty analysis should always be linked to the risk assessment at all stages, and resulting risk mitigation measures should be practicable in the local agricultural context and comprehensible, while not compromising product efficacy.

Current wireless networks are characterized by a static spectrum allocation policy, where governmental agencies assign wireless spectrum to license holders on a long-term basis for large geographical regions. The operators claim that the spectrum bands for mobile operation are highly occupied. Even then, a significant amount of licensed spectrum remains underutilized. Cognitive radio senses the radio environment with a twofold objective: identify those subbands of the radio spectrum that are underutilized by the primary (i.e., legacy) users and providing the means for making those bands available for employment by secondary (i.e., unlicensed) users. For unlicensed communication, the Quality of Service parameters need to be considered. Quality of Service comprises of channel availability, accessibility, and maintainability. Assessment of vacant channels of licensed band in a geographical region is termed as availability. An analysis of the collected data lead to arrive at the conclusion that more than one-eighth part of resources of each band are nearly permanently vacant, which is enough to design in-band common control signaling methods for cognitive radio. Measurement result plot of vacant channels in cities with known population will help to assess availability of vacant channels for any city and hence, measurement complexity can be avoided. The strategy to occupy the vacant channels without disturbing the primary user operation is referred as accessibility (or selection). Accessibility of a channel is dependent on blocking probability (or Quality of Service) measured in duration of minutes instead of hours. Instantaneous blocking probability has been calculated based on current minute occupancy for all available channels as reference. A comprehensive prediction model is employed in the proposed work to compute the instantaneous blocking probability both on immediate minute occupancy basis and its preceding 60 min basis from time of request by SU. Validation through actual data establishes that channelized blocking probability estimation model has lower error value compared to estimation through prediction models of other researchers. It was also observed that hourly basis prediction model has constant blocking probability value during clock hour, whereas minutewise Grade of Service (GoS) prediction model addresses the local peak demand and hence leads to a stringent GoS estimation. On secondary user request for vacant channel, the cognitive radio network needs to evaluate the expected holding time of the particular Secondary User and to ensure channel maintainability (or allocation), and it shall predict that the allotted channel shall be able to provide interruption-free service for holding time duration. Minutewise channel occupancy traffic is bumpy in nature; hence, the present work predicts call arrival rate using Holt Winter's method. Also, at the instant of SU channel request, the channel allocation processor inputs all PU channel status minutewise, calculates actual mean residual lifetime (MRL) in minutes for each vacant channel and selects the channel with highest predicted free time. A simulation program runs on data collected from mobile switch of cellular network, which creates pseudo-live environment for channel allocation. The present work has compared the mean residual lifetime (MRL) method with the other researchers using probabilistic method of channel allocation and MRL method has been established as more accurate. The selection and allocation process with defined blocking probability model has been verified retrieving big data from data warehouse.

Freshwater mussels of the Order Unionida provide important ecosystem functions and services, yet many of their populations are in decline. We comprehensively review the status of the 16 currently recognized species in Europe, collating for the first time their life-history traits, distribution, conservation status, habitat preferences, and main threats in order to suggest future management actions. In northern, central, and eastern Europe, a relatively homogeneous species composition is found in most basins. In southern Europe, despite the lower species richness, spatially restricted species make these basins a high conservation priority. Information on freshwater mussels in Europe is unevenly distributed with considerable differences in data quality and quantity among countries and species. To make conservation more effective in the future, we suggest greater international cooperation using standardized protocols and methods to monitor and manage European freshwater mussel diversity. Such an approach will not only help conserve this vulnerable group but also, through the protection of these important organisms, will offer wider benefits to freshwater ecosystems. ; The authors appreciate the extensive work of Wendell Haag and two anonymous reviewers that improved the quality of the manuscript; Arthur Bogan and David Strayer for their assistance and careful thoughts; Marco Paulo Magalhães for help with the GIS maps; Imre Potyó for the photo of Pseudanodonta complanata; the people who took part in the Belarusian data collection especially I. A. Rudakovskiy and V. M. Samoilenko (Belarusian State University), and G. M. Tischikov and I. G. Tischikov (Republican GidroMeteoCenter of Belarus); Marco Bodon and Simone Cianfanelli for valuable information on Italian populations; all the people who provided us with the data included in the French INPN database; Zdravko Hubenov, Dimitar Kozuharov, Lyubomir Kenderov and Ivan Botev for the help with the Bulgarian data collection; and I.N. Bolotov, O.V. Aksenova, I.V. Vikhrev, A. A. Makhrov, P. E. Aspholm for help with the collection and analysis of the Russian data. Financial support was provided by: The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and COMPETE funds, project 'CONBI' (Contract: PTDC/ AAC-AMB/117688/2010) and project 'ECO-IAS' (Contract: PTDC/AAC-AMB/116685/2010); The Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection through the Bavarian Mussel Coordination Office; The Federal Government of Upper Austria (Department of Nature Conservation), by the Environmental Councilor (Manfred Haimbuchner) and by the European Union; Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Republic of Belarus, Belarusian Committee of Ecology grant 288/73 from the Belarussian State University grant 444/50 and from the Ministry of Education and Science Republic of Belarus grant 657/65; The Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia (119-1193080-1231), Hrvatske vode and State Institute for Nature Protection; The Czech Science Foundation (13-05872S) and ESF/MŠMT (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040); Biotope Consultancy, grants from Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle à Paris, ATM Barcode and Agence Nationale de la Recherche '6eme extinction'; Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education grant NCN No. NN304328836; The Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR (grant no. 15-04-05638, 14-04-98801_a) and The Ural Branch of RAS (no.15-12-5-3), President of the Russian Federation (grant no. MD-6465.2014.5). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The BC Municipal Water Survey 2016 presents an overview of local water use, pricing, and metering coverage in the province of British Columbia. In the summer and autumn of 2015, we contacted local governments to ask them basic questions about water use in their jurisdiction. Our survey was designed to provide continuity with the Municipal Water and Wastewater Survey, previously administered by Environment Canada, but discontinued. We obtained responses from 45 local governments, which correspond to 66% of the population in the province but only 32% of the local governments. Nevertheless, the response rate is comparable to the last Municipal Water and Wastewater Survey released by Environment Canada in 2011 with data from 2009. We find that total water use in liters per capita per day (lpcd) continues to fall, with total water use dropping 25% to 460 lpcd, and residential water use falling 17% to 291 lpcd from 2009. If our survey results accurately estimate water use trends, the Province would be on track to meet its ambitious target to improve water efficiency by 33% by 2020. We find a metering coverage rate of 26% percent of water connections in the province. Among single family connections, we find a metering rate of 17%, while 10% of multifamily homes are individually metered. Notably, our metering coverage rate for single family connections is lower than the 40% that Environment Canada reported in 2011. Despite the low metering coverage rates, we find that an important number of municipalities are transitioning to universal metering, or have semi-mandatory metering programs that are gradually bringing water meters into communities throughout the province. We expect metering coverage rates to rise. On average, local governments in BC charge residents $394 a year for water services. Two thirds of the municipal governments in our survey still use a flat fee rate structure. The average flat fee in the province for a typical residential connection is $381. Only one third of municipal governments charge fees based on volumes of water consumed. Of these, most use a constant unit charge, rather than an increasing block rate. Assuming that an average resident consumes 25 m3 per year, residents with volumetric rate structures pay on average $418 per year. Finally, we observe that the rate charged by municipalities is highly variable throughout the province ranging between $135 to $782. Lastly, we inquired about water conservation programs implemented by local governments. The most common water conservation measure is educational campaigns (80%), mandatory restrictions (73%), and an active leak-detection program (58%). On the other extreme, only one municipality reported having a residential water reuse program; two reported having seasonal water pricing; and two had ICI water reuse programs. Our results present the most up to date analysis of local water use in British Columbia. Nevertheless, there remain major gaps in the data. Therefore we call for improved collaboration among municipal planners, researchers and government officials in order to compile a comprehensive data set on municipal water use, pricing and metering coverage in the province of British Columbia. The data has been made publicly available for use by researchers and interested stakeholders. The data may be downloaded at https://doi.org/10.5683/SP2/XD0YVZ ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Faculty ; Graduate

Background: Area free from tobacco (AFT) policy is the onlyeffective and inexpensive way to protect the public from thedangers of second hand smoke. In West Sumatra there arethree cities that have local regulation on this, namely Padang,Panjang Padang, and Payakumbuh, but in reality the policy hasnot been able to reduce the active smokers. This study aims todetermine the effectiveness of AFT policy in reducing smokersactive beside its effectiveness to protect the public from thedangers of second hand smoker in West Sumatera.Methods: The study was conducted with the method, a mixof quantitative and qualitative research with explanatory design.Data collection was conducted in the city of Padang, PadangPanjang and Payakumbuh. Quantitative data from 100 personswere collected using a questionnaire, while the qualitativedata was collected through in-depth interviews. Informants ineach city are representatives of Department of Health,professional organizations, community leaders, smokers andfocus group discussions. Some secondary data are obtainedthrough documents review related to the implementation ofAFT. The quantitative data is analysed using univariate analysis,and the qualitative data is analysed using content analysis.Results: Based on the quantitative data it can be seen that inthree cities in West Sumatera the smoker rate are 59%. InPadang Panjang, the regulation has been proceeded succesfulydue to the commitment of the Mayor and the legislative parlementin implementing the policies that there should not be any tobaccoadvertising as well as sanctions for smokers, especially foremployees who smoke at the office or at school, according tothe law no. 8/2009; suf ficient funds are available forsocialization and supervision AFT, a total of Rp75.000.000,00collected from tobbacco fundation and Rp24.000.000,00 fromthe budget. In Payakumbuh there is also the commitment of theMayor and the support of the Health Department according tothe Regulation of Area Free tobbacco no 15/2011. Establishmentof Supervisory Team for AFT with funds allocated forsocialization and supervision, a total amount ofRp341.278.129,00. Padang has not yet applying the AFT policyin government offices and schools, only in private sector suchas bank. Tobacco advertising still exists and there is no sanctionfor smokers despite the existing Regulation No. AFF 14/2011with accompanying funds provided Rp85.000.000,00.The study shows that the majority (60%) public opinion supportthe implementation of AFT. Some (51%) of the public say thatAFT is effective enough to reduce active smoker, over half ofrespondents thought AFT should apply to a particular location.According to 59% of respondents, smoking in public placesshould be given sanction. In Padang Panjang there is amonitoring service via SMS and phone to report breach of theregulation so that the Mayor may impose sanctions. InPayakumbuh a similar system exist through reports and spotchecks. Violaters of the regulation are given sanction by themayor. In Padang city, sanctions have not been given. Thelocal government regulation in banning advertising andpromotion of cigarettes is implemented in two cities, the city ofPadang Panjang and Payakumbuh. Some factors that affectthe implementation of AFT are dependent on the commitmentand the role of District mayor, as well as the need for communityempowerment.Conclusion: It is concluded that the AFT policy without thecommitment and support of all parties to the implementation ofAFT difficult. AFT can be effective to protect the second handsmokers and it has potential to reduce active smokers.Keywords: Effective, AFT Policy, Reducing active smokers.

Nicht nur bei einem voraussichtlich vorübergehendem Arbeitsausfall (aus konjunkturellen oder saisonalen Gründen) kann Kurzarbeitergeld gezahlt werden. Auch bei einem endgültigen Arbeitsausfall infolge größerer Betriebsänderungen können Betriebe auf der Grundlage entsprechender Regelungen im SGB III Kurzarbeit einführen. Als Lohnersatzleistung konnte dazu bis Ende 2003 das Strukturkurzarbeitergeld mit einer Laufzeit bis zu zwei Jahren und ab 2004 das Transferkurzarbeitergeld für maximal ein Jahr bewilligt werden. Die Betriebe sind im Gesetz aufgefordert, sich um die Vermittlung der Kurzarbeitenden in neue Beschäftigungsverhältnisse zu bemühen und dazu falls erforderlich möglichst frühzeitig Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen anzubieten. Diese Maßnahmen konnten im Rahmen des ESF-BA-Programms von 2000 bis zum Sommer 2008 und seitdem mit einem neuen ESF-Bundesprogramm finanziell unterstützt werden. Für die Evaluation dieser ESF-Förderung ist damit die Frage aufgeworfen, inwieweit sich die Chancen der Kurzarbeitenden auf eine neue Beschäftigung mit der Teilnahme an den Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen erhöhen. Bei der gegebenen Datenlage ist eine Wirkungsanalyse der Qualifizierung während Kurzarbeit nicht möglich. In den Datenbanken der BA fehlen personen- und betriebsbezogene Individualdaten zu Merkmalen und Zeiten der Kurzarbeit bzw. des Bezugs von Kurzarbeitergeld. Die wenigen Individualdaten zu den Teilnahmen an den ESF-geförderten Maßnahmen weisen Lücken auf und sind für weitergehende analytische Ansprüche nur unzureichend geeignet. Gleichwohl legt die Begleitforschung zum ESF-BA-Programm mit diesem Bericht einige Analysen zum Umfang und zu den Strukturen der Förderung in den Jahren 2000 bis 2006 sowie vor allem zum Verbleib nach den Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen und dem Austritt aus der strukturellen bzw. Transfer-Kurzarbeit vor. Damit sollen trotz aller Vorbehalte einige Grundinformationen zu den Ergebnissen der Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen gegeben werden. Dazu gehört zum Beispiel der Befund, dass ein Jahr nach Austritt aus einer Qualifizierungsmaßnahme während der Kurzarbeit und auch zwei Jahre später deutlich mehr als vierzig Prozent aller Teilnehmer/innen wieder ungefördert sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt waren. Neben diesem und weiteren empirisch evidenten Befunden werden Schlussfolgerungen aus der schwierigen Datenlage gezogen. Es werden Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung gegeben, deren Umsetzung die zukünftige Evaluation der jetzt neu gestarteten Förderung der Qualifizierung während Transferkurzarbeit im Rahmen des ESF-Bundesprogramms bis 2013 erleichtern könnte. ; In the case of definite loss of employment because of substantial works alteration, establishments can implement short-time work according to regulations in the SGB III. Short time compensations could be approved for a duration of up to two years until 2003 (Strukturkurzarbeitergeld) and since 2004 with a duration of up to one year (Transferkurzarbeitergeld). The establishments are encouraged by the law to take care of the placement of the short-time workers in new jobs and for this purpose to provide measures of vocational training if necessary. These measures could be subsidized in the framework of the ESF-BA-program from 2000 to summer 2008 and since then by the new ESF-federal-program. Thus for the evaluation of this promotion by the ESF the question arises, in how far the chances for the short-time workers to find a new job, increase with the participation in the training measures. An impact analysis of vocational training during short-time work is not possible with the available data. The data bases of the BA lack person and establishment specific data on characteristics and dates of the short-time work and the short-time compensation. The few individual-related data on participations in training measures subsidized by the ESF, have several deficits and are therefore inadequate for elaborate analyses. Nevertheless, analyses on the structures and the amount of the subsidies and most notably on the status of the participants after leaving the training measures and the short-time work are presented. Even though under some reservations, basic information can be given on the results of the training measures. This includes the finding, that more than forty percent of the participants are in non-subsidized employment liable to social security one year past the training measure and also two years later. Besides this and other empirical evident results, conclusions are drawn with respect to the difficult situation with the data. Recommendations are given, which could alleviate the upcoming evaluation of the subsidy of training during shorttime work in the framework of the ESF-federal-program that just started and runs until 2013.