Suchergebnisse

The study of the term security became the main concept in Political Science and International Relations after the World War II. For this reason, this paper tries to show all the variations that the term security got after the Post Cold War, mainly after the 11th September 2001, and all its effects in the South American security. In the same way, this work presents the posible scenarios of Colombia's regional insertion as a member of South America Community of Nations. Nevertheless, the role of the United States in the region has a direct influence in the foreign policy of South American countries which is the most controversial issue to achieve an effective integration and a common security agenda. By these means, South American foreign policy making keep a strong relation to the United States interests. Finally, there is an analysis about transnational crime and drugs as a result of the weakness of the political institutions and the lack of the justice system. This context justifies the common security agenda for the South America region, in accordance to the international responsibility concept. ; El presente artículo plantea los nuevos conceptos de seguridad surgidos a partir de la evolución del enfoque bipolar de la Guerra Fría, y que han determinado las tendencias regionales en la materia. Asimismo, esboza los posibles escenarios de inserción internacional factibles para Colombia, dadas sus características de miembro de la Comunidad Suramericana de Naciones, pero también de cercano colaborador de Estados Unidos, constituyéndose en factor de discordia para la consolidación de la integración. Finalmente, se aborda la incidencia generada por el incremento de la criminalidad transnacional en Suramérica, desarrollada en un contexto de sociedades vulnerables y fragmentadas, con instituciones políticas débiles y con deficiente efectividad legal. Lo mencionado justifica la formulación de una agenda de seguridad común para la región, que, a partir de las características propias de los países miembros de la Comunidad, identifique puntos de convergencia a partir de los cuales se establezca un frente colectivo y de cooperación para la reducción de las amenazas.

The main objective of this work is making evident that the Spanish legislation does not regulate, forgets and even harms many of the rights of Trans people. For that, this research performed a study of the resolutions, recommendation and reports of the international organization, as well as the international norms and jurisprudence. As a result of this, the research was able to prove that Spain is far behind countries such as Argentina in matters of gender identity. One of the conclusions of this work is that the Spanish State should approve a new gender identity law that regulates this right from a de-pathologizing perspective, and apply gender studies in all of its laws. ; El objetivo principal de este trabajo es poner de manifiesto que la legislación española no regula, olvida o, incluso, vulnera muchos de los derechos de las personas trans. Para ello se realizó un estudio de las resoluciones, recomendacionese informes de los organismos internacionales, así como de la normativa y la jurisprudencia internacional. Como resultado de lo anterior se pudo comprobar que España se encuentra muy por debajo de países como Argentina en materia de identidad de género. Una de las conclusiones a las que se llega es que el Estado español debería aprobar una nueva ley de identidad de género que regule este derecho desde una perspectiva despatologizadora, y aplicar los estudios de género en todas sus leyes. ; Este trabalho tem o objetivo principal de demonstrar que a legislação espanhola não regulamenta, esquece ou, ainda, viola muitos dos direitos das pessoas trans. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo das resoluções, recomendações e relatórios das organizações internacionais, bem como das leis e jurisprudências internacionais. Como resultado disso, foi possível comprovar que a Espanha se encontra muito abaixo dos países como a Argentina quanto ao tema de identidade de gênero. Chega-se à conclusão, entre outras, de que o Estado espanhol deveria aprovar uma nova lei de identidade de gênero que regulamente esse direito sob perspectiva despatologizadora e aplicar os estudos de gênero em todas as suas leis.

This article analyzes the development of the Argentine Red Cross from its appearance until the First World War. Its organization in Argentina was linked to the struggles between different ethnic associations and medical corporations, both involved in interventions and civil wars that affected the inland provinces and Buenos Aires between the late Nineteenth-Century and the early Twentieth-Century. In an international organization whose objective was humanitarian aid and supposedly neutral, the main actors that carried out in this institution during this period assumed different political and ideological positions, although they had in common their social belonging and masculine solidarity. Their functions increased from the attention of victims of armed conflicts to their care in times of peace catastrophes, which meant an important modification in the principles and in the social organization and intervention. At the same time, their interest in the "calamities" produced in neighboring countries, as well as the problems with the belligerent countries during the Great War, delimited the scope of this institution with international goals and objectives. ; Este artículo analiza el desarrollo de la Cruz Roja Argentina desde su aparición hasta la I Guerra Mundial. Su organización en el país estuvo vinculada a las pujas entre diferentes asociaciones étnicas y grupos de médicos, quienes a su vez se vieron involucrados en las intervenciones y guerras civiles que afectaron a las provincias y a la Capital Federal, entre finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX. Se trataba una organización internacional cuyo objetivo era la ayuda humanitaria, supuestamente neutral. Los principales actores que llevaron adelante la institución en estos 50 años asumieron diferentes posturas políticas e ideológicas, aunque tenían en común su pertenencia social y la solidaridad masculina. Sus funciones se incrementaron de la atención de víctimas de conflictos bélicos a su cuidado en catástrofes en tiempos de paz, lo cual significó una importante modificación en los principios y en la organización e intervención sociales. A la vez, su interés en las "calamidades" producidas en países vecinos, así como los problemas con los grupos de beligerantes en la Gran Guerra, delimitaron los alcances de esta institución con miras y objetivos internacionales.

Though the problem of childhood lead poisoning has been recognized for more than a century, it remains an important threat to children's health and development. This comparative policy assessment examines and compares environmental and public health policies to prevent children's exposure of three major lead producing countries. Germany, the USA and Australia were used to explore a range of approaches primarily at the national level to identify best practice, how the lack of finding any 'safe exposure' level has been incorporated into policy, and to consider if any international harmonization has occurred. We searched the peer-reviewed literature, government websites, policy documents and grey literature to identify how and when policies were developed, implemented and revised. From this analysis, we present a chronology and discussion of national policy approaches for the main sources of lead exposure for children in each country. We found significant differences in timing and comprehensiveness of environmental policies related to lead. There are significant differences among the countries in biomonitoring and identifying pathways of exposure, with limited information available in Germany and Australia. Though there are significant gaps, the US has the most comprehensive regulations relating to old lead paint in housing, while in Australia, a regulatory framework is lacking. Though all three countries regulate lead in air, the US has the most health protective standard, while Australia lacks the ability to ensure that states meet the national standard. Though each country has developed regulatory frameworks for lead that have reduced children's exposure, none of the three countries have a comprehensive set of policies that respond to the scientific evidence that there is no identified threshold for lead exposure. While there are differences in the relative importance of lead exposure pathways among the three countries, suggesting the need for different prevention emphases, there is also a strong argument for more international harmonization of exposure standards at the most protective levels. Some environmental policies incorporate current scientific understanding of lead toxicity, however, we identified gaps in standards and enforcement, and as a result, exposure continues to affect the health of children in all three countries.

Durante la última dictadura militar brasilera (1964-1985) se impulsó una política migratoria enfocada a 'proteger' los empleos de los trabajadores locales, restringir la presencia de extranjeros ligados a movimientos de izquierda y salvaguardar sus propios intereses políticos. Con el regreso de los gobiernos civiles y el cambio de patrones migratorios, inició un proceso paulatino para superar esa lógica restrictiva a finales del siglo xx e inicios del xxi, en un contexto en el que la integración regional, a través del Mercado Común del Sur (Mercosur), coadyuvó a promover la libre circulación de personas en dicha organización internacional suramericana. El presente trabajo explica, por medio del análisis cualitativo de una serie de factores seleccionados, la transición vivida en Brasil que pasó de una política migratoria restrictiva, basada en la ley de extranjería de 1980, a la formulación de una política abierta en respuesta a cambios en los patrones migratorios, a elementos políticos y económicos internos y externos, y a compromisos internacionales contraídos por el país. ; During the last Brazilian military dictatorship (1964-1985), the migration policy focused on 'protecting' the jobs of local workers. It also promoted the restriction of the presence of foreigners linked to leftist movements and to safeguard the government's political interests. With the return of civilian governments and the change of migration patterns, a gradual process began to overcome the restrictive logic at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, in a context in which regional integration, through Mercosur, helped to promote the free movement of people within this South American international organization. The present work explains, through a qualitative analysis of a series of selected factors, the transition experienced in Brazil from a restrictive migration policy, based on the immigration law of 1980, to the formulation of an open procedure that responded to changes in the migratory patterns, the internal and external political and economic elements and international commitments assumed by the country.

Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in the energy market. In the last years, demand for hydrogen has substantially increased worldwide, with several countries developing hydrogen national strategies, and private companies investing in the development of hydrogen related projects. Green hydrogen's environmental sustainability and versatility contribute to its representation as the holy grail of decarbonisation. This working paper challenges this definition, by analysing the historical process which contributed to hydrogen's rise, showing the current uses of hydrogen and the major obstacles to the implementation of a green hydrogen economy, and assessing the geopolitical implications of a future hydrogen society. Particularly, the paper shows that the hydrogen economy is still far from becoming reality. Even though investments in green hydrogen technologies and projects have increased over the last decade, there still remains a high number of unresolved issues, relating to technical challenges and geopolitical implications. Nonetheless, a clean hydrogen economy offers promising opportunities not only to fight climate change, but also to redraw geopolitical relations between states. The energy transition is already taking place, with renewable energies gradually eroding the global energy system based on fossil fuels. A global transformation, set in motion by the need to decarbonise the energy system, will have the potential to redraw international alliances and conflicts. In this context, hydrogen may play a crucial role. By 2050, hydrogen could indeed meet up to 24% of the world's energy needs, thus highly influencing the geopolitical landscape. In this regard, the choice over which pathway to take for the creation of hydrogen value chains will have a huge geopolitical impact, resulting in new dependencies and rivalries between states. Conclusively, if national governments are willing to spur the emergence of a green hydrogen economy, they should heavily invest in research and development, encourage the development of a clean hydrogen value chain, and promote common international standards. Moreover, they should also take into account hydrogen's geopolitical implications. If the hydrogen economy is well-managed, it could indeed increase energy security, diversify the economy, and strengthen partnerships with third countries.

Reliable estimates of carbon and other environmental footprints of agricultural commodities require capturing a large diversity of conditions along global supply chains. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) faces limitations when it comes to addressing spatial and temporal variability in production, transportation and manufacturing systems. We present a bottom-up approach for quantifying the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions embedded in the production and trade of agricultural products with a high spatial resolution, by means of the integration of LCA principles with enhanced physical trade flow analysis. Our approach estimates the carbon footprint (as tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per tonne of product) of Brazilian soy exports over the period 2010–2015 based on ~90,000 individual traded flows of beans, oil and protein cake identified from the municipality of origin through international markets. Soy is the most traded agricultural commodity in the world and the main agricultural export crop in Brazil, where it is associated with significant environmental impacts. We detect an extremely large spatial variability in carbon emissions across sourcing areas, countries of import, and sub-stages throughout the supply chain. The largest carbon footprints are associated with municipalities across the MATOPIBA states and Pará, where soy is directly linked to natural vegetation loss. Importing soy from the aforementioned states entailed up to six times greater emissions per unit of product than the Brazilian average (0.69 t t−1). The European Union (EU) had the largest carbon footprint (0.77 t t−1) due to a larger share of emissions from embodied deforestation than for instance in China (0.67 t t−1), the largest soy importer. Total GHG emissions from Brazilian soy exports in 2010–2015 are estimated at 223.46 Mt, of which more than half were imported by China although the EU imported greater emissions from deforestation in absolute terms. Our approach contributes data for enhanced environmental stewardship across supply chains at the local, regional, national and international scales, while informing the debate on global responsibility for the impacts of agricultural production and trade.

International audience ; Background : The 2018–2019 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the largest ever recorded in the DRC. It has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The outbreak emerged in a region of chronic conflict and insecurity, and directed attacks against health care workers may have interfered with disease response activities. Our study characterizes and quantifies the broader conflict dynamics over the course of the outbreak by pairing epidemiological and all available spatial conflict data.Methods : We build a set of conflict variables by mapping the spatial locations of all conflict events and their associated deaths in each of the affected health zones in North Kivu and Ituri, eastern DRC, before and during the outbreak. Using these data, we compare patterns of conflict before and during the outbreak in affected health zones and those not affected. We then test whether conflict is correlated with increased EVD transmission at the health zone level.Findings : The incidence of conflict events per capita is ~ 600 times more likely in Ituri and North Kivu than for the rest of the DRC. We identified 15 time periods of substantial uninterrupted transmission across 11 health zones and a total of 120 bi-weeks. We do not find significant short-term associations between the bi-week reproduction numbers and the number of conflicts. However, we do find that the incidence of conflict per capita was correlated with the incidence of EVD per capita at the health zone level for the entire outbreak (Pearson's r = 0.33, 95% CI 0.05–0.57). In the two provinces, the monthly number of conflict events also increased by a factor of 2.7 in Ebola-affected health zones ( p value < 0.05) compared to 2.0 where no transmission was reported and 1.3 in the rest of the DRC, in the period between February 2019 and July 2019.Conclusion : We characterized the association between variables documenting broad conflict ...

Background: Evidence supports the health and economic benefits of breastfeeding, and the positive impact of the Baby Friendly Health Initiative (BFHI) on increasing breastfeeding rates and improving breastfeeding outcomes. The BFHI is a World Health Organization and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund initiative to promote, support and maintain breastfeeding. The BFHI was updated in 2018 and includes the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (the Ten Steps 2018) and the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the WHO Code). Despite policy and guideline support for breastfeeding and the BFHI, there are currently only 70 accredited hospitals, healthcare centres and regional clusters in Australia, accounting for 23% of maternity facilities. This research aimed to explore health professionals and other stakeholders' perspectives on the uptake and implementation of the BFHI in Australia from an organisational change perspective. Methods: An online survey administered via relevant Australian-based professional associations was fully or partially completed by 332 participants who support mothers and newborns in their roles. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. Results: The majority of participants supported legislating the WHO Code, closely monitoring BFHI compliance, ensuring sufficient knowledge about breastfeeding and the BFHI among staff, improving care within maternity facilities, continuous support of mothers' post-discharge, and improving social media support of breastfeeding. It was also perceived that an interdisciplinary team approach and multidisciplinary involvement were important requirements for successfully implementing the BFHI. There was no consensus among participants that Australian health policies support breastfeeding and the implementation of the BFHI. Conclusions: This study emphasised the significance of legislation around the Code, executive and leadership support and culture, and providing adequate resources concerning uptake and implementation of the BFHI. Considering that uptake of the BFHI has been limited and no formal government support has been provided to further develop the BFHI and support the Code in Australia, findings of this research may help with potential future actions to facilitate the BFHI uptake and Code implementation.

John J. Mearsheimer is known as one of the most important theoretician and contributor of contemporary realist understanding of international relations discipline who provides crucial information over the theory of "offensive realism". Along with his other related works, basic tenets of Mearsheimer's offensive realism were researched by particularly focusing on his groundbreaking work "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" in this study. On the other end; analyses of Mearsheimer's opponents published in "History and Neorealism" was also examined to obtain more consistent results. Thus, the fundamental concepts of Mearsheimer's theory like anarchy, state behavior, power maximizing, offshore-balancing strategy in line with buck-passing strategy, and stopping power of water were dealt with critically and comparatively. Among many, the most salient contradiction with this theory is that on the one hand Mearsheimer disregards clear impact of domestic politics and internal factors on foreign policy formulations and state behavior in international arena; on the other hand he strictly emphasizes the lobbies' excessive effect on the United States' foreign policy formulations. Furthermore, Mearsheimer's some core concepts exhibit serious controversy so much so that weakens the consistency of offensive realism significantly. ; John J. Mearsheimer; "saldırgan realizm" konusunda çok önemli bilgiler sağlayan ve uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde çağdaş realist anlayış için önemli katkılarda bulunan en önemli teorisyenlerden birisi olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışmada, Mearsheimer'ın saldırgan realizmi, konuyla ilgili diğer çalışmaları ile beraber, özellikle onun çığır açıcı eseri olan "The Tragedy of Great Power Politics" üzerine odaklanarak araştırılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde etmek amacıyla, özellikle onun karşıtlarının ortaya koydukları temel çalışma olan "History and Neorealism" ve diğer karşıt araştırmalar da incelenmiştir. Böylece Mearsheimer'ın teorisinin temellerini oluşturan; anarşi, devlet davranışı, güç maksimizasyonu, uzak kıyı-dengeleme stratejisi, sorumluluk-atma stratejisi, suyun durdurucu gücü gibi kavramlar karşılaştırmalı ve eleştirel bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Mearsheimer teorisinin en göze batan çelişkisi; onun bir taraftan ülke içi faktörlerin uluslararası ilişkilerde devlet davranışına etkisini göz ardı etmesine rağmen, diğer çalışmalarında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki lobilerin dış politika üzerine etkilerini abartılı bir şekilde vurgulaması olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bunu ötesinde, Mearsheimer'ın bazı temel kavramlarının saldırgan realizm teorisini önemli derecede zayıflatacak kadar ciddi çelişkiler sergilediği ortaya konmuştur.

Military investment in robotics technology is leading to development and use of robot weapons, which are machines with varying degrees of autonomy in target, attack, and infliction of lethal harm (i.e. injury, suffering or death). Examples of robot weapons include automated weapons systems, unmanned armed aerial vehicles (UAV), remotely-controlled robotic soldiers, bio-augmentation, and 3D printed weapons. Robot weapons generally fall into one of two categories: semi-autonomous, involving levels of automation and remotely controlled human input (e.g. UAV or "drones"); and autonomous, involving higher levels of independent thinking as regards acquiring, tracking, selecting and attacking targets, without the need for human input (e.g. US Navy X-47B UAV with autonomous take-off, landing, and aerial refuelling capability). The trend is clearly towards developing autonomous weapons. Development of new weapons aimed at reducing costs and casualties is not a new phenomenon in warfare. Technological advances have created greater distance between the soldier and the battlefield. A bullet fired from a rifle handled by a human has been superseded by a missile fired from a remotely controlled or autonomous machine. So what makes robot weapons different? What particular challenge do they pose international law? Although autonomous weapons may be employed to attack non-human targets, such as state infrastructure, here I am primarily concerned with their use for lethal attacks against humans. In this paper I focus on autonomous weapons and their impact on human dignity under two of Kant's conceptual strands: 1) human dignity as a status entailing rights and duties; and 2) human dignity as respectful treatment. Under the first strand I explore how use of autonomous weapons denies the right of equality of persons and diminishes the duty not to harm others. In the second strand I consider how replacing human combatants with autonomous weapons debases human life and does not provide respectful treatment. Reference is made to contemporary development of Kant's conceptual strands in ICJ and other international jurisprudence recognising human dignity as part of "elementary considerations of humanity" in war and peace.

Overexploitation represents a significant threat to wildlife, with the severest impacts felt by slow growing, economically valuable species. Governments often seek to address this through regulating utilisation and trade of species, which is commonly catalysed by multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) such as the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). However, it is often unclear to what degree CITES and associated regulations lead to tangible conservation outcomes. Robust impact assessments are needed to understand whether regulations are effective for achieving biodiversity conservation goals, and to learn lessons for future policy interventions. Yet such assessments are hindered by data paucity, bias, complexity and uncertainty. Here we discuss key challenges for assessing the impact of regulations on the use and trade of wildlife, and offer a practical approach to overcome them. Our approach combines an integrated framework for collating and analysing disparate and methodologically inconsistent data with a robust process to establish causal inference (and hence assess impact). This framework and process can be applied to any regulation, species or country context. To demonstrate its utility we apply this approach to the case of manta ray utilisation and trade (Mobula alfredi and M. Birostris) in Indonesia. This case study is particularly important due to the recent increase in the number of commercially important elasmobranchs listed in CITES appendices, with Parties adopting various national-level regulations to implement their CITES commitments. However, it is unclear to what degree these listings lead to meaningful regulatory reform, and much-needed reductions in fishing mortality, utilisation and onward trade. Indonesia is also a priority country for effective regulatory reform, due to its role as a major source country for international elasmobranch trade. Overall, we highlight challenges and opportunities for assessing the impact of wildlife trade regulations, which are generalisable across species and contexts, and provide the first attempt to assess the impact of such regulatory change on manta ray mortality in a source country. We also offer recommendation for future implementation and evaluation, emphasising the importance of mixed-methods, multiple datasets, and explicit acknowledgement of bias and complexity.

The Republic of Moldova is an important trade and economic partner of Ukraine. Shared border, closeness of foreign policy positions and interaction in the international arena, the commonality of history, culture, historically close cooperation in the economic and trade spheres, in dealing with contemporary challenges and threats, etc., necessitate a closer study of this country. This article is intended to highlight and analyze the main historical, geographical, socio-economic and cultural features of the development of Moldova. A thorough study of the processes in the modern Moldovan society, the nature of their emergence, etc. will allow different interested structures of Ukraine, including state authorities, to make more effective use of the opportunities of the two countries to build up mutually beneficial cooperation, both within the framework of multilateral and international platforms. This may contribute to solving similar problems facing the Ukrainians in building a completely new legal community in our country, a society based on recognized European and Euro-Atlantic values. The article is based on available scientific research, including copyrights on the Republic of Moldova, which in general provides an objective and useful cross-section of the basic features of this country. The article highlights the major historical milestones of state-building in Moldova, from ancient times to the present, formation of its basic public institutions, informs about the activities of state leadership and public figures, the state and administrative-territorial structure of the modern Republic of Moldova. The work shows the current political, socio-economic and humanitarian situation, in particular in the fields of culture, education and religion, level of relations of this country with Ukraine, place and role of the Ukrainian community both on the Right Bank and on the Left Bank (Transnistria) in the life of Moldova, etc. Prominent place in the article is devoted to the coverage of the basic parameters of the physical and geographical location of the Republic of Moldova, which determines its natural features, economic development, the structure of the national economy, tourist attractiveness and more.

ABSTRACT: Pihlainen, K, Kyröläinen, H, Santtila, M, Ojanen, T, Raitanen, J, and Häkkinen, K. Effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical fitness, and serum hormones during a 6-month crisis management operation. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Very few studies have examined the impact of training interventions on soldier readiness during an international military operation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of combined strength and endurance training on body composition, physical performance, and hormonal status during a 6-month international military deployment consisting of typical peacekeeping tasks, e.g., patrolling, observation, and on-base duties. Soldiers (n = 78) were randomly allocated to a control group (C) or one of 3 combined whole-body strength and endurance training groups with varying strength-to-endurance training emphasis (Es = 25/75%, SE = 50/50% or Se = 75/25% of strength/endurance training). Body composition, physical performance (3000-m run, standing long jump [SLJ], isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the lower [MVC lower] and upper extremities [MVC upper ], muscle endurance tests), and selected serum hormone concentrations were determined prior to training (PRE), and after 9 (MID) and 19 (POST) weeks of training. Within- and between-group changes were analyzed using linear regression models. The average combined strength and endurance training frequency of the total subject group was 3 ± 2 training sessions per week. No changes were observed in physical performance variables in the intervention groups, whereas SLJ decreased by 1.9% in C (p < 0.05). Maximal voluntary contraction lower increased by 12.8% in the combined intervention group (p < 0.05), and this was significantly different to C (p < 0.05). Testosterone-to-cortisol ratio increased in SE and Se (p < 0.05), whereas no change was observed in C. The intervention groups maintained or improved their physical performance during deployment, which is beneficial for operational readiness. However, the high interindividual variation observed in training adaptations highlights the importance of training individualization during prolonged military operations. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

Current trends in the development of international tourism and the policy of states in this sector are of great interest to potential consumers of tourist services, tourism entities, scientists dealing with economics, as well as government agencies in different countries engaged in tourism regulation and development. Since the international tourism industry is one of the most important economic sectors, it affects the economic, cultural, and social development of regions and countries around the world. The development of inbound tourism is currently one of the priorities of the state policy in the tourism industry. It is well known that in many countries worldwide, inbound tourism extensively contributes to the treasury and the state image. It is one of the most important categories of exports, and often is the main source of foreign exchange earnings. Russia has everything necessary for the development of the tourism industry, namely, natural environment, historical, cultural, and material resources. The relevance of this problem predetermines the great interest in this issue on the part of scientists and practitioners. However, today there is no effective mechanism for managing inbound tourism by planning and organizing events aimed at promoting tourist destinations. The article defines at the theoretical level the prospects for the development of inbound tourism, the factors influencing the development of inbound tourism, and the criteria for selecting target markets for inbound tourism. Based on data of United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the article presents the top 10 countries in terms of spending on outbound tourism; based on data of Department of Statistics and Data Management of the Bank of Russia, defines the top 7 countries by the average level of expenditure for tourism purposes in the Russian Federation; based on the data of Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), determines the number of inbound tourist trips for foreign citizens in Russia. In consequence of the analysis of the obtained data, the process of choosing a destination as a key aspect of the consumer behavior of a foreign tourist is presented.