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Published online: 21 January 2022 ; Today there is a disjuncture between migration flows that are complex, mixed and constantly evolving and the emerging global migration governance paradigm that seeks to impose clarity, certainty, regularity and order. Addressing the gap between policies and realities, this article explores lessons for migration policy and governance from mobile pastoralists' experience. Using examples from human migration flows within and between Europe and Africa and insights from pastoral systems from India, Italy and Kenya, the article identifies important similarities between international migration and pastoral mobility. We focus on four interconnections: both international migration and pastoral mobility show multi-directional and fragmented patterns; both involve multiple, intersecting socio-economic, political, cultural and environmental drivers; both must respond to non-linear systems, where critical junctures and tipping points undermine clear prediction and forecasts, making social navigation and reliability management more useful concepts than risk-based prediction and control and finally for both uncertainty is not conceived of as a state of crisis but an inherent feature, pregnant with possibility and hope. Building on these four points, and drawing from pastoralists' experiences, we propose some methodological, practical and policy reflections for bridging the disjuncture between migration realities on the ground and global migration governance policies and discourses. ; This paper has emerged out of conversations generated by the PASTRES project (pastoralism, uncertainty, resilience: lessons from the margins; pastres.org), which all authors are affiliated with. The PASTRES project is supported by an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council (PASTRES (Pastoralism, Uncertainty, Resilience: Lessons from the Margins, pastres.org, Grant number 740342). Additional support for the work came from the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Migration and Integration (CERC migration), at Ryerson University, where the corresponding author is based. The PASTRES project has supported the collection and analysis of the data that are presented and discussed in Sect. 3. The PASTRES project and the CERC migration programme supported the working time dedicated to the analytical reflections and writing up presented in section.

The Monkey pox virus is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the family "Poxviridae". The Orthopoxvirus genus includes Monkey pox, Smallpox (variola virus), the vaccinia virus and the Cowpox virus. The first human case of Monkey pox was recorded in the 1970's in the (DRC) Democratic Republic of the Congo. Numerous cases of Monkey Pox have been reported to the WHO since the 1st of January 2022. As of the 15th of June 2022, a total of two thousand one hundred and three (2103) confirmed cases and 1 death have been registered by the WHO. Transmission of the Monkey Pox virus occurs through direct contact. Close contact such as that of skin to skin, mouth to mouth and face to face with the exposure to open lesions or lesions of the buccal mucosa aid the transmission of the disease. The virus is also transmitted through contaminated objects and materials ranging from pillows to bedding and the like. The occurrence and spread of this most recent outbreak of the virus has been mainly attributed to the sexual route of transmission. The sexual transmission predominantly occurring in men whom have had sexual relations with other men. Cases infected with Monkey Pox present with a high fever (pyrexia), vesicular and pustular rashes on the palms and soles and lymphadenopathy (lymphadenopathy being the main differentiating fever between Small Pox and Monkey Pox). Currently no licensed treatments are available for individuals infected with Monkey Pox, but brincidofovir and tecovirimat have shown promising use and efficacy against the virus in animals. The treatment is predominantly of the symptomatic type including paracetamol to combat the viral fever. Various medicaments can be used to prevent and control the Monkey Pox outbreak including (VIG) Vaccinia immunoglobulin, cidofovir and the Small Pox vaccine The current international outbreak of Monkey Pox, is by no means the next SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, however through stronger global surveillance and international collaboration the current up flaring of cases can be swiftly ...

This article discusses the features of modern migration processes, the preservation and development of human capital in the context of globalization and the relationship between them. Improving the legal regulation of labor migration and the preservation and development of national human capital is considered as the main strategic directions of the constitutional and legal policy of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is justified by the fact that the solution of problematic issues related to migration processes and the preservation and development of human capital in the context of globalization is the key not only to economic stability, but also to the security of the state. The effectiveness of their legal regulation depends, first of all, on the presence in the state a competent constitutional and legal policy in this area. The purpose of this study is to develop, based on the analysis of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, other normative legal acts, statistical data, the works of legal scholars, economists and sociologists, proposals for improving constitutional and legal policy in the field of migration, taking into account the trends of the globalization process and the need to preserve and develop human capital in Russia. As a result of the study, the relationship between external labor migration and the need to preserve and develop human capital in the country was revealed, which consists in the fact that migrants and their qualifications affect the quality of national human capital in the state in which they carry out their labor activity. Proposed new for the science of constitutional law was given – "national human capital". It is proposed to introduce amendments and additions to documents of a strategic nature, which should contribute to the improvement of the constitutional and legal policy of the Russian Federation in the migration sphere. The main directions of development of the constitutional and legal policy on the issue under consideration are identified; proposals were formulated to improve Russia's international cooperation in the migration sphere; proposed measures to improve international cooperation of the Russian Federation on migration issues within the framework of the EAEU and the CIS.

Recent research suggests that the effects of climate change are already tangible, making the requirement for net zero more pressing than ever. New emissions targets have been announced in April 2021 by various governments, including by the United Kingdom, United States, and China, prior to the Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow. Part of the solution for net zero will be geo-energy technologies in the subsurface, these include: mine water geothermal, aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), enhanced geothermal systems and other thermal storage options, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) including bioenergy CCS (BECCS). Subsurface net zero technologies have been studied by geologists at laboratory scale and with models, but also require testing at greater-than laboratory scale and in representative conditions not reproducible in laboratories and models. Test, pilot and demonstration facilities aid rock characterisation process understanding and up-scaling, and thereby provide a bridge between laboratory testing and computer modelling and full-scale operation. Examples of test sites that have progressed technology development include the Otway International Test Centre (Australia, CCS) and the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden, geological radioactive waste disposal). These sites have provided scale up for key research questions allowing science issues of relevance to regulation, licencing and permitting to be examined at scale in controlled environments. Successful operations at such sites allow research to be seen at first hand to inform the public, regulators, supply chain companies and investors that such technologies can work safely and economically. A Geological Society conference on the "Role of subsurface research labs in delivering net zero" in February 2021 considered the value of test sites and gaps in their capability. Gaps were identified in two areas: 1) test facilities to aid the design of low cost, high resolution, unobtrusive seismic and other monitoring for a seismically noisy urban environment with a sensitive human population, for example for ATES in urban areas; and 2) a dedicated through-fault zone test site to understand fault transmissivity and reactivation. Conference participants also recommended investment and development in test sites, shared facilities and risk, joint strategies, data interoperability and international collaboration.

While significant, the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic on economic globalization and regional integration is temporary. The same objective factors that existed before the pandemic will determine integration trends in the future. The key role belongs to scientific and technical progress, and the effect of the pandemic was rather on the stimulating side here. Research in the field of medicine accelerated, online mode is already all-pervading and digitalization tends to become ubiquitous. The crisis has brought closer the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is expected to open the next stage of globalization, entailing shifts in the structure and dynamics of world production and trade. It can be assumed that new technologies will contribute to the development of the organization of global value chains (GVC), one of the main drivers of economic globalization and regional integration. Probable changes in the way of life and the corresponding shifts in consumption patterns in favor of services will also contribute to modifications in the structure of GVCs. Apparently, we should expect an increase in the processes of glocalization, which can be briefly defined as globalization with local specifics. COVID 19, which has caused disruptions in supply chains, has strengthened the course of self-reliance in the economic policy of some countries. The inconsistency between the method used by governments (protectionism) and the driving forces of the phenomenon that they are trying to resist (scientific and technological progress) leads to losses in productivity and competitiveness. It is necessary to distinguish between re-industrialization, stimulated by artificial methods, from re-industrialization, which has objective reasons and corresponds to the evolution of the world economy. The latter is not equivalent either to the return of previously exported production facilities or to the re-creation of the "pre-globalization" economic structure and cannot be regarded as a manifestation of de-globalization tendencies. The world realized the need to strengthen international cooperation and develop measures aimed at joint preparation and a coordinated response to possible new threats. Outbreaks of protectionism prove to be temporary. The long-term trend towards international trade liberalization will continue.

Intellectual migration is a key element of migration processes in Central Asia, but this topic remains insufficiently studied. In this article, the authors undertake the first attempt to comprehensively analyze the challenges of "brain drain" for the region's countries. Conceptually, the research is based on developments in the field of migration studies, in particular on the push–pull approach, as well as the idea of relational and aspirational factors of intellectual migration. Methodologically, the study relies on discourse and documentary analysis, systems approach, statistical and survey methods. The authors discover that the topic of intellectual migration in the regional research discourse is presented fragmentarily, as its attention is mainly concentrated on international students mobility trends in the region. It is argued that state regulation of the intellectual migration in Central Asian countries has its own specific features – some are trying to use intellectual migration to stabilize the situation on national labor markets, to contain domestic protest potential, others are looking for an adequate model for turning the "brain drain" trends into "brain gain", especially through the use of their diaspora's resources. At the same time, the scale of educational emigration from the region shows growth patterns, which generates serious challenges for the Central Asian states, since a large proportion of foreign universities graduates from the region do not want to return to their countries. Based on the analysis of current trends, it is concluded that Central Asian states have all the economic and socio-political motives for intellectual emigration. In this context, out of the three scenarios for the development of international migration processes in Central Asia presented by the authors – a favorable scenario, a status quo scenario and a negative scenario – the latter seems to be the most probable at this stage. Accordingly, without systematic reforms and a serious approach to the problem of intellectual migration, the prospects for the implementation of the development strategies of the region's countries will become vague, which is a challenge for their societal stability and national security.

Analysis of statistical data of 189 countries showed a remarkable heterogeneity of the level of the Human Development Index (HDI). The article suggests the ways of overcoming the gap between developed and developing countries in terms of the HDI. Approximation of the quality of life of developing countries to the level of developed ones is a necessary condition for delivering humankind from global threats, namely, poverty, local wars, pandemics, mass illegal migration. Under these conditions, it is proposed to consider the possibility of conclusion of an international agreement to regulate population growth. The purpose of the article is to substantiate ways to synchronize the demographic policies of developing and developed countries, to reduce the unreasonably large gap in their HDI level, which contributes to poverty, the threat of pandemics, the capture of the living space of Europe and North America by migrants from poor countries, climate warming. A necessary condition for raising the HDI is population regulation. Compared to the level accumulated over many previous millennia, over the 70 post-war years, the anthropogenic load has tripled – from 2.5 to 7.8 billion people. In Europe, population growth has stopped. In North America, it occurs under the great influence of migration. Population control through fertility is necessary primarily in the African and Asian continents, as well as in Central and South America. The growth of the HDI of developing countries contributes to a reduction of the birth rate and population growth, poverty and, therefore, motives for migration, anthropogenic pressure. The problem of HDI growth due to population regulation is global. Therefore, the article proposes to develop an international agreement on population regulation, like the Paris agreement. As the limits of global population growth reached, the world community will have to move from the focus on GDP growth and profit maximization to the priorities of protecting the environment and human health. In the context of changing growth priorities, GDP as a key indicator of development, may be replaced with an indicator like the HDI.

European security today faces new challenges that are not directly related to military force. Among them, first of all, is the threat of terrorism, which has both internal and external dimensions. The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of terrorism in the European Union on the example of Italy. The author analyses four types of this threat posed by terrorists according to their political motivation: separatism, left- and right-wing domestic political terrorism, and Islamist terrorism. Italian law distinguishes between the concepts of terrorism, radicalism and subversion. According to the 2015 law, terrorism is defined as conduct that, by its nature or context, may cause serious harm to a country or an international organization. It is aimed at intimidating the population or forcing the State or international organizations to commit or refuse to commit any action. The evolution of the phenomenon of terrorism in Italy is of particular interest because it reflects both general and specific features of the terrorist threat in Europe. From the late 1960s to the 1970s and until the beginning of the 1980s, Italian society had been facing the most brutal manifestations of terrorism. During this period, terrorism evolved from ideological far-right extremism to ultra-left revolutionary extremism, which turns to violence against the State and its servants, calling for a communist transformation of society. By the end of the 1980s, the terrorist threat in Italy had been significantly reduced. The decline in terrorist activity in the 1980s is explained, in addition to the increased effectiveness of the intelligence services and the police, by the decline in political activity in Italy after the upheavals of the 1960s and 1970s. The author draws attention to one of the paradoxes of Islamist terrorism in Italy. Despite the fact that Italy bears the main flow of migration waves that can carry the threat of terrorism to Europe, the country has so far been spared from the large-scale threat of such kind. The example of Italy is also important because today the country's leadership is the most effective in counterterrorism in comparison with other EU states.

The pastoral groups of Karamoja (Uganda) got automatic weapons in the late 70s and since then on, the structural intra- and interethnic conflict in the area has progressively become wilder and wilder, and has been interweaving an ever-growing acute economic, ecological and humanitarian crisis. The international community is working since decades with the aim of promoting development and peace. The place of the conflict, both real and virtual, is twofold. On the one hand, it may be identified with the production theatre (pasture and agricultural lands, herds) marked by historical feuds and periodic clashes between the Karimojong warriors and the Ugandan armed forces; on the other, the virtual negotiation table around which local, national and international institutions play their interests for promoting development and peace projects. The author, comparing his fieldwork carried out in the years 1997-2001 with the most recent literature, critically analyzes the cooperation practices and the conflict-resolution policies in the area. ; Dalla fine degli anni Settanta del XX secolo, i gruppi pastorali della Karamoja (Uganda) sono entrati in possesso di armi automatiche (kalashnikov). Da allora, la strutturale conflittualità intra- ed interetnica nell'area ha assunto caratteri di particolare ferocia e si è progressivamente intrecciata con una crisi economica, ecologica ed umanitaria sempre più acuta. La comunità internazionale si adopera da decenni sia per promuovere lo sviluppo economico e sociale, sia per favorire la pace. Il luogo del conflitto è duplice: da un lato, il teatro economico-produttivo (pascoli, mandrie, aree agricole) segnato da faide storiche e da scontri ciclici tra i guerrieri Karimojong e le forze armate ugandesi; dall'altro, il tavolo di negoziazione intorno a cui ruotano le istituzioni locali, nazionali e straniere con i loro interessi di promozione e gestione di progetti di sviluppo e di pace. L'autore, confrontando la sua esperienza sul campo condotta nel periodo 1997-2001 con la letteratura antropologica e politologica più recente, analizza criticamente le pratiche di cooperazione allo sviluppo e le politiche di conflict-resolution nell'area.

In recent times there have been numerous arrivals to the European Union to seek refuge, since 2015 we have been experiencing an unparalleled humanitarian crisis. Although the number of refugee applications has decreased, the needs are greater and the refugee camps are in a situation of extreme vulnerability. The COVID-19 pandemic has blocked and suspended the acquisition of international protection procedures, violating the rights of refugees and in particular of women. The situation of women refugee claimants and access to gender-based protection status in the light of the principles of the 1951 Refugee Convention in times of health crisis needs to be examined with a descriptive and documentary methodology. At the same time, the EU's response to refugee arrivals requires in-depth study. The non-fulfilment of quotas, the lack of the principle of solidarity and the absence of the principle of burden sharing undoubtedly lead to a lack of protection for asylum seekers, despite the fact that they meet the requirements established in international regulations for acquiring protection as refugees. An analysis will be carried out from a criminological-criminal point of view in order to identify the specific needs of women, the harmful consequences of traumatic events and the risks they face until they reach the host state. ; En los últimos tiempos se han producido numerosas llegadas a la Unión Europea para solicitar refugio, desde el año 2015 estamos viviendo una crisis humanitaria inigualable. A pesar de que el número de solicitudes de refugio se ha reducido, las necesidades son mayores y los campos de refugiados se encuentran en una situación de vulnerabilidad extrema. La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha bloqueado y suspendido la adquisición de los procedimientos de protección internacional, vulnerando los derechos de los refugiados y en particular de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres solicitantes de refugio y el acceso al estatuto de protección por motivos de género, a la luz de los principios de la Convención ...

Covid-19 and the subsequent Movement Control Order (MCO) imposed by the government has deeply impacted the higher education institutions in Malaysia. The new normal has dramaticallytransformed to online learning. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) took the bold move to be among the first universities in Malaysia to start online learning to ensure that students can continue with their education and graduation as anticipated. Whilst academics have done a remarkable job in putting together materials and assessments in preparation for online delivery of courses, the university must ensure quality and fair assessment as well as how well they have fared in the face of a major catastrophe. Accordingly, evaluations should be carried regularly, especially from the perspectives of students. The purpose of this paper is to explore the online learning experience of international undergraduate students on philosophy course. The paper adopted educational action research method by developing and distributing a questionnaire using google forms to collect data from 88 students in two international sections during the academic year 2020/2021. The results showed that although the majority of students rate their overall online experience as "excellent", however, 60% of them think that their learning outcome could have been better if the study was face to face. Regarding the teaching modes, the preferred selection of majority of students was hybrid, synchronous, and asynchronous modes respectively. Moreover, the findings indicated that that students are still coping with the new norms working from thehome, but they had dissatisfaction with certain elements such as missing the face-to-face interaction and the challenge to carry out collaborative group projects while dispersed in different places. The findings provide updated insights on online learning after being adopted as a new norm during the COVID-19 pandemic and applied in UTM ever since, as such, can be useful for the university management, educators' best practices, and similar higher education institutions to enhance and develop new online teaching and learning plans.

The food challenge is emerging as a major issue of the 21st century - however, the legal framework to tackle it is still in its infancy. Following the work of Amartya Sen showing that hunger can result from poverty and not from food availability, the right to food arises as a goal and a means of guaranteeing dignified access to available and adequate food. However, it is surprising to note the lack of consideration given to this human right in so-called developed countries, which are no exception to the problems of hunger and malnutrition. Thus, in France, access to food is subject to weak legal protection and the measures taken to deal with food insecurity are mainly involved in the context of food aid.This paper is centered around the question of the interest and specificity of an approach based on the right to food to fight against food insecurity, compared to the legal system and current politics in France. The framework of the analysis is set in the French context to answer this questioning, but it uses the issues raised by the doctrine in international law; it could be applied to Global North contexts since none of these countries has yet enshrined this human right in domestic law. It is therefore a matter of examining the necessity for articulating the right to food as an independent right to ensure its realization, in order to address the needs of those suffering from hunger and malnutrition. More specifically, these questions lead us to research simultaneously the gains of a legal approach versus policy-driven actions, the importance of recognizing and implementing the right to food on its own versus in context with other related rights, and the specificities of the recognition of right to food approach versus charity, to fight against food insecurity.For this reason, it is important to revisit the definition of the object of this right. Indeed, many important aspects of the right to food remain poorly considered, both at international level and in French positive law, namely the social, cultural and ...

International audience ; The terms "Global Africa" are increasingly used in various sectors such as art, fashion, services and academic research with the aim of representing the multiple connexions between Africa and the world. It seems therefore important to recall the radical origin of these terms. In fact, they directly come from the Pan African mobilization of the early 1990s around the claim for Reparations for slavery and colonialism. One step further, they can be almost exactly juxtaposed on the social and political history of Pan Africanism that is deployed over space and time. I adopt here a pedagogical approach by presenting two publications of reference (by Ali A. Mazrui and Michael O. West) and mobilizing references in various languages and from various disciplines. I analyse these terms in order to clarify the project and the struggle that has constituted them, and I propose a critical genealogy, from their militant emergence to their institutionalisation by the General History of Africa of UNESCO. The stake is crucial as we try to center Pan Africanism in the ways we think and represent the presence of Africa and Africans in our global world. ; Alors que les termes « Global Africa » semblent de plus en plus utilisés dans des secteurs aussi divers que l'art, la mode, la banque, les services ou la recherche universitaire afin d'évoquer les multiples connexions entre l'Afrique et le monde, il convient de revenir sur l'origine militante de ces termes. En effet, ils sont directement issus de la mobilisation africaine et internationale du début des années 1990, qui revendiquait le droit à des réparations au titre de l'esclavage et du colonialisme. Un pas plus loin, ils peuvent être presque exactement superposés à l'histoire sociale et politique du panafricanisme qui se déploie sur plusieurs siècles et espaces. En adoptant une démarche pédagogique, qui présente deux écrits de référence sur le sujet (par A. Mazrui et M. O. West) et mobilise une bibliothèque polyglotte et pluridisciplinaire, cet article ...

RESUMEN: Entre 1950 y primeros años sesenta tiene lugar en España una mejora considerable de la red circulatoria automovilística, gracias al Plan de Modernización de carreteras de 1950 y a las propuestas específicas para itinerarios de interés turístico realizadas a través del Plan Nacional de Turismo de 1953. El transporte por carretera va adquiriendo cada vez un mayor peso y sienta las bases para el aumento paulatino de turistas internacionales y el desarrollo del turismo de masas. No obstante, los proyectos de mejora de la red de carreteras ejecutados a lo largo de los años cincuenta tuvieron toda una serie de limitaciones, tanto técnicas como económicas, en unos momentos marcados por la escasez de inversiones públicas y todavía de aislamiento internacional, a pesar de los primeros intentos políticos del Régimen para salir de la autarquía. En este sentido, tanto la Dirección General de Turismo como la Secretaría General para la Ordenación Económico-Social se esforzaron por poner de manifiesto la relevancia de las carreteras para fomentar la afluencia turística internacional y de este modo, obtener los subsiguientes beneficios económicos que revirtieran en otras actuaciones. Así pues, carreteras y turismo establecieron una relación cada vez más evidente, a medida que se avanzaba hacia el modelo de masas de los años sesenta. ; ABSTRACT: Between 1950 and the early 1960s, the Spanish road network was improved considerably thanks to the Road Modernisation Plan in 1950 and the specific proposals of scenic roads made through the 1953 National Tourism Plan. Road transport became progressively more important and laid the foundations for the gradual increase in international tourists and the development of mass tourism. However, the projects for the improvement of road networks in the 1950s suffered from a series of technical and economic limitations at a time marked by the scarcity of public investment and persistent international isolation despite the first political attempts of the Regime to emerge from autarchy. In ...

The fifth generation (5G) technology is currently the latest manifestation of scientific and technological development in the world, which is impacting the economic, political, and international relations and the national and international security of countries. So far, China has led its implementation, which has lead it to acquire a relevant role in world governance to such an extent that it has given rise to a confrontation with the United States in the context of the dispute for global economic hegemony. The hypothesis of the text is that the progress made by China in 5G technology will be a catalyst for it to be positioned as the first global economic power. The article analyzes the characteristics of 5G technology and its importance in China and the world; it also reviews the race toward technological supremacy, recognizing the role of 5G in the key sectors of China's economic positioning in the global economy, which will ultimately enable its rise and predominance in the direct battle with the United States. ; La tecnología de quinta generación (5G) es actualmente la última manifestación del avance científico tecnológico en el mundo, la cual está impactando en la esfera económica, política, en las relaciones internacionales y en la seguridad nacional e internacional de los países. Hasta ahora, China ha liderado su implementación, lo que la ha hecho adquirir un papel relevante en la gobernanza mundial, de tal modo que ha dado lugar a un enfrentamiento con Estados Unidos en el contexto de la disputa por la hegemonía económica global. La hipótesis del texto es que el avance que tiene China en la tecnología 5G será un catalizador para su posicionamiento como primera potencia económica global. En el artículo se analizan las características de la tecnología 5G; posteriormente su importancia en China y el mundo; asimismo, se revisa la carrera hacia la supremacía tecnológica, reconociendo el papel de la 5G en los sectores claves del posicionamiento económico de China en la economía global, lo que a la postre, le facilitará su ascenso y predominio en la lucha directa que mantiene con Estados Unidos.