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It is possible to talk about language from the point of view of a linguist, but language is also a sociocultural phenomenon, and its development takes place in a social and political context. This, of course, applies to any of the languages, however, in relation to the Belarusian language it acquires many specific aspects. First of all, this concerns the situation of bilingualism (and bilingualism as closely related), within which, under the influence of socio-political factors, languages acquire unequal status, as a result of which their hierarchy is built. The historical development of the Belarusian language (in its contextual relationship with Russian) demonstrates serious deformations that it had to endure in the course of its evolution.

"In his book A Philosophy of Gun Violence, Alan Reid offers a novel way to rethink our approach to the gun violence epidemic in America. By focusing on the gun as technology, whose design influences the way we use--and abuse--it, he reveals how we may advance gun safety, and calm our violent culture, in a manner that sidesteps the usual pitfalls of the debate." Firmin Debrabander, Professor of Philosophy, Maryland Institute College of Art, USA". Alan Reid's philosophical meditation on guns anticipates the research from other fields in positing that the mere presence of guns changes human behavior. That fundamental insight is only now finding empirical confirmation, yet it is a testament to Reid's thoughtful, timely, and highly readable analysis that he has arrived at the same conclusion and uses that insight to great effectiveness in this new work. Robert J. Spitzer, Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science Emeritus, SUNY, Cortland, USA This book uses a philosophy of technology to demonstrate that guns are predisposed for an intentional use, making them inherently non-neutral artifacts. This argument rejects the often-cited value neutral thesis and instrumentalist view that "guns don't kill people; people kill people", and instead, explains the lethality of the gun through the lenses of affordance theory, behavioral design, and choice architecture. Ultimately, this book proposes an ethical and value-sensitive model for gun reform, which embodies the perspective of French philosopher Bruno Latour, who said, "You are different with a gun in your hand; the gun is different with you holding it." Alan J. Reid is an Associate Professor of First-Year Writing & Instructional Technologies at Coastal Carolina University where he teaches courses in composition, new media, and graduate writing and research. He is also an Evaluation Analyst in the Center for Research and Reform in Education at Johns Hopkins University and teaches graduate courses in technology and design for the JHU School of Education.

Oskari Kuusela explores Wittgenstein's account of logic in the context of the history of analytic philosophy. He presents Wittgenstein as developing the logical-philosophical approaches of his contemporaries and credits him with resolving the long-standing dispute between the ideal language and ordinary language schools of analytic philosophy.

"Moral philosophy is the study of what morality is and what it requires of us. As Socrates said, it's about "how we ought to live"-and why. It would be helpful if we could begin with a simple, uncontroversial definition of what morality is. Unfortunately, we cannot. There are many rival theories, each expounding a different conception of what it means to live morally, and any definition that goes beyond Socrates's simple formula-tion is bound to offend at least one of them. This should make us cautious, but it need not paralyze us. In this chapter, I will describe the "minimum conception" of morality"--

Best known today as one of the earliest critics of John Locke, John Norris (1657-1711) incorporated ideas of Augustine, Malebranche, Plato, the Cambridge Platonists, and the scholastics into an original synthesis that was highly influential on the philosophy and theology of his day. W. J. Mander presents a much-needed study of this unjustly neglected thinker, and the different perspectives he offers on this seminal period in philosophical history

The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Hegelian Philosophy covers all aspects of Hegel's thought. It discusses his students and colleagues, as well as key figures who either adopted (and adapted) his thought or attempted to explicate it for later generations. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a glossary of German terms, a bibliography, and over 500 cross-referenced dictionary entries

This study examines the citizen-to-citizen and citizen-tostate relationship focusing on the use of different languages in society. According to the basic assumption, there is necessarily a kind of competition between the different languages spoken in one state, which determines the relations between the languages. The development and maintenance of peaceful coexistence between languages (thus social groups of different languages) is part of the protection function of the state. This study examines the four key points of intervention needed to develop appropriate language policy and legislation, which it summarizes as the "law of coexisting languages".

The dystopian genre in literature is not a happy genre. We are not drawn to works of dystopian fiction because we expect to be satisfied: there are no "fuzzy feelings" in books like Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's 1984, or Yevgeny Zamyatin's We. Rather, we are fascinated by the thought processes and the questions that these nightmarish societies inspire. This thesis explores one such question, namely: what is the relationship between language, the individual, and society at large? Through an analysis of the three pivotal dystopian books above, I show how this relationship plays a key role in the development of any dystopia, and that these governments' exploitation of this relationship is the root of what we find most disturbing in dystopian literature.

'In Deutschland lebende Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund und mangelnder Sprachkompetenz können Bildungschancen häufig nur unzureichend nutzen. Um diesen sprachlichen Defiziten frühzeitig zu begegnen, werden Sprachfördermaßnahmen bereits im Elementarbereich durchgeführt. Die Wirksamkeit solcher Sprachfördermaßnahmen wurde bisher allerdings selten überprüft. Die Landesstiftung Baden-Württemberg hat mit der hier vorgestellten Studie EVAS die Effektivität von durch die Landesstiftung geförderten gezielten Sprachfördermaßnahmen im Vergleich zu unspezifischen Förderaktivitäten im Kindergarten evaluieren lassen. Zusätzlich wurden in dieser Studie die Sprachleistungen geförderter Kinder mit denjenigen von Kindern ohne Förderbedarf verglichen (N=490). Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass unmittelbare Effekte der spezifischen Sprachfördermaßnahmen ausbleiben. Dieser unerwartete Befund legt nahe, die Bedingungen erfolgreicher Sprachförderung zu diskutieren und abzuwägen.' (Autorenreferat)

Richard A. Primus examines three crucial periods in American history (the late eighteenth century, the civil war and the 1950s and 1960s) in order to demonstrate how the conceptions of rights prevailing at each of these times grew out of reactions to contemporary social and political crises. His innovative approach sees rights language as grounded more in opposition to concrete social and political practices, than in the universalistic paradigms presented by many political philosophers. This study demonstrates the potency of the language of rights throughout American history, and looks for the first time at the impact of modern totalitarianism (in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union) on American conceptions of rights. The American Language of Rights is a major contribution to contemporary political theory, of interest to scholars and students in politics and government, constitutional law, and American history

This second edition of Historical Dictionary of Schopenhauer's Philosophy contains a chronology, an introduction, an appendix, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced entries on all of Schopenhauer's books, significant philosophical ideas and concepts, as well as entries covering significant figures in his life and those influenced by this thinking.. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Arthur Schopenhauer.

Nicolai Hartmann was one of the most original twentieth century German philosophers. Yet, he did not compromise clarity and rigor for proficiency and originality. Brought up as a neo-Kantian, he became one of the most important critics of German idealism and one of the most resolute proponents of ontological realism. He developed what he called the "New Ontology," which lies at the core of a systematic opus branching out in all of the main areas of philosophy. He proposed innovative and promising solutions to old and new problems in the various areas of philosophy. His work had a major influence.

Intro -- Whitehead's Philosophy -- Contents -- Purpose of This Book -- Biographical Sketch of Alfred North Whitehead -- Part One: An Introductory Essay -- 1. Whitehead, Descartes, and Terminology DONALD W. SHERBURNE -- Part Two: Whitehead and Classical American Philosophy -- 2. Whitehead and Pragmatism ROBERT CUMMINGS NEVILLE -- 3. Whitehead and Dewey: Religion in the Making of Education GEORGE ALLAN -- 4. Spirit and Eternity in Whitehead and Santayana PATRICK SHADE -- Part Three: Whitehead and Contemporary American Philosophy -- 5. Whitehead, Rorty, and the Return of the Exiled Poets DAVID L. HALL -- 6. Future Ethics: MacIntyre and Whitehead on Moral Progress LISA BELLANTONI -- Part Four: Whitehead and European Philosophy -- 7. Whitehead and Merleau-Ponty: Healing the Bifurcation of Nature WILLIAM S. HAMRICK -- 8. Points of Connection in Whitehead's and Nietzsche's Metaphysics JANUSZ A. POLANOWSKI -- Part Five: Whitehead on Nature and Technology -- 9. Thinking with Whitehead about Nature JOHN B. COBB JR. -- 10. Whitehead and Technology FREDERICK FERRÉ -- Contributors -- Note on Supporting Center -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- SUNY Series in Constructive Postmodern Thought.