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Background: Modifiable health-related behaviours tend to cluster among most vulnerable sectors of the population, particularly those at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This study aimed to identify the clusters of health-related behaviours in 27 European countries and to examine the socioeconomic inequalities in these clusters.

Methods: Data were from Eurobarometer 72.3–2009, a cross-sectional survey of 27 European countries. The analyses were conducted in 2016. The main sections of the survey included questions pertaining to sociodemographic factors, health-related behaviours, and use of services. In this study, those aged 18 years and older were included. We selected five health-related behaviours, namely smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, frequent fresh fruit consumption, physical activity and dental check-ups. Socioeconomic position was indicated by education, subjective social status and difficulty in paying bills. Latent class analysis was conducted to explore the clusters of these five behaviours. Multinomial logistic regression model was used to examine the relationships between the clusters and socioeconomic positions adjusting for age, gender, marital status and urbanisation.

Results: The eligible total population was 23,842. Latent class analysis identified three clusters; healthy, moderate and risky clusters in this European population. Individuals with the lowest socioeconomic position were more likely to have risky and moderate clusters than healthy cluster compared to those with the highest socioeconomic position.

Conclusions: There were clear socioeconomic gradients in clusters of health-related behaviours. The findings highlight the importance of adopting interventions that address multiple health risk behaviours and policies that tackle the social determinants of health-related behaviours.

У статті досліджується інтеграція в загальносвітову систему правового регулювання праці, яка передає іншим країнам власний нормотворчий і практичний досвід в трудовій сфері. Відстежується звільнення трудового права від застарілих і неефективних конструкцій, запозичення в міру необхідності різноманітних концепцій в теорії і практиці різних регіонів світу. Демонструється адаптація їх до внутрішньодержавних особливостей і потреб на сучасному етапі. Зазначається, що завдяки Європейському трудовому праву створено збірник модельних правових норм. ; In the article the integration into the general world system of the legal regulation of labor which conveys to other countries its own normative and practical experience in the labor sphere has been investigated. The deliverance of the labor law from the constructions becoming obsolete and inefficient, borrowing when the necessity arises of numerous concepts in the theory and practice of the world different regions has been tracked. The adaptation of them to the peculiarities and needs within the state at the present day stage has been demonstrated. It is noted that, thanks to the European Labor Law, the collection of model legal norms, the creative application of which is a prerequisite for the development and improvement of any national system of international labor law has been created and it is made an attempt to bring to conformity the general civilized requirements. The formation of the European Union labor law under the influence of conceptual constructions and practices inherent to the national legal systems of member states and international law has been shown. Their transformation and use, taking into account the goals, tasks and the necessity of the most effective solution of the problems related to their jurisdiction, have been analyzed. The law of the European Union, being integrated by character, introduces the uniform standards of conduct for citizens and organizations in many spheres of their lives, thereby laying the legal foundations for creation of "as much as possible the closest union of the peoples of Europe". In the norms of the given legal system, the principles of the single internal market and the legal regime of the single currency (euro), the status of the institutions (the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, etc.) and legal entities, a single (Schengen) Visa and other persons have been enshrined.

AbstractThe aim of the study is a cross‐industry, comparative assessment of the environmental and economic performance of companies listed on the regulated markets of the European Union. The research covers 10 industries between 2011 and 2020 using data from the Refinitiv Eikon database. The initial research sample covered almost 21,000 public companies listed on 27 European stock exchanges. We assumed that enterprises with above‐average environmental efficiency in a given industry are also highly economically effective. To test effectiveness, we used the non‐parametric data envelopment analysis method. The analysis was conducted with efficiency measures oriented at minimizing inputs and constant return to scale (CRS model). The model includes two economic results (the company's profitability and market value) and selected inputs that reflect the company's environmental performance (energy consumption, water consumption, waste production and CO2 emissions). We found that, contrary to assumptions, companies with a high environmental index do not necessarily achieve the highest economic performance, and differences across industries exist.

We study two policies that are key to shaping the institutional environment and that can therefore influence banks' behaviour, namely monetary and macroprudential policies.In the first Chapter, we evidence the existence of the bank risk-taking channel of (un)conventional monetary policy in Europe. We show that the latter is nonlinear, i.e., the effects of monetary policy interest rates (the total assets on the balance sheet of central banks) on banking risk are stronger below (above) a certain threshold.The second Chapter mainly explores the nexus between the low interest rate environment and bank profitability. Our findings suggest that monetary policy's main instrument adversely affects net interest margins, but its effect on overall profitability is unclear. Nevertheless, when policy interest rates are particularly low, it seems that European banks succeed in increasing their profitability despite a compression of their net interest income.In the third Chapter, we examine the role of macroprudential tools in a turbulent institutional environment. The outbreak of the COVID-19 is likely to worsen households' and businesses' capacity to pay off their debt. The Chapter bridges the gap between the flexible use of macroprudential tools and their yet unknown effects in the event of a shock to risk premia of mortgages and corporate loans. Both our empirical and theoretical models corroborate that an ease scenario of macroprudential policy allows mitigating the adverse effects stemming from such a shock. In particular, the DSGE model shows preference for relaxing the Loan-to-Value ratio over the Capital Requirement Ratio. ; Nous étudions deux politiques jouant un rôle clé dans l'évolution et la métamorphose du cadre institutionnel et qui sont donc à même d'influencer le comportement des banques, à savoir la politique monétaire et la politique macroprudentielle.Dans le premier chapitre, nous mettons en évidence l'existence du canal de la prise de risque bancaire de la politique monétaire (non)conventionnelle en Europe. ...

The major electricity companies (the 'majors') in Europe have not recovered from a significant decline in their combined market value that began in early 2008. If the causes are structural, as argued here, these companies may be unable or unwilling to finance the investments required to meet the EU policy goals of energy security, environmental sustainability, and acceptable costs. This research paper by David Robinson argues that the problems facing the European majors reflect a 'scissors effect', which has two interpretations. On the one hand, it is a dynamic process whereby certain revenue streams fall, while costs rise, literally cutting profitability. The scissors metaphor extends to a second interpretation: that profitability is being hit – or will be soon – both upstream and downstream. The paper emphasizes underlying structural trends (stagnant demand, decarbonization and more active consumer participation) and government intervention as causes of the scissors effect. Although the structural trends seem now to be irreversible, the future of the sector still depends importantly on government decisions. This paper argues that current electricity regulations and market design are unsustainable. To address this, it is necessary to clarify the respective roles of government and markets and to design regulations and markets for a decarbonized electricity model and for the transition to the new model. Where markets do have a role to play, it is essential that they be left to play that role. The proposal draws on the original spirit of liberalization, but reflects the importance of decarbonization and the technological changes that make active consumer participation in electricity markets a reality. While the majors have to rethink corporate and regulatory strategy, their first priority should be to engage in the debate about the future role of government and competitive markets.

This article seeks to explain the increase in the German Green party votes in 2019 European elections through the East-West cleavage. Using the 2018 German General Social Survey data, it identifies and compares the Green Party electorate in both regions in terms of conventional and supposed determinants of Green voting. Results of the multivariate analysis equally support both models, indicating left-wing voters as the main source of the Greens' electoral gains across Germany. However, while in the East the Greens were supported primarily by the electorate of the Social Democratic party dissatisfied with the activity of this party, Western Germans exhibited a trend of left-leaning voters' backlash against the rise of the radical right party Alternative for Germany through Green voting. This realignment is explicated by the persistent specifics of German regional party politics combined with intrinsic value distinctions of their dwellers, and recent shifts in party-voters ties.

Since mid-November 2019, when the first SARS-CoV-2-infected patient was officially reported, the new coronavirus has affected over 10 million people from which half a million died during this short period. There is an urgent need to monitor, predict, and restrict COVID-19 in a more efficient manner. This is why Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models have been developed and used to predict the epidemiological trend of COVID-19 in Ukraine, Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, USA, Brazil, and India, these last three countries being otherwise the most affected presently. To increase accuracy, the daily prevalence data of COVID-19 from 10 March 2020 to 10 July 2020 were collected from the official website of the Romanian Government GOV.RO, World Health Organization (WHO), and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) websites. Several ARIMA models were formulated with different ARIMA parameters. ARIMA (1, 1, 0), ARIMA (3, 2, 2), ARIMA (3, 2, 2), ARIMA (3, 1, 1), ARIMA (1, 0, 3), ARIMA (1, 2, 0), ARIMA (1, 1, 0), ARIMA (0, 2, 1), and ARIMA (0, 2, 0) models were chosen as the best models, depending on their lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values for Ukraine, Romania, the Republic of Moldova, Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, USA, Brazil, and India (4.70244, 1.40016, 2.76751, 2.16733, 2.98154, 2.11239, 3.21569, 4.10596, 2.78051). This study demonstrates that ARIMA models are suitable for making predictions during the current crisis and offers an idea of the epidemiological stage of these regions.

Consumer confidence is considered as one of the main indicators predicting fluctuations of business cycles, while convergence of features of consumer confidence may reflect convergence of main economic indicators and actual consumer behaviour. In dissertation, convergence is assessed in terms of structure of the impact of consumer confidence factors. The structure of the impact of consumer confidence factors is identified using adapted method of econometric decomposition, while the convergence of the structure of the impact of consumer confidence factors is assessed in the context of core-periphery model, using cluster analysis. In dissertation, groups (clusters) of countries, which share similar structure of the impact of consumer confidence factors, are identified and analysed by their dynamics. Analysis of identified clusters dynamics is used to identify steady states of convergence (or, as author define them, the "core" countries) and to assess intensity of convergence of every EU member state towards identified "core" countries in the barely covered field of consumer confidence. EU countries, in regard of convergence of the structure of the impact of consumer confidence factors, are grouped into categories of "the core", countries of a single steady state, and "periphery", in line with the concept of Krugman's core-periphery model. ; Vartotojų ekonominiai lūkesčiai makroekonominiu lygmeniu laikomi vienu svarbiausių veiksnių, turinčių įtakos verslo ciklo svyravimams, o vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių ypatybių konvergavimo procesas gali rodyti šalių pagrindinių ekonominių rodiklių, realios vartotojų elgsenos konvergenciją. Disertacijoje konvergavimo procesas vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių srityje vertinamas per vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių veiksnių poveikio struktūrą. Vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių veiksnių poveikio struktūra nustatoma taikant adaptuotą ekonometrinį dekompozicijos metodą, o vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių veiksnių poveikio struktūros konvergavimas vertinamas centro-periferijos modelio kontekste, pasitelkiant klasterinės analizės metodą. Disertacijoje identifikuotos panašia vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių veiksnių poveikio struktūra pasižyminčių šalių grupės (klasteriai) ir jų dinamika, kurios pagrindu nustatytos konvergencijos pusiausvyros ("centro") valstybės ir įvertintas likusių valstybių konvergavimo intensyvumas "centro" valstybių link iki šiol per mažai tirtoje vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių srityje. ES valstybės vartotojų ekonominių lūkesčių veiksnių poveikio struktūros konvergavimo aspektu suskirstytos į "centro", stabilios pusiausvyros ir "periferijos" valstybių kategorijas, atitinkančias Krugman centro-periferijos modelio koncepciją. ; Ekonomikos ir vadybos fakultetas ; Ekonomikos katedra

The paper's main objective is to analyze the collective bargaining response in terms of internal flexibility during the Great Recession (GR) in five EU countries (Spain, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom), and three economic sectors (industry, commerce and hospitality, and financial services and real estate), at the establishment level (ECS2013 database). The theoretical framework used is linked to the varieties of unionism. Using a descriptive statistical analysis and a probit model, this paper presents new evidences. However, the responses were heterogeneous between countries and sectors, the use of internal functional flexibility has been more intense than the numerical and salary internal flexibility. Moreover, it is related to the intensity of GR. These results, in general, while requiring a more detailed analysis of the effects of the GR on internal flexibility in the EU countries, contribute to introducing a new perspective in the socioeconomic literature about the collective bargaining and internal flexibility

The paper's main objective is to analyze the collective bargaining response in terms of internal flexibility during the Great Recession (GR) in five EU countries (Spain, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom), and three economic sectors (industry, commerce and hospitality, and financial services and real estate), at the establishment level (ECS2013 database). The theoretical frame-work used is linked to the varieties of unionism. Using a descriptive statistical analysis and a probit model, this paper presents new evidences. However, the responses were heterogeneous between countries and sectors, the use of internal functional flexibility has been more intense than the numerical and salary internal flexibility. Moreover, it is related to the intensity of GR. These results, in general, while requiring a more detailed analysis of the effects of the GR on internal flexibility in the EU countries, contribute to introducing a new perspective in the socioeconomic literature about the collective bargaining and internal flexibility.

Abstract Background: The present study aims to estimate childhood overweight and obesity prevalence and their association with individual and population-level correlates in Eastern and Western European countries. Methods: Data were obtained from the School Children Mental Health in Europe, a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Turkey. The sample consists of 5,206 school children aged 6 to 11 years old. Information on socio-demographics, children's height and weight, life-style and parental attitude were reported by the mothers. Country-level indicators were obtained through several data banks. Overweight and obesity in children were calculated according to the international age and gender-specific child Body Mass Index cut-off points. Multivariable logistic regression models included socio-demographic, lifestyle, mothers' attitude, and country-level indicators to examine the correlates of overweight. Results: Overall prevalence was 15.6% (95% CI = 19.3-21.7%) for overweight and 4.9% (95% CI = 4.3-5.6%) for obesity. In overweight (including obesity), Romanian children had the highest prevalence (31.4%, 95% CI = 28.1-34.6%) and Italian the lowest (10.4%, 95% CI = 8.1-12.6%). Models in the pooled sample showed that being younger (aOR = 0.93, 95% = CI 0.87-0.97), male (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07-1.43), an only child (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.07-1.84), spending more hours per week watching TV (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI =1.002-1.03), and living in an Eastern Country were associated with greater risk of childhood overweight (including obesity). The same predictors were significantly associated with childhood overweight in the model conducted in the Eastern region, but not in the West. Higher Gross Domestic Product and Real Domestic Product, greater number of motor and passenger vehicles, higher percentage of energy available from fat, and more public sector expenditure on health were also associated with lower risk for childhood overweight after adjusting for covariables in the pooled sample and in the east of Europe, but not in the West. Conclusions: Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in school children is still high, especially in Eastern regions, with some socio-demographic factors and life-styles associated with being overweight. It is also in the Eastern region itself where better macro-economic indicators are related with lower rates of childhood overweight. This represents a public health concern that deserves special attention in those countries undertaking economic and political transitions.

Purpose Several models are available in the literature to estimate agricultural emissions. From life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective, there is no standardized procedure for estimating emissions of nitrogen or other nutrients. This article aims to compare four agricultural models (PEF, SALCA, Daisy and Animo) with different complexity levels and test their suitability and sensitivity in LCA. Methods Required input data, obtained outputs, and main characteristics of the models are presented. Then, the performance of the models was evaluated according to their potential feasibility to be used in estimating nitrogen emissions in LCA using an adapted version of the criteria proposed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and other relevant studies, to judge their suitability in LCA. Finally, nitrogen emissions from a case study of irrigated maize in Spain were estimated using the selected models and were tested in a full LCA to characterize the impacts. Results and discussion According to the set of criteria, the models scored, from best to worst: Daisy (77%), SALCA (74%), Animo (72%) and PEF (70%), being Daisy the most suitable model to LCA framework. Regarding the case study, the estimated emissions agreed to literature data for the irrigated corn crop in Spain and the Mediterranean, except N2O emissions. The impact characterization showed differences of up to 56% for the most relevant impact categories when considering nitrogen emissions. Additionally, an overview of the models used to estimate nitrogen emissions in LCA studies showed that many models have been used, but not always in a suitable or justified manner. Conclusions Although mechanistic models are more laborious, mainly due to the amount of input data required, this study shows that Daisy could be a suitable model to estimate emissions when fertilizer application is relevant for the environmental study. In addition, and due to LCA urgently needing a solid methodology to estimate nitrogen emissions, mechanistic models such as Daisy could be used to estimate default values for different archetype scenarios. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713679 and from the Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV). ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

This research study aims to determine the relationship between the financial failure risk and firm value in lodging companies operating in the European lodging industry. The impact of financial failure risks on firm value in lodging companies is tested with the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) on several econometric models established for the research study. As a result of the analysis, according to the Fulmer H Score, Ohlson Score, and Springate Score models, it is determined that the firm values increase as the financial failure risks of lodging companies decrease. There is a limited number of studies in the finance literature examining the effect of the financial failure of lodging companies on financial performance. In this context, the study tries to reveal the relationship between the risk of financial failure and firm value in lodging companies by contributing to the tourism and finance literature.

The edited book, "Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment", is largely a European contribution to the Ecological Economics. It provides a useful review of 'multifunctionality' as the central attribute of the European Model of Agriculture (EMA) and its applied value to other developing countries. Brouwer introduces the book (in Chapter 1) with a premise that jointly with food and fibre, the European farmers also produce 'public goods' such as landscapes and biodiversity management, cultural heritage, and viable rural communities. He warms up the reader to digest what follows in the book with a quick overview of the market for these positive externalities and strategies for their continuous supply in the European Union's Common Agriculture Policy. This paves the way for rest of the book, which is organised into four parts and seventeen chapters.

Biological samples were stored at the biobanks supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III- FEDER: Parc de Salut MAR Biobank (MARBiobanc) (RD09/0076/00036), 'Biobanco La Fe' (RD 09 0076/00021) and FISABIO Biobank (RD09 0076/00058), as well as at the Public Health Laboratory of Gipuzkoa, the Basque Biobank, the ICOBIOBANC (sponsored by the Catalan Institute of Oncology), the IUOPA Biobank of the University of Oviedo, and the ISCIII Biobank. SNP genotyping services were provided by the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). We thank all the subjects who participated in the study and all MCC-Spain collaborators. This work was supported by the 'Accion Transversal del Cancer', approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-founded by FEDER funds-'a way to build Europe' (grants PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PI09/00773, PI09/01286, PI09/01903, PI09/02078, PI09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/00613, and PI15/00069). Support was also provided by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (grant API 10/09); the Junta de Castilla y Leon (grant LE22A10-2); the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (2009-S0143); the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (grant AP 061/10); the Recercaixa (grant 2010ACUP 00310); the Regional Government of the Basque Country; the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia; European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE; the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; the Catalan Government DURSI (grant 2014SGR647); the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias; the University of Oviedo; Societat Catalana de Digestologia; and COST action BM1206 Eucolongene. ; Ibáñez-Sanz, G., Diéz-Villanueva, A., Alonso, M.H., Rodríguez-Moranta, F., Pérez-Gómez, B., Bustamante, M., Martin, V., Llorca, J., Amiano, P., Ardanaz, E., Tardón, A., Jiménez-Moleón, J.J., Peiró, R., ...