Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the phenomena of custom and customary law in the context of the current legal system of the Republic of Poland. The doctrinal, normative and practical issues of legal validity of custom are studied in various fields of Polish law. The custom has not become an unnecessary throwback in the contemporary world, but continues to interact with relationships, forming customary law and strengthening the legal system. This is evidenced by the current Polish legal reality.The correlation between the exhaustiveness of the directory of sources of law envisaged in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland as well as the actual application of customary norms in legal relations is revealed. Customary regulation of the most important areas of social life can occur even in the face of doubt concerning the validity of customary law. This proves the experience of Poland, where the Constitution does not include custom or legal custom in an exhaustive catalog of sources of law, but it de facto regulates legal relations, is applied by the courts and is recognized by legal science. The positions of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Poland on the legal validity of the custom are clarified.The role of customs in the main fields of Polish law is characterized. Customary rules show their effectiveness in various branches of Polish law – private, public and mixed. Customary norms in the public law of the Republic of Poland (constitutional, administrative, financial and criminal law) are analyzed. The niche of customary regulation in the private law of this state is highlighted. Much attention is paid to the provisions of the Civil Code and other normative legal acts that refer to customs. The peculiarities of customary norms in the mixed fields of Polish law (labor, maritime, environmental and medical law) are revealed.The customary norms palette in Polish law is extensive and very varied. The legal system of the Republic of Poland is filled with customs of different types, forms, levels and spheres, which indicates the multifunctionality of this regulator. The proper institutional conditions for the legal operation of custom were created in the Republic of Poland, as there are organizations that detect customary norms and established practices in the relevant planes, fix them and are empowered to confirm and refute the content of these rules. The Polish example of the functioning of custom in the legal system is cognitive and expedient is to be taken into account in Ukraine and deserves further researches. ; Статтю присвячено феноменам звичаю та звичаєвого права у розрізі сучасної правової системи Республіки Польща. Досліджено доктринальні, нормативні та практичні проблеми юридичної чинності звичаю в різних галузях польського права. Розкрито спів­відношення вичерпності каталогу джерел права, передбаченого в Конституції Рес­публіки Польща, та фактичного застосування звичаєвих норм у найважливіших (правових) відно­си­нах сучасного польського суспільства. З'ясовано позиції Конституційного Суду Республіки Польща стосовно юридичної чинності звичаю.Охарактеризовано роль звичаїв у основних галузях польського права. Проаналізовано звичаєві норми у публічному праві Республіки Польща – конституційному, адміністра­тив­ному, фінансовому та кримінальному. Висвітлено нішу звичаєвого регулювання у при­ват­ному праві цієї держави. Значну увагу звернуто на положення Цивільного кодексу й інших нормативно-правових актів, що відсилають до звичаїв. Виявлено особливості звичаєвих норм у змішаних галузях польського права – трудовому, морському, екологічному та медичному.

.Метою цієї статті є просопографічний аналіз спільноти південноукраїнських істориків другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. Зроблено висновок, що до складу істориків, які працювали на території Південної України в останній період новочасної історії, входили різноманітні за соціальними характеристиками особи. Усіх їх єднав інтерес до історичного пізнання, хоч більшість з них до історії зверталися спорадично та в аматорський спосіб. ; The paper states that in the era of modernization, Southern Ukraine was crucial for the future fate of Ukraine and Eastern Europe, considering its powerful economic and cultural potential and an important geopolitical position. Such issues as historical heritage, historical memory and different visions of the past intensified in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, still remaining relevant nowadays. They reflected social trends and the factors that shaped this development. The processes of interaction between historiographic and social factors are worth a comprehensive reflection, because they have had a constant influence on the fate of Ukraine. The use of these principles is complemented by a number of special historical methods, in particular: searchspecific, cognitive, prosopographic, historical-geographical, problem-chronological, historical-statistical, historicalsystemic, structural-functional, comparative and descriptive. Within the framework of the basic methodological principles, such scientific principles as analysis, synthesis, analogy, abstraction and others were applied in the work, which made it possible to fully disclose the chosen topic in a consistent, logical and complete form. The practical significance of the work is that the factual material which was found, analyzed, thought out and put into scientific circulation as well as the theoretical pronciples of the work can be used in the general studies on the history of culture and education in Ukraine, in the appropriate lecture courses and manuals for secondary and higher education institutions, as well as in further research. It has been found that the source basis of our work consists of sources which were previously more or less studied in the historiography as well as the published ones, among which narrative materials demonstrate the major importance to us. In the paper it is noted that in spite of the declared positivism, the status of prophets and national messiahs prevented the majority of historians from being strictly scientifically objective. For many historians, positivism was only the scientific cutting-edge display behind which they concealed their public and national aspirations, giving greater credibility to their opinions. 168 The historiographical process was a democratic branch that coopted and united around Clio representatives of almost all social, class, professional, etc. groups: priests of different denominations, military, diplomats, teachers, etc. Mainly, the study of history was the prerogative of urban dwellers, but gradually, rural lovers were drawn into the process. Involvement of women in the historiographical process became a notable manifestation of the emancipation of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. As in other regions, there was an organic, and sometimes conflicting symbiosis between history buffs and professionals, and professors were the major part of it. On the whole, having all the features of provincial historiography, the historical thought and science of Southern Ukraine both in the previous and the studied periods, as never before and after, moved from this "status" to system-forming centers

Research in the service of politics? The case of Józef ObrębskiThe paper concentrates on the circumstances of the production of anthropological knowledge, created in a dynamic tension between its cognitive goal and the way it is used for political purposes. It provides an insight into a complex network of conditions (intelectual, institutional, financial, personal, political) which determined the production of knowledge in interwar Poland within the then emerging disciplines of ethnology and sociology, in the scope of what today we would call social anthropology.This case study takes a closer look at Polish anthropologist Józef Obrębski (1905-1967), a close student of Malinowski, whose outstanding achievements remained mostly unpublished and thus never came into existence in the master narrative of the history of our discipline. In the 1930s Obrębski conducted ethnosociological field research in the Polesie region in eastern Poland (nowadays, part of Belarus and Ukraine), which was part of a large scale scientific project of the Commission for Scientific Research of the Eastern Territories. This project, financed by the Polish government and headed by a politician, general Kasprzycki, was supposed to be an efficient tool in the politics of the so called state and national assimilation of the Slavic-speaking ethnic minorities. Obrębski's political views, which were democratic and liberal in character, were opposed to the official political line whereas his functionalist anthropological stance was unacceptable for the mainstream Polish ethnology of the era, still rooted in the positivist paradigm.Anthropological knowledge produced by Obrębski, which we would call today a postcolonial and constructivist approach, began to find recognition only after his death. The biography of this scholar and the story of his "unknown" work, a great example of a non-mainstream phenomenon in a provincial country, makes it easier to reveal undisclosed mechanisms of the system and the thought-collectives of science. Nauka na usługach polityki? Przypadek Józefa ObrębskiegoArtykuł dotyczy uwarunkowań produkcji wiedzy antropologicznej w dynamicznym napięciu między jej celem poznawczym a zastosowaniem do celów politycznych. Przynosi wgląd w złożoną sieć uwarunkowań (intelektualnych, instytucjonalnych, finansowych, personalnych, politycznych) produkcji wiedzy w międzywojennej Polsce, na polu młodych dyscyplin, jakimi były wówczas etnologia i socjologia, polu, które dzisiaj nazywamy antropologią społeczno-kulturową.Bohaterem tego studium przypadku jest polski antropolog Józef Obrębski (1905-1967), bliski uczeń Malinowskiego, którego wybitne prace w większości pozostały nieopublikowane, nie funkcjonują zatem w wielkiej opowieści o historii dyscypliny. W latach 1930. Obrębski prowadził etnosocjologiczne badania terenowe na Polesiu we wschodniej Polsce (region ten dziś należy do Białorusi i Ukrainy), w ramach wdrażanego tam na szeroką skalę programu naukowego Komisji Naukowych Badań Ziem Wschodnich. Projekt ten, finansowany przez polski rząd i kierowany przez polityka, gen. Kasprzyckiego, miał być skutecznym narzędziem polityki asymilacji państwowej i narodowej słowiańskojęzycznych mniejszości etnicznych. Demokratyczne i liberalne poglądy polityczne Obrębskiego były opozycyjne wobec linii politycznej jego mocodawców, zaś stanowisko teoretyczno-metodologiczne, związane z funkcjonalizmem, było z kolei nie do przyjęcia przez polskich etnologów głównego nurtu, przywiązanych do paradygmatu pozytywistycznego.Antropologiczne osiągnięcia Obrębskiego, które dziś sytuujemy w obrębie podejścia postkolonialnego i konstruktywistycznego, zaczęły zyskiwać uznanie dopiero po jego śmierci. Biografia uczonego i dzieje jego "nieznanych" prac, ważny przykład pozamainstreamowego fenomenu w prowincjonalnym kraju, przyczyniają się do poznania nieujawnionych mechanizmów systemu i kolektywów myślowych w nauce.

149 p. ; El presente trabajo muestra la implementación de estrategias que contribuyen a la formación de pensamiento crítico en el área de las ciencias sociales. El objetivo de este estudio es implementar estrategias de enseñanza en los jóvenes del grado noveno de la Institución Educativa El Guayabo, para la formación de pensamiento crítico sobre la historia política de Colombia correspondiente al periodo de la violencia; dado que se trata de estrategias utilizadas basadas en la aplicación de medios de comunicación digitales y físicos, se empleó un enfoque cualitativo, con un método Investigación Acción Participativa, con un alcance descriptivo; se aplicaron estrategias como el video foro, las redes sociales, programas de televisión, formatos digitales como YouTube, lectura de textos y prensa física, para motivar el estudio y comprensión de temas relacionados con la política en el contexto local, regional, nacional e internacional. Se consultaron teóricos y trabajos referenciales sobre formación de pensamiento crítico, historia de Colombia y estrategias de aprendizaje. Las actividades desarrolladas se realizaron de forma grupal, mediante talleres, permitiendo la observación directa de la aplicación de las estrategias mencionadas. En los resultados obtenidos se evidencia un cambio de idea sobre el estudio de la política y la historia, que pasan de ser temas exclusivamente de adultos y además difíciles de entender, a ser temas comprensibles y fáciles de estudiar. En las actividades se muestra creatividad, desarrollo de habilidades comunicativas, sociales y el desarrollo de competencias cognitivas y argumentativas. Las estrategias pueden adaptarse a cualquier contexto; en esta investigación, por las características particulares de la población intervenida, contribuyen a mejorar el proceso de aprendizaje de los educandos, garantizando un aprendizaje significativo, involucrándose y participando en las actividades propuestas en su proceso de formación. ; The present work shows the implementation of strategies that contribute to the formation of critical thinking in the area of social sciences. The objective of this study is to implement teaching strategies in the ninth grade of the El Guayabo Educational Institution for the formation of critical thinking about the political history of Colombia corresponding to the period of violence, the strategies used based on the application of means of digital and physical communication, require a qualitative approach, with a Participatory Action Research method with a descriptive scope, strategies such as video forum, social networks, television programs, YouTube, text reading and physical press were applied to motivate the study and understanding of issues related to politics in the local, regional, national and international context. Theoretical and reference works on critical thinking training, Colombian history and learning strategies were consulted. The activities developed were carried out in groups through workshops allowing direct observation of the application of the mentioned strategies. In the results obtained there is evidence of a change of mind about the study of politics and history, it goes from being topics for adults and difficult to understand, to understandable topics and easy to study. In the activities, creativity, development of communicative and social skills and the development of cognitive and argumentative skills are shown. The strategies can be adapted in any context, in this research by the characterization of the population they contribute to improve the learning process of the students, guaranteeing a meaningful learning, getting involved and participating in the activities proposed in their training process.

Importance: Associations between childhood infection, IQ, and adult nonaffective psychosis (NAP) are well established. However, examination of sensitive periods for exposure, effect of familial confounding, and whether IQ provides a link between childhood infection and adult NAP may elucidate pathogenesis of psychosis further. Objectives: To test the association of childhood infection with IQ and adult NAP, to find whether shared familial confounding explains the infection-NAP and IQ-NAP associations, and to examine whether IQ mediates and/or moderates the childhood infection-NAP association. Design, Setting, and Participants: Population-based longitudinal cohort study using linkage of Swedish national registers. The risk set included all Swedish men born between 1973 and 1992 and conscripted into the military until the end of 2010 (n = 771 698). We included 647 515 participants in the analysis. Measurement of Exposures: Hospitalization with any infection from birth to age 13 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hospitalization with an International Classification of Diseases diagnosis of NAP until the end of 2011. At conscription around age 18 years, IQ was assessed for all participants. Results: At the end of follow-up, the mean (SD) age of participants was 30.73 (5.3) years. Exposure to infections, particularly in early childhood, was associated with lower IQ (adjusted mean difference for infection at birth to age 1 year: -1.61; 95% CI, -1.74 to -1.47) and with increased risk of adult NAP (adjusted hazard ratio for infection at birth to age 1 year: 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.33). There was a linear association between lower premorbid IQ and adult NAP, which persisted after excluding prodromal cases (adjusted hazard ratio per 1-point increase in IQ: 0.976; 95% CI, 0.974 to 0.978). The infection-NAP and IQ-NAP associations were similar in the general population and in full-sibling pairs discordant for exposure. The association between infection and NAP was both moderated (multiplicative, β = .006; SE = 0.002; P = .02 and additive, β = .008; SE = 0.002; P = .001) and mediated (β = .028; SE = 0.002; P < .001) by IQ. Childhood infection had a greater association with NAP risk in the lower, compared with higher, IQ range. Conclusions and Relevance: Early childhood is a sensitive period for the effects of infection on IQ and NAP. The associations of adult NAP with early-childhood infection and adolescent IQ are not fully explained by shared familial factors and may be causal. Lower premorbid IQ in individuals with psychosis arises from unique environmental factors, such as early-childhood infection. Early-childhood infections may increase the risk of NAP by affecting neurodevelopment and by exaggerating the association of cognitive vulnerability with psychosis. ; Dr Khandaker is supported by an Intermediate Clinical Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (201486/Z/16/Z) and a Clinical Lecturer Starter Grant from the Academy of Medical Sciences, UK (80354). Dr Jones reports having grant support from the Wellcome Trust (095844/Z/11/Z and 088869/Z/09/Z) and from the National Institute for Health Research: RP-PG-0616-20003, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England. Dr Dalman reports grant support from the Swedish Research Council. Dr Karlsson reports grant support from the Stanley Medical Research Institute.

NPS NRP Executive Summary ; Project Summary: The project concerns two concepts for naval warfighting: common tactical air picture (CTAP) and combat identification (CID). The CTAP process collects, processes, and analyzes data from a vast network of sensors, platforms, and decision makers and provides situational awareness to air warfare decision makers in a kill chain process. The CID process locates and labels critical airborne objects (as friendly, hostile, or neutral) with high precision and efficiency based on a CTAP as part of the core kill chain process. The existing methods of CTAP and CID involve wide ranges of participating platforms, such as destroyers, cruisers, carriers, fighter attack aircraft and tactical airborne early warning aircraft; participating sensors, such as Radar, Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR), Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), Precision Participation Location Identifier (PPLI), and National Technical Means (NTM); and Participating Networks and Systems, such as the Aegis combat system, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC), and Link-16. CID is notoriously a very difficult function, often more art than science process is still very manual, and decision makers can experience cognitive overload, so analytics is just one aspect of CID. Challenges in the CID process include (1) extremely short time for fusion, decision-making, and targeting; (2) uncertain and/or missing data outside sensor (e.g. radar, radio) ranges; (3) manual decision-making; (4) heterogeneous data sources for fusion and decision-making; and (5) multiple decision-makers in the loop. The CTAP and CID problems can be seen as both Big Data and no data. On one hand, the data used for CID comes from a combination of massively cooperative and non-cooperative sensors, organic sensors, and non-sensor information (where, typically, each sensor collects certain attributes). The big CID data then needs to be fused over time and space since they are collected in a distributed fashion. On the other hand, adversaries often conceal and change their true intentions, therefore rare or no data are observed for analyzing anomalous and adversarial behavior. Therefore, the CTAP, CID, and kill chain problems are challenging application areas for analytic, machine learning (ML), or artificial intelligence (AI) methods. n the past, we demonstrated that Big Data techniques and deep analytics can provide potentially useful information assisting the CTAP and CID. Big Data (BD) techniques allow the distributed acquisition and fusion of disparate and crucial combat data in real-time or near real-time. This year, we made advancements as follows: - We investigated specifically the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)'s Big Data Platform (BDP). BDP is designed for real time processing of Big Data beginning at ingestion and ultimately presenting useful data visualizations that may alert decision makers for anomalies. - We analyzed the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B functions with Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite, rather than radar technology, more accurately observe and track air traffic. Aircraft equipped with an ADS-B Out transmitter sends position, altitude, heading, that relays the information to air traffic controllers and other aircraft. Our work in progress applies various Big Data, and deep learning including ML/AI tools to predict if a flight is commercial or military. ; OPNAV N2/N6 CID ; NPS Naval Research Program ; NPS-18-N193-A ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The article is not about "wrong" or, to the contrary, "correct" approaches: explanation, interpretations, understanding are absolutely necessary cognitive acts, without which any adequate study of Dostoyevsky seems impossible. However, these are fundamentally different mindsets that actualize various vectors of researchers' attention. An explanation of "Crime and Punishment" is impossible without an actual historical, as well as a textological, commentary. This is precisely the area where one may talk about a significant progress in the study of Dostoyevsky's novel. It is not surprising, since explanation is the closest to the mindset of so-called "natural sciences" (W. Dilthey), with its declared "objectivity" (a mindset for non-subjectivity) as if protecting from the subjective distortions in one's discipline. At the same time, one or the other interpretation of "Crime and Punishment" are inseparable from historically changing and sometimes drastically diverging – methodologically, culturally, politically, aesthetically – mindsets of interpreters of Dostoyevsky's text. At times, readers' "drifting" (R. Barthes) in such a text may result in interesting findings, however, it often leads researchers beyond the limits of adequate readings, which I define as the "spectrum of adequacy". Finally, the third version of researchers' "examination" of Dostoyevsky's novel is a personal understanding of it, in one way or another included within the "spectrum of adequacy". These mismatching but equally adequate in respect to Dostoyevsky's intentions acts of researchers' understanding are impossible without an axiological concord between the understanding mind and the writer's dominant mindset. While Dostoyevsky predetermines the direction of readers' receptions, he does not direct each of the reader's (and therefore, researcher's) receptions, providing them with a certain freedom of choice, within which they are allowed to make decisions at their discretion. ; В статье речь идет не об «ошибочных» или, напротив того, «правильных» подходах: объяснение, интерпретации, понимание являются абсолютно необходимыми познавательными актами, без которых любое адекватное изучение Достоевского представляется мне невозможным. Однако это все-таки принципиально отличающиеся установки, актуализирующие различные векторы исследовательского внимания. Объяснение «Преступления и Наказания» невозможно без реально-исторического, а также текстологического комментария. Именно в этой сфере можно говорить о значительном прогрессе в изучении романа Достоевского. Это и неудивительно, поскольку как раз объяснение ближе всего к методологическим постулатам так называемых «наук о природе» (В. Дильтей), с их декларируемой «объективностью» (установкой на бессубъектность) как будто гарантирующей от субъективистских искажений своего предмета. Тогда как те или иные интерпретации «Преступления и Наказания» неотделимы от исторически изменчивых и порой резко расходящихся – методологически, культурно, политически, эстетически - установок самих истолкователей текста Достоевского. «Дрейфование» читателей (Р. Барт) по этому тексту порой приводит к интересным результатам, однако же оно зачастую выводит исследователей за пределы той совокупности адекватных прочтений, которые я определяю понятием «спектра адекватности». Наконец, третий вариант исследовательского «освоения» романа Достоевского представляет собой то или иное его личностное понимание, так или иначе входящее в «спектр адекватности». Эти несовпадающие друг с другом, однако в равной мере адекватные художественным интенциям Достоевского акты исследовательского понимания невозможны без аксиологического созвучия понимающего сознания доминантным установкам писателя. Вместе с тем Достоевский хотя и предопределяет вектор читательских рецепций, но отнюдь не направляет непременно каждую рецепцию читателя (значит, и литературоведа), предоставляя тому некую свободу выбора, в пределах которой тот волен принимать решения по своему усмотрению.

Представлен анализ текстовой реализации речевой агрессии посредством стратегии дискредитации и стратегии манипулирования в политическом дискурсе на материале англоязычных средств массовой информации: газет «The Guardian», «USA Today», «The New York Times», «The Washington Post», «The Washington Times». Актуальность исследования изучение проблемы речевого воздействия и использования языка как одного из наиболее сильных средств влияния через медиатексты практически во всех сферах современного общества: в спорте, науке, политике, образовании, бизнесе, военной сфере и др. В ходе реализации поставленной цели с помощью методов дискурсивного и когнитивного анализа выявляются стратегии дискредитации и манипуляции, направленные на передачу информации о негативной оценке оппонента в средствах массовой информации, которые, в свою очередь, реализуются на речевом и текстовом уровне через коммуникативные ходы и тактики. Стратегия дискредитации реализуется в тактиках обвинения, оскорбления и насмешки. Манипулятивная же стратегия проявляется в тактиках переакцентуации, подмены целей, надевания маски, трансформации ситуации, игры мотивом. Выявленные в ходе анализа языковые средства, вербализирующие указанные стратегии и тактики, создают образ России в сознании читателя, это образ авторитарной страны-агрессора, создающего потенциальную угрозу в мире. Анализ выявленных тактик стратегии дискредитации показывает, что наиболее распространенной является тактика обвинения, которая дает негативную оценку объекта, но не пытается унизить или задеть чувства дискредитируемого. Анализируется заголовок наиболее яркой статьи Джеда Баббина «The Davy Crockett solution to Putin» из американской газеты «The Washington Times», выявляется, что в реализации речевой агрессии немаловажную роль играет оценочный фон, создаваемый заголовком политической статьи. ; The aim of the article is to analyse the implementing the verbal aggression by means of the strategies of discredit and manipulation in a political discourse in the English language mass-media newspapers The Guardian, USA Today, The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Washington Times. The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of the problem of speech influence and the use of the language as one of the most powerful means of influence through the media in all spheres of modern society in sports, science, politics, education, business, the military and others. Using methods of discourse and cognitive analysis the authors of the article identify communication tactics and ways that help to implement the discredit and manipulation strategies conveying negative assessment of an opponent to mass-media audience within the scope denoted by the article. The discredit strategy is implemented in the tactics of prosecution, insults and ridicule. The manipulative strategy manifests itself in the tactics of re-accentuation, purpose substitution, masking, situation transforming, and the game in motif. The analyzed language means that verbalization of the identified strategies and tactics create a certain image of Russia in the readers' mind. This image is an image of authoritarian aggressive country, creating a potential threat to the world. On the basis of the tactics study of discredit strategy one can conclude that the most common tactics is that of accusation. It gives a negative assessment of the discredited object without humiliating or hurting a subject's feelings. The article also analyzes the headline of the most striking article by Jed Babbin "The Davy Crockett solution to Putin" in American newspaper The Washington Times. It is revealed that in the process of implementation of verbal aggression the estimated background, created by a the headline of a political article, plays a significant role.

Wkład PIG w rozwj gospodarki narodowej wyraża się odkryciami kopalin użytecznych, ktre są podstawą rżnych gałęzi przemysłu, oraz wieloma osiągnięciami w zakresie badań hydrogeologicznych i geologiczno-inżynierskich. Do najważniejszych osiągnięć należą odkrycia unikatowych w skali światowej złoż: rud miedzi koło Lubina, siarki rodzimej kolo Tarnobrzega, lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego, a także wielu złż: węgla brunatnego, soli kamiennej, polihalitw, cynku i ołowiu, tytanomagnetytw z wanadem, kaolinu, barytu i dużej ilości złż kopalin skalnych. Baza surowcowa Polski opiera się na kopalinach użytecznych umiejscowionych w ponad 4200 złożach o łącznych zasobach powyżej 205 mld t. Na podstawie wartości wydobywanych surowcw mineralnych omwiono pozycję Polski wśrd krajw dysponujących własnymi surowcami mineralnymi.SHARE OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMICSDuring its 70 years of existence the State Geological institute has carried through the studies of a geological structure of the country to create the basis for exploration, exploitation and conservation of deposits and underground waters, and also for investigations of engineering-geological conditions. A harmonic development of the natural-cognitive assemblage of the Earth sciences connected with app lied and economic geology what is due to statutory foundations, ensures in suitable means for investigations and is a main factor that enables to receive good results of geological exploration works. A share of the institute in development of national economics is expressed by discoveries of deposits of mineral resources that form the basis for development of numerous industrial branches. Results of hydrogeological regional studies and investigations of restoration of underground water resources form also a very important achievement. These works gain a particular significance against common ecological impendency of waters. During reconstructing works and development of the country after the war, engineering-geological studies for large industrial objects as steelworks, electric power stations and hydrotechnical constructions have been of great importance.The most important achievements include unique in the world discoveries of copper ore deposits in the Lubin area, of native sulphur near Tarnobrzeg, of the Lublin Coal Basin and also of numerous deposits of brown coal, mine salt, polyhalites, zinc of numerous deposits of brown coal, mine salt, polyhalites, zinc and lead, titanomagnetites with vanadium, kaolin, barite and abundant deposits of rock materials. A resources basis of Poland is based on mineral raw materials located in over 4200 deposits, total resources of which exceed 205 mld tons. The analysis of values of exploited mineral products being subjected to international exchange proves that a total production value of the country constitutes 1% of the total world production and there-fore, Poland occupies the 22nd place in the world and 5th place in Europe. Abundance of the country in mineral products is larger than results from evaluation of the outpit as many resources (e.g. potash salts, some metal or chemical deposits) are not exploited. In spite of undoubted rich raw resources of Poland there are no sufficient deposits of natural oil and gas. These two products are the most valuable in the world production. If energetic resources are not taken into account (therefore also of the Polish hard and brown coals), then the value of the production of mineral resources puts our country at the 11th place in the world and the first one in Europe. A role played by the State Geological Institute in a discovery of these resources is undoubtful.

The three papers that form this thesis are about higher education. It question 3 fact that are considered commmon wisdom. The first chapter analysis the importance of credit constraints on college enrollment, the scecond chapter analyses the effects of acces to credit market to survive in college education and the third analyses the effects of higer education on civic participation. The first paper re analyse the comon wisdom thta stablish that credit access do not matter to make distintions among studetn in enrillment.The three aspect are related with market failures in the market of education. The first 2 indicates that the access to credit markets are key determinent of the enrollment gap observed in many countries. Befiore these paper the common wisdom mainly driven from evidence from the united States indicated that the enrollment gap iss minaly driven by family characteristics and ability. That access to credit market if they do not exist did not play any relevant role determining who enter into higher education.The third paper points to another market failure. the presence of externatilities. I feducation have externalities therefore justify the government intervention to increase the amount of educaiton in the society. contraty to the common wiodom I find that education do not have an externality on civic participation.Does limited access to credit explain some of the gap in schooling attainment between children from richer and poorer families? I present new evidence on this important question using data from two loan programs for college students in Chile. Both programs offer loans to students who score above a threshold on the national college admission test, providing the basis for a regression discontinuity evaluation design. I find that students who score just above the cutoff have nearly 20 percentage points higher enrollment than students who score just below the cutoff, which represent a 100% increase in the enrollment rate. Access to the loan program effectively eliminates the family-income gradient in enrollment among students with similar test scores. Moreover, access to loans also leads to higher enrollment in the second and third years of college, and lower dropout rates. These findings suggest that differential access to credit is an important factor behind the intergenerational transmission of income. The relationship between education and political participation is one of the strongest relationships in political sciences. Nevertheless, recently some papers have suggested that the relationship is not causal. In this paper I use the eligibility criteria for a loan program in Chile, which produces an exogenous variation on higher education to test the causal effects of higher education on registration to vote and affiliation on a political party. I also use the discontinuity on higher education to explore different channels that have been mentioned in the literature as the mechanisms underlying the relation. I instrument higher education, college education and years of education to test the hypothesis that higher cognitive skills cause political participation. I also construct measures of the network quality (proportion of students registered to vote, presenting interest for history, having higher abilities or knowledge of history and language), to test the social network hypothesis, that exposure to better peers allowed by education implies higher participation rates. All the channels explored in the paper indicate that the relation between higher education and political participation is a spurious correlation.

Primero la democracia venezolana, el premio nacional del libro y la visibilidad de educere. Venezuelan democracy first, national book prize and educere's visibility. Rivas, Pedro José Premio nacional del libro de Venezuela 2005. Lo mejor sin exclusiones. Venezuelan national book prize 2005. The best without exclusion. Visitas y consultas en línea a educere en su sitio web. On-line visits and consultations to educere, at its website. Rivas, Pedro José y Torréns Heeren, Rodrigo J. Las ciencias de la educación y didáctica: hermenéutica de una relación culturalmente específica. Education and didactic sciences: the hermeneutics of a culturally specific relation. Zambrano Leal, Armando La educación ambiental: perspectiva histórica de la colonialidad del conocimiento para definir y caracterizar la identidad nacional y la cultura latinoamericana. Environmental education. Historical perspective of knowledge to define and characterize national identity and Latin American culture. Camacho A., Carlos R. El estudiante asperger. Una comprensión desde el enfoque de la alteridad. The asperger student. Understanding from the point of view of alterity. González Silva, Freddy Apuntes sobre la aritmética maya. Notes on mayan arithmetic. Díaz Díaz, Ruy Una mirada a la escuela nueva. A look at the new school. Narváez, Eleazar Los proyectos pedagógicos de aula. Entre el riesgo de perderlo todo o lograr muy poco.Pedagogical classroom projects. Rivas, Pedro José La enseñanza de la literatura: un proceso dialógico. Teaching literature: ¿a dialogical process? Rojas, Alexis del C. Trabajo docente: ¿servicio o fuerza de trabajo? Algunas reflexiones a partir de un ejercicio empírico. Teaching: ¿a service or labor? Some thoughts based on an empirical exercise. Donaire, Ricardo Usos educativos de las TIC, competencias tecnológicas y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios barineses: una perspectiva causal. Educational uses of ICT, technological competencies and academia performance of university students in Barinas: a causal perspective. Godoy R., Carlos E. Los procesos cognitivos y el patrón de interacción verbal en el aula universitaria. Cognitive processes and the verbal interaction process in the university classroom. Lizardo V., Sandra Una mirada a la construcción social de padres y/o representantes lectores: la escuela bolivariana Humberto Tejera. A look at the social construction of reading parents and/or legal guardians in the Humberto Tejera bolivarian school. Peña González, Josefina y Ramírez de Guerrero, Noris La educación bolivariana. Políticas, programa y acciones: "cumpliendo las metas del milenio". Parte II. Bolivarian education. Policies, programs and actions: fulfilling the millennium goals. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La formación del docente para la educación bolivariana. Teacher training for bolivarian education. Girardi, Gilda Seminario venezolano de educación matemática: un semillero universitario de reflexiones, debates, experiencias y propuestas. Mathematic Education Seminar: a university planting ground for thought, debate, experiences and proposals. Rivas, Pedro José Otras miradas hermanas del extranjero sobre el seminario venezolano de educación matemática. Sveduma: fraternal looks from abroad. Balbuena, Luis; Merino, Carlos y Zambrano Leal, Armando Treinta y cinco números definiendo los campos escriturales de una revista académica universitaria. Thirty-five issues that define the writing fields for an academic publication. Rivas, Pedro José; Rojas Ajmad, Diego Augusto; León Salazar, Aníbal; Freddy Parra y Lennis Albornoz La investigación cualitativa etnográfica en educación. Manual teórico-práctico. Rivas Meza, Mario ; 601-610 ; ccamachoa@cantv.net ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico

Primero la democracia venezolana, el premio nacional del libro y la visibilidad de educere. Venezuelan democracy first, national book prize and educere's visibility. Rivas, Pedro José Premio nacional del libro de Venezuela 2005. Lo mejor sin exclusiones. Venezuelan national book prize 2005. The best without exclusion. Visitas y consultas en línea a educere en su sitio web. On-line visits and consultations to educere, at its website. Rivas, Pedro José y Torréns Heeren, Rodrigo J. Las ciencias de la educación y didáctica: hermenéutica de una relación culturalmente específica. Education and didactic sciences: the hermeneutics of a culturally specific relation. Zambrano Leal, Armando La educación ambiental: perspectiva histórica de la colonialidad del conocimiento para definir y caracterizar la identidad nacional y la cultura latinoamericana. Environmental education. Historical perspective of knowledge to define and characterize national identity and Latin American culture. Camacho A., Carlos R. El estudiante asperger. Una comprensión desde el enfoque de la alteridad. The asperger student. Understanding from the point of view of alterity. González Silva, Freddy Apuntes sobre la aritmética maya. Notes on mayan arithmetic. Díaz Díaz, Ruy Una mirada a la escuela nueva. A look at the new school. Narváez, Eleazar Los proyectos pedagógicos de aula. Entre el riesgo de perderlo todo o lograr muy poco.Pedagogical classroom projects. Rivas, Pedro José La enseñanza de la literatura: un proceso dialógico. Teaching literature: ¿a dialogical process? Rojas, Alexis del C. Trabajo docente: ¿servicio o fuerza de trabajo? Algunas reflexiones a partir de un ejercicio empírico. Teaching: ¿a service or labor? Some thoughts based on an empirical exercise. Donaire, Ricardo Usos educativos de las TIC, competencias tecnológicas y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios barineses: una perspectiva causal. Educational uses of ICT, technological competencies and academia performance of university students in Barinas: a causal perspective. Godoy R., Carlos E. Los procesos cognitivos y el patrón de interacción verbal en el aula universitaria. Cognitive processes and the verbal interaction process in the university classroom. Lizardo V., Sandra Una mirada a la construcción social de padres y/o representantes lectores: la escuela bolivariana Humberto Tejera. A look at the social construction of reading parents and/or legal guardians in the Humberto Tejera bolivarian school. Peña González, Josefina y Ramírez de Guerrero, Noris La educación bolivariana. Políticas, programa y acciones: "cumpliendo las metas del milenio". Parte II. Bolivarian education. Policies, programs and actions: fulfilling the millennium goals. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La formación del docente para la educación bolivariana. Teacher training for bolivarian education. Girardi, Gilda Seminario venezolano de educación matemática: un semillero universitario de reflexiones, debates, experiencias y propuestas. Mathematic Education Seminar: a university planting ground for thought, debate, experiences and proposals. Rivas, Pedro José Otras miradas hermanas del extranjero sobre el seminario venezolano de educación matemática. Sveduma: fraternal looks from abroad. Balbuena, Luis; Merino, Carlos y Zambrano Leal, Armando Treinta y cinco números definiendo los campos escriturales de una revista académica universitaria. Thirty-five issues that define the writing fields for an academic publication. Rivas, Pedro José; Rojas Ajmad, Diego Augusto; León Salazar, Aníbal; Freddy Parra y Lennis Albornoz La investigación cualitativa etnográfica en educación. Manual teórico-práctico. Rivas Meza, Mario ; 581-584 ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico

Primero la democracia venezolana, el premio nacional del libro y la visibilidad de educere. Venezuelan democracy first, national book prize and educere's visibility. Rivas, Pedro José Premio nacional del libro de Venezuela 2005. Lo mejor sin exclusiones. Venezuelan national book prize 2005. The best without exclusion. Visitas y consultas en línea a educere en su sitio web. On-line visits and consultations to educere, at its website. Rivas, Pedro José y Torréns Heeren, Rodrigo J. Las ciencias de la educación y didáctica: hermenéutica de una relación culturalmente específica. Education and didactic sciences: the hermeneutics of a culturally specific relation. Zambrano Leal, Armando La educación ambiental: perspectiva histórica de la colonialidad del conocimiento para definir y caracterizar la identidad nacional y la cultura latinoamericana. Environmental education. Historical perspective of knowledge to define and characterize national identity and Latin American culture. Camacho A., Carlos R. El estudiante asperger. Una comprensión desde el enfoque de la alteridad. The asperger student. Understanding from the point of view of alterity. González Silva, Freddy Apuntes sobre la aritmética maya. Notes on mayan arithmetic. Díaz Díaz, Ruy Una mirada a la escuela nueva. A look at the new school. Narváez, Eleazar Los proyectos pedagógicos de aula. Entre el riesgo de perderlo todo o lograr muy poco.Pedagogical classroom projects. Rivas, Pedro José La enseñanza de la literatura: un proceso dialógico. Teaching literature: ¿a dialogical process? Rojas, Alexis del C. Trabajo docente: ¿servicio o fuerza de trabajo? Algunas reflexiones a partir de un ejercicio empírico. Teaching: ¿a service or labor? Some thoughts based on an empirical exercise. Donaire, Ricardo Usos educativos de las TIC, competencias tecnológicas y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios barineses: una perspectiva causal. Educational uses of ICT, technological competencies and academia performance of university students in Barinas: a causal perspective. Godoy R., Carlos E. Los procesos cognitivos y el patrón de interacción verbal en el aula universitaria. Cognitive processes and the verbal interaction process in the university classroom. Lizardo V., Sandra Una mirada a la construcción social de padres y/o representantes lectores: la escuela bolivariana Humberto Tejera. A look at the social construction of reading parents and/or legal guardians in the Humberto Tejera bolivarian school. Peña González, Josefina y Ramírez de Guerrero, Noris La educación bolivariana. Políticas, programa y acciones: "cumpliendo las metas del milenio". Parte II. Bolivarian education. Policies, programs and actions: fulfilling the millennium goals. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La formación del docente para la educación bolivariana. Teacher training for bolivarian education. Girardi, Gilda Seminario venezolano de educación matemática: un semillero universitario de reflexiones, debates, experiencias y propuestas. Mathematic Education Seminar: a university planting ground for thought, debate, experiences and proposals. Rivas, Pedro José Otras miradas hermanas del extranjero sobre el seminario venezolano de educación matemática. Sveduma: fraternal looks from abroad. Balbuena, Luis; Merino, Carlos y Zambrano Leal, Armando Treinta y cinco números definiendo los campos escriturales de una revista académica universitaria. Thirty-five issues that define the writing fields for an academic publication. Rivas, Pedro José; Rojas Ajmad, Diego Augusto; León Salazar, Aníbal; Freddy Parra y Lennis Albornoz La investigación cualitativa etnográfica en educación. Manual teórico-práctico. Rivas Meza, Mario ; 679-687 ; finapg@cantv.net ; noyor@hotmail.com ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico

Primero la democracia venezolana, el premio nacional del libro y la visibilidad de educere. Venezuelan democracy first, national book prize and educere's visibility. Rivas, Pedro José Premio nacional del libro de Venezuela 2005. Lo mejor sin exclusiones. Venezuelan national book prize 2005. The best without exclusion. Visitas y consultas en línea a educere en su sitio web. On-line visits and consultations to educere, at its website. Rivas, Pedro José y Torréns Heeren, Rodrigo J. Las ciencias de la educación y didáctica: hermenéutica de una relación culturalmente específica. Education and didactic sciences: the hermeneutics of a culturally specific relation. Zambrano Leal, Armando La educación ambiental: perspectiva histórica de la colonialidad del conocimiento para definir y caracterizar la identidad nacional y la cultura latinoamericana. Environmental education. Historical perspective of knowledge to define and characterize national identity and Latin American culture. Camacho A., Carlos R. El estudiante asperger. Una comprensión desde el enfoque de la alteridad. The asperger student. Understanding from the point of view of alterity. González Silva, Freddy Apuntes sobre la aritmética maya. Notes on mayan arithmetic. Díaz Díaz, Ruy Una mirada a la escuela nueva. A look at the new school. Narváez, Eleazar Los proyectos pedagógicos de aula. Entre el riesgo de perderlo todo o lograr muy poco.Pedagogical classroom projects. Rivas, Pedro José La enseñanza de la literatura: un proceso dialógico. Teaching literature: ¿a dialogical process? Rojas, Alexis del C. Trabajo docente: ¿servicio o fuerza de trabajo? Algunas reflexiones a partir de un ejercicio empírico. Teaching: ¿a service or labor? Some thoughts based on an empirical exercise. Donaire, Ricardo Usos educativos de las TIC, competencias tecnológicas y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios barineses: una perspectiva causal. Educational uses of ICT, technological competencies and academia performance of university students in Barinas: a causal perspective. Godoy R., Carlos E. Los procesos cognitivos y el patrón de interacción verbal en el aula universitaria. Cognitive processes and the verbal interaction process in the university classroom. Lizardo V., Sandra Una mirada a la construcción social de padres y/o representantes lectores: la escuela bolivariana Humberto Tejera. A look at the social construction of reading parents and/or legal guardians in the Humberto Tejera bolivarian school. Peña González, Josefina y Ramírez de Guerrero, Noris La educación bolivariana. Políticas, programa y acciones: "cumpliendo las metas del milenio". Parte II. Bolivarian education. Policies, programs and actions: fulfilling the millennium goals. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La formación del docente para la educación bolivariana. Teacher training for bolivarian education. Girardi, Gilda Seminario venezolano de educación matemática: un semillero universitario de reflexiones, debates, experiencias y propuestas. Mathematic Education Seminar: a university planting ground for thought, debate, experiences and proposals. Rivas, Pedro José Otras miradas hermanas del extranjero sobre el seminario venezolano de educación matemática. Sveduma: fraternal looks from abroad. Balbuena, Luis; Merino, Carlos y Zambrano Leal, Armando Treinta y cinco números definiendo los campos escriturales de una revista académica universitaria. Thirty-five issues that define the writing fields for an academic publication. Rivas, Pedro José; Rojas Ajmad, Diego Augusto; León Salazar, Aníbal; Freddy Parra y Lennis Albornoz La investigación cualitativa etnográfica en educación. Manual teórico-práctico. Rivas Meza, Mario ; 661-670 ; datakey@cantv.net ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico

Primero la democracia venezolana, el premio nacional del libro y la visibilidad de educere. Venezuelan democracy first, national book prize and educere's visibility. Rivas, Pedro José Premio nacional del libro de Venezuela 2005. Lo mejor sin exclusiones. Venezuelan national book prize 2005. The best without exclusion. Visitas y consultas en línea a educere en su sitio web. On-line visits and consultations to educere, at its website. Rivas, Pedro José y Torréns Heeren, Rodrigo J. Las ciencias de la educación y didáctica: hermenéutica de una relación culturalmente específica. Education and didactic sciences: the hermeneutics of a culturally specific relation. Zambrano Leal, Armando La educación ambiental: perspectiva histórica de la colonialidad del conocimiento para definir y caracterizar la identidad nacional y la cultura latinoamericana. Environmental education. Historical perspective of knowledge to define and characterize national identity and Latin American culture. Camacho A., Carlos R. El estudiante asperger. Una comprensión desde el enfoque de la alteridad. The asperger student. Understanding from the point of view of alterity. González Silva, Freddy Apuntes sobre la aritmética maya. Notes on mayan arithmetic. Díaz Díaz, Ruy Una mirada a la escuela nueva. A look at the new school. Narváez, Eleazar Los proyectos pedagógicos de aula. Entre el riesgo de perderlo todo o lograr muy poco.Pedagogical classroom projects. Rivas, Pedro José La enseñanza de la literatura: un proceso dialógico. Teaching literature: ¿a dialogical process? Rojas, Alexis del C. Trabajo docente: ¿servicio o fuerza de trabajo? Algunas reflexiones a partir de un ejercicio empírico. Teaching: ¿a service or labor? Some thoughts based on an empirical exercise. Donaire, Ricardo Usos educativos de las TIC, competencias tecnológicas y rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios barineses: una perspectiva causal. Educational uses of ICT, technological competencies and academia performance of university students in Barinas: a causal perspective. Godoy R., Carlos E. Los procesos cognitivos y el patrón de interacción verbal en el aula universitaria. Cognitive processes and the verbal interaction process in the university classroom. Lizardo V., Sandra Una mirada a la construcción social de padres y/o representantes lectores: la escuela bolivariana Humberto Tejera. A look at the social construction of reading parents and/or legal guardians in the Humberto Tejera bolivarian school. Peña González, Josefina y Ramírez de Guerrero, Noris La educación bolivariana. Políticas, programa y acciones: "cumpliendo las metas del milenio". Parte II. Bolivarian education. Policies, programs and actions: fulfilling the millennium goals. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La formación del docente para la educación bolivariana. Teacher training for bolivarian education. Girardi, Gilda Seminario venezolano de educación matemática: un semillero universitario de reflexiones, debates, experiencias y propuestas. Mathematic Education Seminar: a university planting ground for thought, debate, experiences and proposals. Rivas, Pedro José Otras miradas hermanas del extranjero sobre el seminario venezolano de educación matemática. Sveduma: fraternal looks from abroad. Balbuena, Luis; Merino, Carlos y Zambrano Leal, Armando Treinta y cinco números definiendo los campos escriturales de una revista académica universitaria. Thirty-five issues that define the writing fields for an academic publication. Rivas, Pedro José; Rojas Ajmad, Diego Augusto; León Salazar, Aníbal; Freddy Parra y Lennis Albornoz La investigación cualitativa etnográfica en educación. Manual teórico-práctico. Rivas Meza, Mario ; 757-758 ; trimestral ; Nivel analítico