Suchergebnisse

Corporations, at the present stage of development of our country can become one of the most powerful and effective tools for managing modern business processes. The key to not only the investment attractiveness, ah guarantee the effective functioning of enterprises in an increasingly competitive, is the effectiveness of corporate governance, and therefore the problem of improving corporate governance is an increased interest not only from the domestic business, legislative and executive power, but the domestic economic science. Studies confirm the fact that corporate governance is a complex process that combines organizational, legal, economic, motivational, social, psychological and other mechanisms. Effective management enables corporations to do business in new, by improving the financial performance of the company due to the higher productivity (profitability) of capital investment, mobilizing capital for faster project execution than competitors. Criteria for effective corporate governance can Previews two general components: a significant proportion of intangible assets, which leads to the increase of the value and investment attractiveness of the market; guaranteed availability disciplinary control over the work of top–managers. The process of corporate governance covering all participants interested in the development of corporations, each of which has its own interests. Improving corporate governance system improves the efficiency of organizations and expands their access to external sources of financing, which is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth. Improvement of corporate governance remains a priority, both nationally and internationally, but they should be developed taking into account the interests of all participants. In addition to the above areas of corporate governance problems deserve further study such aspects as: strengthening state influence on the processes of corporate governance; increasing the responsibility of senior management to all shareholders; strengthening the role of auditing the management of the Corporation; forming a system of risk management and a number of other pressing issues. ; Корпорации, на современном этапе развития нашей страны, могут стать одним из мощных и эффективных инструментов управления современными бизнес процессами. Залогом не только инвестиционной привлекательности компании, а и гарантией эффективного функционирования предприятий в условиях растущей конкурентной борьбы, является эффективность корпоративного управления, и поэтому проблема улучшения корпоративного управления вызывает повышенный интерес не только со стороны отечественного бизнеса, законодательной и исполнительной власти, но и отечественной экономической науки.Проведенные исследования подтверждают факт, что корпоративное управление, это сложный процесс, который сочетает в себе организационно–правовые, экономические, мотивационные, социально–психологические и другие механизмы. Эффективное управление корпорациями дает возможность по новому заниматься предпринимательской деятельностью, путем улучшения финансовых результатов компании за счет более высокой производительности (рентабельности), инвестиционного капитала, мобилизация капитала для быстрого выполнения проектов, чем конкуренты. Критерии эффективного корпоративного управления можно разделить на два общие составляющие: это нематериальные активы, что приводит к росту стоимости и инвестиционной привлекательности на рынке; наличие гарантированного дисциплинарного контроля за работой топ–менеджеров.Процесс корпоративного управления охватывает всех участников заинтересованных в развитии компании, каждая из которых имеет свои интересы. Совершенствование системы корпоративного управления способствует повышению эффективности организаций и расширению их доступа к внешним источникам финансирования, является одним из условий устойчивого роста экономики. Совершенствование системы корпоративного управления остается одной из приоритетных задач, как на общегосударственном уровне, так и на международном, однако они должны быть разработаны с учетом интересов всех участников.Кроме выше перечисленных направлений решения проблем корпоративного управления дальнейшего исследования заслуживают такие его аспекты, как: усиление влияния государства на процессы корпоративного управления; увеличение ответственности высшего руководства перед всеми акционерами; усиление роли аудиторской деятельности управленческих органов корпорации; формирование системы управления рисками и целый ряд других актуальных проблем. ; Корпорації, на сучасному етапі розвитку нашої країни, можуть стати одним із потужних і ефективних інструментів управління сучасними бізнес процесами. Запорукою не тільки інвестиційної привабливості компанії, ай гарантією ефективного функціонування підприємств в умовах зростаючої конкурентної боротьби, є ефективність корпоративного управління, і тому проблема поліпшення корпоративного управління викликає підвищений інтерес не тільки з боку вітчизняного бізнесу, законодавчої і виконавчої влади, але й вітчизняної економічної науки. Проведені дослідження підтверджують факт, що корпоративне управління, це складний процес, який поєднує в собі організаційно–правові, економічні, мотиваційні, соціально–психологічні та інші механізми. Ефективне управління корпораціями дає можливість по новому займатися підприємницькою діяльністю, шляхом поліпшення фінансових результатів компанії за рахунок більш високої продуктивності (рентабельності), інвестиційного капіталу, мобілізація капіталу для швидшого виконання проектів, ніж конкуренти.Критерії ефективного корпоративного управління можна розглядами двома загальним складовими: значна частка нематеріальних активів, що призводить до зростанні вартості та інвестиційної привабливості на ринку; наявність гарантованого дисциплінарного контролю за роботою топ–менеджерів. Процес корпоративного управління охоплює всіх учасників зацікавлених в розвитку корпорації, кожна з яких має свої інтереси. Вдосконалення системи корпоративного управління сприяє підвищенню ефективності організацій та розширенню їх доступу до зовнішніх джерел фінансування, що є однією з умов стійкого зростання економіки. Удосконалення системи корпоративного управління залишається одним із пріоритетних завдань, як на загальнодержавному рівні так і на міжнародному, проте вони мають бути розроблені з врахуванням інтересів всіх учасників. Крім вище перерахованих напрямів вирішення проблем корпоративного управління подальшого дослідження заслуговують такі його аспекти, як: посилення впливу держави на процеси корпоративного управління; збільшення відповідальності вищого керівництва перед усіма акціонерами; посилення ролі аудиторської діяльності управлінських органів корпорації; формування системи управління ризиками та ціла низка інших актуальних проблеми.

Moscow Printing House in the 17th Century: Between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age In Russia, the use of the printing press began in the middle of the 16th century. Book printing in Moscow was interrupted during the Time of Troubles and restored in 1614/1615. In the 17th century, the process developed technically and culturally. Book printing Prikaz was established to manage the Printing House.This paper tries to summarize activities of MPH (Moscow Print House) in the period of 1615–1700 on the basis of the continuous study of documents from the Prikaz's Archive: the character of the repertoire (analysis covers 632 titles according to Archive instead of the 469 that physically survived and was listed in the A. S. Zernova' catalogue (№ 30–498)) and its change depending on the internal and external priorities of the state. In this study for the first time there were specified exactly the number of copies in a run, production cost and decreed selling price.Using documents from the Archive and notes written in the books the social and geographical aspects of the proliferation of tens of thousand of new published books were established; these has allowed to prove that in the late 1730s a printed book already had become a real factor in the development of majority of Russian regions, and that be the middle of the century, a common Slavic book market has been formed.For analytical purposes all titles printed in the 17th century are divided into five types according to their primary function, and we examine how these publica­tions were relevant to establishing and strengthening of the Romanov dynasty and the Russian statehood:Canon – the Four Gospels and the Apostle, the first edition of the Bible (Moscow, 1963);Publications of the didactic nature for canonic and non-canonic reading (traditional for script booklore and a new type);Publications for public and private worship, texts of which accompanied every human life, activities of state institutions and government.Research in the Archive allowed us to revise conclusively a scientific concept stating that Moscow Printing House did not print books for educational purposes. The article provides information about numerous, previously unknown 51 edition of "ABC on the sheet" ("Azbuka na listu" – "The First Teachings for Children", 258,000 copies), 9 editions of the Primer (22,320 copies), 35 editions of the Training Book of Hours (132,000 copies), 35 editions of the Training Hymns (93,600 copies). More than half a million (536,420) copies of all publications for teaching the Faith and letters were printed, that was 52.98% of the total circulation (numbers of copies) of all these years.In the paper we briefly describe the fifth type of publications – reference books. These activities of the Moscow Printing House helped to train the competent and active people who supported Peter's reforms and transformation of medieval Rus into the Russian Empire of the Modern Age. Drukarnia moskiewska w XVII wieku – od średniowiecza do ery nowożytnej W Rosji zaczęto używać prasy drukarskiej w połowie XVI w. Drukowanie książek w Moskwie zostało przerwane w okresie Smuty i przywrócone w latach 1614/1615. W XVII w. proces druku rozwinął się pod względem technicznym i kulturowym. Założono Prikaz celem zarządzania drukarnią.W artykule podsumowano działalność moskiewskiej drukarni w latach 1615–1700 na podstawie badań dokumentów z archiwum: omówiony został charakter produkcji wydawniczej [analiza obejmuje 632 tytuły, które się ukazały (zgodnie z danymi archiwum), zamiast 498 zachowanych i zarejestrowanych w katalogu A. S. Ziernowej (№ 30–498)] oraz przemiany zależne od wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych priorytetów państwa. W artykule po raz pierwszy określona zostaje liczba egzemplarzy (nakład) książek, koszt ich produkcji i ceny detaliczne ustalone przez państwo.Korzystając z dokumentów z archiwum i not wpisanych do ksiąg, ustalono spo­łeczne i geograficzne aspekty rozpowszechniania dziesiątek tysięcy nowo drukowanych książek; pozwoliło to na dowiedzenie, że w latach 30. XVII w. książka drukowana stała się już realnym czynnikiem rozwoju większości regionów Rosji, a ponadto że w połowie wieku powstał wspólny słowiański rynek książki.Dla celów analizy wszystkie tytuły drukowane w XVII w. zostały podzielone na 5 kategorii według ich prymarnej funkcji. Autorka docieka, w jaki sposób publikacje te przyczyniły się do ustanowienia i wzmocnienia dynastii Romanowów oraz rozwoju rosyjskiej państwowości:kanon – cztery Ewangelie i Apostoł, pierwsze wydanie Biblii (Moskwa, 1963);publikacje o charakterze dydaktycznym do czytań kanonicznych i niekanonicz­nych (tradycyjne i nowego typu);publikacje do publicznego i prywatnego wyznawania wiary, towarzyszące każdemu człowiekowi oraz działalności instytucji państwowych i rządowych.Badania przeprowadzone w archiwum pozwoliły autorce zrewidować w sposób przekonujący dominującą od dawna koncepcję, że drukarnia moskiewska nie drukowała książek dla celów edukacyjnych. Artykuł podaje informacje o licznych, dotąd nieznanych 51 edycjach Azbuka na listu – Pierwszych Nauk dla Dzieci (258 000 egz.), 9 edycjach Elementarza (22 320 egz.), 35 edycjach Księgi Godzin (132 000 egz.), 35 edycjach Hymnów (93 600 egz.). Wydrukowano ponad pół miliona (536 420) egz. wszystkich publikacji do nauczania wiary oraz listów , tj. 52,98% całkowitego nakładu w tych latach.Krótko opisano w artykule piąty typ – książki z księgozbioru podręcznego. Dzięki drukarni moskiewskiej wykształcono kompetentnych i aktywnych zwolenników reform Piotra i transformacji średniowiecznej Rusi w Rosyjskie Imperium epoki nowożytnej.

Ever since 1992 UN global conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro the countries that took part in this global event agreed upon the development of the concept of sustainable development. This latter concept has become the basis and as well the main objective of the international environmental regime, trying to fulfill it to its highest theoretical level. The concept of sustainable development is pointed at the balance of three different spheres: economical, social and environmental, at the same time not prioritizing any of them, thus making sure none of them is superior to others. Considering the main idea of the latter concept it is seen why it has become so important in the years from the day it was presented – today the humanity has to deal with constantly developing environmental problems and their caused aftermaths which have a close link with the globally acknowledged human rights. Such aftermaths infringe the human rights as well as the principles of the common welfare deriving from them, like the right to clean environment, to shelter, to food, to water and, of course, the most fundamental rights of all – the right to health and the right to life. It is important to mention that a number of people that pattern of life is being affected by the actual global environmental problems (such as climate change, water, ground and air pollution, ineffective waste management or naturally or human-caused environmental degradation) is constantly growing and has an increasing tendency to grow unless these problems are effectively addressed internationally. The main objective of this master's work is to determine the specifics of the actual global environmental problems, what international legal instruments cover them, to determine the effectiveness of their regimes and what value they provide towards the creation of the global environmental system that would ensure sustainability in reaching international environmental law solutions. Trying to make sure how the international environmental law instruments and their regimes work the following aspects are reviewed: 1) today's ecological situation in the world, today's ecological problems and what relation they have with the fundamental welfare principles derived from the human rights; 2) theoretical model of sustainable development and the role of the European Union as one of the most ecologically aware actors in the international arena; 3) specifics, efficiency and implementation problems of the international environmental instruments which regulation is addressed to climate change such as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol; 4) regimes of the international waste management (including dry land as well as water, seas and ocean areas), their efficiency, implementation problems and methods addressed to waste prevention; 5) status of ecological refugees – how they are treated and what dangers as well as legal problems they are facing. The hypothesis of this mater's work is as follows: The international solution of the global environmental problems can be ensured implementing today's international environmental legal instruments and together with them ensuring creation of the international sustainable environmental system. Considering the analyzed data and the legal scholars' opinions considered in this work it is seen that the latter hypothesis is not proved out. It is seen that both, implementing international environmental legal instruments and creation of the international sustainable environmental system with the regimes deriving from such instruments, depend on several factors that are primarily related to separate states and their sovereign power. Moreover, while many states (especially the states referred as the third world countries) are not financially strong to consider the possibility to invest a lump sum of money in order to fight environmental problems, there are concerning cases when a bunch of economically strong states is not even considering such behavior – they are simply not willing to lose their economic competitive ability abiding the rules of international environmental legal instruments addressed to prevent certain factors that have a significant footprint in a progress of the environmental problems that are being faced, for example, the case with the climate change and following obligations to reduce emissions. We can see that there is a specific legal vacuum when the states that have previously ratified specific international legal instruments, for example Kyoto Protocol, can even avoid common obligations that other states obligate themselves to follow (for example the case with Russia, Japan and Canada when these countries simply opted out from the second commitment period (2013 to 2020) of the Kyoto Protocol due to strict emission obligations) – such imperative-free option is one of the main reasons why the idea of international sustainable environmental legal system is in a stage of stagnation. Therefore, now we can see that implementation of sustainable development principle is only possible in state and regional level (as common states' initiative, for example, the case of the European Union and its member states). Meanwhile, the global level is considered to be a future objective, a pursuable model of environmental international cooperation which at the given moment is only possible on a theoretical plane.

Ever since 1992 UN global conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro the countries that took part in this global event agreed upon the development of the concept of sustainable development. This latter concept has become the basis and as well the main objective of the international environmental regime, trying to fulfill it to its highest theoretical level. The concept of sustainable development is pointed at the balance of three different spheres: economical, social and environmental, at the same time not prioritizing any of them, thus making sure none of them is superior to others. Considering the main idea of the latter concept it is seen why it has become so important in the years from the day it was presented – today the humanity has to deal with constantly developing environmental problems and their caused aftermaths which have a close link with the globally acknowledged human rights. Such aftermaths infringe the human rights as well as the principles of the common welfare deriving from them, like the right to clean environment, to shelter, to food, to water and, of course, the most fundamental rights of all – the right to health and the right to life. It is important to mention that a number of people that pattern of life is being affected by the actual global environmental problems (such as climate change, water, ground and air pollution, ineffective waste management or naturally or human-caused environmental degradation) is constantly growing and has an increasing tendency to grow unless these problems are effectively addressed internationally. The main objective of this master's work is to determine the specifics of the actual global environmental problems, what international legal instruments cover them, to determine the effectiveness of their regimes and what value they provide towards the creation of the global environmental system that would ensure sustainability in reaching international environmental law solutions. Trying to make sure how the international environmental law instruments and their regimes work the following aspects are reviewed: 1) today's ecological situation in the world, today's ecological problems and what relation they have with the fundamental welfare principles derived from the human rights; 2) theoretical model of sustainable development and the role of the European Union as one of the most ecologically aware actors in the international arena; 3) specifics, efficiency and implementation problems of the international environmental instruments which regulation is addressed to climate change such as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol; 4) regimes of the international waste management (including dry land as well as water, seas and ocean areas), their efficiency, implementation problems and methods addressed to waste prevention; 5) status of ecological refugees – how they are treated and what dangers as well as legal problems they are facing. The hypothesis of this mater's work is as follows: The international solution of the global environmental problems can be ensured implementing today's international environmental legal instruments and together with them ensuring creation of the international sustainable environmental system. Considering the analyzed data and the legal scholars' opinions considered in this work it is seen that the latter hypothesis is not proved out. It is seen that both, implementing international environmental legal instruments and creation of the international sustainable environmental system with the regimes deriving from such instruments, depend on several factors that are primarily related to separate states and their sovereign power. Moreover, while many states (especially the states referred as the third world countries) are not financially strong to consider the possibility to invest a lump sum of money in order to fight environmental problems, there are concerning cases when a bunch of economically strong states is not even considering such behavior – they are simply not willing to lose their economic competitive ability abiding the rules of international environmental legal instruments addressed to prevent certain factors that have a significant footprint in a progress of the environmental problems that are being faced, for example, the case with the climate change and following obligations to reduce emissions. We can see that there is a specific legal vacuum when the states that have previously ratified specific international legal instruments, for example Kyoto Protocol, can even avoid common obligations that other states obligate themselves to follow (for example the case with Russia, Japan and Canada when these countries simply opted out from the second commitment period (2013 to 2020) of the Kyoto Protocol due to strict emission obligations) – such imperative-free option is one of the main reasons why the idea of international sustainable environmental legal system is in a stage of stagnation. Therefore, now we can see that implementation of sustainable development principle is only possible in state and regional level (as common states' initiative, for example, the case of the European Union and its member states). Meanwhile, the global level is considered to be a future objective, a pursuable model of environmental international cooperation which at the given moment is only possible on a theoretical plane.

Ever since 1992 UN global conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro the countries that took part in this global event agreed upon the development of the concept of sustainable development. This latter concept has become the basis and as well the main objective of the international environmental regime, trying to fulfill it to its highest theoretical level. The concept of sustainable development is pointed at the balance of three different spheres: economical, social and environmental, at the same time not prioritizing any of them, thus making sure none of them is superior to others. Considering the main idea of the latter concept it is seen why it has become so important in the years from the day it was presented – today the humanity has to deal with constantly developing environmental problems and their caused aftermaths which have a close link with the globally acknowledged human rights. Such aftermaths infringe the human rights as well as the principles of the common welfare deriving from them, like the right to clean environment, to shelter, to food, to water and, of course, the most fundamental rights of all – the right to health and the right to life. It is important to mention that a number of people that pattern of life is being affected by the actual global environmental problems (such as climate change, water, ground and air pollution, ineffective waste management or naturally or human-caused environmental degradation) is constantly growing and has an increasing tendency to grow unless these problems are effectively addressed internationally. The main objective of this master's work is to determine the specifics of the actual global environmental problems, what international legal instruments cover them, to determine the effectiveness of their regimes and what value they provide towards the creation of the global environmental system that would ensure sustainability in reaching international environmental law solutions. Trying to make sure how the international environmental law instruments and their regimes work the following aspects are reviewed: 1) today's ecological situation in the world, today's ecological problems and what relation they have with the fundamental welfare principles derived from the human rights; 2) theoretical model of sustainable development and the role of the European Union as one of the most ecologically aware actors in the international arena; 3) specifics, efficiency and implementation problems of the international environmental instruments which regulation is addressed to climate change such as United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol; 4) regimes of the international waste management (including dry land as well as water, seas and ocean areas), their efficiency, implementation problems and methods addressed to waste prevention; 5) status of ecological refugees – how they are treated and what dangers as well as legal problems they are facing. The hypothesis of this mater's work is as follows: The international solution of the global environmental problems can be ensured implementing today's international environmental legal instruments and together with them ensuring creation of the international sustainable environmental system. Considering the analyzed data and the legal scholars' opinions considered in this work it is seen that the latter hypothesis is not proved out. It is seen that both, implementing international environmental legal instruments and creation of the international sustainable environmental system with the regimes deriving from such instruments, depend on several factors that are primarily related to separate states and their sovereign power. Moreover, while many states (especially the states referred as the third world countries) are not financially strong to consider the possibility to invest a lump sum of money in order to fight environmental problems, there are concerning cases when a bunch of economically strong states is not even considering such behavior – they are simply not willing to lose their economic competitive ability abiding the rules of international environmental legal instruments addressed to prevent certain factors that have a significant footprint in a progress of the environmental problems that are being faced, for example, the case with the climate change and following obligations to reduce emissions. We can see that there is a specific legal vacuum when the states that have previously ratified specific international legal instruments, for example Kyoto Protocol, can even avoid common obligations that other states obligate themselves to follow (for example the case with Russia, Japan and Canada when these countries simply opted out from the second commitment period (2013 to 2020) of the Kyoto Protocol due to strict emission obligations) – such imperative-free option is one of the main reasons why the idea of international sustainable environmental legal system is in a stage of stagnation. Therefore, now we can see that implementation of sustainable development principle is only possible in state and regional level (as common states' initiative, for example, the case of the European Union and its member states). Meanwhile, the global level is considered to be a future objective, a pursuable model of environmental international cooperation which at the given moment is only possible on a theoretical plane.

The cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the sphere of education and science in the framework of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement (signed in 2014) is characterized. The political and legal aspects of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the sphere of education and science at present time and in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the new agreement are analyzed.The prospects of involvement of our country to the European Education Area in the context of Ukraine's participation in the Bologna process are investigated. The educational programs financed from the budget of the European Commission are aimed at the support providing to the partner countries in reforming higher education according to the principles of the Bologna process. In May 2005 our country signed the Bologna Declaration and become an active participant in these processes.The importance of the study of the educational policy of the EU is also determined by the immediate proximity of Ukraine and the EU and increasing interest in Ukrainian society to the opportunities and prospects of Ukraine's European aspirations at this stage and the positive dynamics of cooperation in education and prospects for implementation of the Bologna process in Ukraine. The last EU enlargement has created a completely new situation on the European continent and brought Ukraine directly to the EU borders, which affects both the relations between Ukraine and the EU, and the development of Ukraine in general.Within the EU educational policy and the EU external assistance programs, the EU is implementing several activities in education, which supplement internal EU programs. Particular attention is paid to the higher education system, which plays a key role in the development of modern society, contributing to the social, cultural and economic development, promoting the pan-ethical and cultural values and preparing the future leaders. Ukraine is also an active member of the European educational programs and projects, including: Tempus, Erasmus Mundus External Cooperation Window, Erasmus Mundus and Jean Monnet Programme.Since 2014 the EU has introduced new programs in education and science such as educational program Erasmus +, uniting all the above-mentioned programs under one roof for the period 2014- 2020, which supports projects, partnerships, events and mobility in education, training, youth and sport, as well as research program Horizon 2020. The concepts, implementation mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the spheres of education and research in the context of the Association Agreement and on the basis of prospects of Ukraine's participation in these new European programs are described.Thus, besides the actual European integration in education, through the education system the awareness of the broadest ranges of Ukrainian citizenship need of the fullest possible realization of general strategic course of Ukraine's integration into European and international structures to protect its national interests and realization of spiritual and intellectual potential of the Ukrainian people to benefit of present and future generations can be actively generated.Key words: European Union (EU), the educational policy of the EU, the European educational area, Ukraine, EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Erasmus+, Horison 2020. ; Схарактеризовано співробітництво між Україною та ЄС у сфері освіти і науки відповідно до Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС, підписаної у 2014 р. З'ясовано політичні і правові аспекти співпраці між Україною та ЄС з питань освіти та науки на сучасному етапі та в контексті імплементації положень нової угоди. Досліджено перспективи залучення нашої держави до Європейського освітнього простору в контексті участі України в Болонському процесі, адже освітні програми, що фінансують з бюджету ЄК, мають на меті надання підтримки країнам-партнерам у реформуванні системи вищої освіти відповідно до принципів Болонського процесу. У травні 2005 р. наша держава підписала Болонську декларацію та стала активним учасником цих процесів.Важливість дослідження освітньої політики ЄС зумовлена також безпосереднім сусідством України і ЄС та зростанням зацікавлення українського суспільства до можли­востей та перспектив реалізації євроінтеграційних прагнень України на сучасному етапі та використання позитивної динаміки співробітництва в освітній сфері та перспектив запровадження Болонського процесу в Україні. Останнє розширення ЄС створило принципово нову ситуацію на Європейському континенті та наблизило кордони ЄС безпосередньо до кордонів України, що впливає як на відносини між Україною та ЄС, так і на розвиток України загалом.У межах освітньої політики ЄС та програм зовнішньої допомоги Європейський Союз впроваджує низку заходів у сфері освіти, які доповнюють внутрішні програми ЄС. Особливу увагу приділено саме системі вищої освіти, яка відіграє ключову роль у розвитку сучасного суспільства, сприяючи соціальному, культурному та економічному розвитку, популяризації загальноєвропейських етичних та культурних цінностей та підготовці лідерів майбутнього. Україна також є активним учасником європейських освітніх програм та про­ектів, серед яких: Темпус, Еразмус Мундус, Вікно зовнішньої співпраці Еразмус Мундус та Програма Жана Моне.З 2014 р. ЄС запроваджує нові програми у сфері освіти та науки – ними стали освітня програма Еразмус+, яка об'єднала усі зазначені програми на період 2014–2020 рр., та підтримує проекти, партнерства, заходи і мобільність у сфері освіти, підготовки, молоді і спорту, а також науково-дослідна програма Горизонт 2020. Описано концепції, механізми реалізації співпраці між Україною та ЄС в освітній та наукових сферах в контексті реалізації угоди про асоціацію на основі використання передового досвіду, а також перспективи участі України у цих нових європейських програмах.Ключові слова: Європейський Союз (ЄС), освітня політика ЄС, європейський освітній простір, Україна, Угода про асоціацію між Україною та ЄС, Еразмус Мундус, Темпус, Еразмус+, Горизонт 2020.

Корпорації, на сучасному етапі розвитку нашої країни, можуть стати одним із потужних і ефективних інструментів управління сучасними бізнес процесами. Запорукою не тільки інвестиційної привабливості компанії, ай гарантією ефективного функціонування підприємств в умовах зростаючої конкурентної боротьби, є ефективність корпоративного управління, і тому проблема поліпшення корпоративного управління викликає підвищений інтерес не тільки з боку вітчизняного бізнесу, законодавчої і виконавчої влади, але й вітчизняної економічної науки. Проведені дослідження підтверджують факт, що корпоративне управління, це складний процес, який поєднує в собі організаційно-правові, економічні, мотиваційні, соціально-психологічні та інші механізми. Ефективне управління корпораціями дає можливість по новому займатися підприємницькою діяльністю, шляхом поліпшення фінансових результатів компанії за рахунок більш високої продуктивності (рентабельності), інвестиційного капіталу, мобілізація капіталу для швидшого виконання проектів, ніж конкуренти. Критерії ефективного корпоративного управління можна розглядами двома загальним складовими: значна частка нематеріальних активів, що призводить до зростанні вартості та інвестиційної привабливості на ринку; наявність гарантованого дисциплінарного контролю за роботою топ-менеджерів. Процес корпоративного управління охоплює всіх учасників зацікавлених в розвитку корпорації, кожна з яких має свої інтереси. Вдосконалення системи корпоративного управління сприяє підвищенню ефективності організацій та розширенню їх доступу до зовнішніх джерел фінансування, що є однією з умов стійкого зростання економіки. Удосконалення системи корпоративного управління залишається одним із пріоритетних завдань, як на загальнодержавному рівні так і на міжнародному, проте вони мають бути розроблені з врахуванням інтересів всіх учасників. Крім вище перерахованих напрямів вирішення проблем корпоративного управління подальшого дослідження заслуговують такі його аспекти, як: посилення впливу держави на процеси корпоративного управління; збільшення відповідальності вищого керівництва перед усіма акціонерами; посилення ролі аудиторської діяльності управлінських органів корпорації; формування системи управління ризиками та ціла низка інших актуальних проблеми.Корпорации, на современном этапе развития нашей страны, могут стать одним из мощных и эффективных инструментов управления современными бизнес процессами. Залогом не только инвестиционной привлекательности компании, а и гарантией эффективного функционирования предприятий в условиях растущей конкурентной борьбы, является эффективность корпоративного управления, и поэтому проблема улучшения корпоративного управления вызывает повышенный интерес не только со стороны отечественного бизнеса, законодательной и исполнительной власти, но и отечественной экономической науки. Проведенные исследования подтверждают факт, что корпоративное управление, это сложный процесс, который сочетает в себе организационно-правовые, экономические, мотивационные, социально-психологические и другие механизмы. Эффективное управление корпорациями дает возможность по новому заниматься предпринимательской деятельностью, путем улучшения финансовых результатов компании за счет более высокой производительности (рентабельности), инвестиционного капитала, мобилизация капитала для быстрого выполнения проектов, чем конкуренты. Критерии эффективного корпоративного управления можно разделить на два общие составляющие: это нематериальные активы, что приводит к росту стоимости и инвестиционной привлекательности на рынке; наличие гарантированного дисциплинарного контроля за работой топ-менеджеров. Процесс корпоративного управления охватывает всех участников заинтересованных в развитии компании, каждая из которых имеет свои интересы. Совершенствование системы корпоративного управления способствует повышению эффективности организаций и расширению их доступа к внешним источникам финансирования, является одним из условий устойчивого роста экономики. Совершенствование системы корпоративного управления остается одной из приоритетных задач, как на общегосударственном уровне, так и на международном, однако они должны быть разработаны с учетом интересов всех участников. Кроме выше перечисленных направлений решения проблем корпоративного управления дальнейшего исследования заслуживают такие его аспекты, как: усиление влияния государства на процессы корпоративного управления; увеличение ответственности высшего руководства перед всеми акционерами; усиление роли аудиторской деятельности управленческих органов корпорации; формирование системы управления рисками и целый ряд других актуальных проблем.Corporations, at the present stage of development of our country can become one of the most powerful and effective tools for managing modern business processes. The key to not only the investment attractiveness, ah guarantee the effective functioning of enterprises in an increasingly competitive, is the effectiveness of corporate governance, and therefore the problem of improving corporate governance is an increased interest not only from the domestic business, legislative and executive power, but the domestic economic science. Studies confirm the fact that corporate governance is a complex process that combines organizational, legal, economic, motivational, social, psychological and other mechanisms. Effective management enables corporations to do business in new, by improving the financial performance of the company due to the higher productivity (profitability) of capital investment, mobilizing capital for faster project execution than competitors. Criteria for effective corporate governance can Previews two general components: a significant proportion of intangible assets, which leads to the increase of the value and investment attractiveness of the market; guaranteed availability disciplinary control over the work of top-managers. The process of corporate governance covering all participants interested in the development of corporations, each of which has its own interests. Improving corporate governance system improves the efficiency of organizations and expands their access to external sources of financing, which is a prerequisite for sustainable economic growth. Improvement of corporate governance remains a priority, both nationally and internationally, but they should be developed taking into account the interests of all participants. In addition to the above areas of corporate governance problems deserve further study such aspects as: strengthening state influence on the processes of corporate governance; increasing the responsibility of senior management to all shareholders; strengthening the role of auditing the management of the Corporation; forming a system of risk management and a number of other pressing issues.

Includes bibliographical references. ; The combined effect of a number of factors has forced the Government of South Africa to launch and seek to expand the renewable energy sector through the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P). Such elements include environmental issues, especially climate change; the need to diversify energy sources in order for the country to be energy secure; and the developmental potential that investment in a new industry, in this instance the renewable energy industry, can bring in terms of job creation, economic growth and the exploitation of abundant natural resources. In addition to the REI4P, the Government has also been compelled to seek to expand energy supply in the country, in general, due to the energy crisis, which in turn, is closely associated with a population that is growing at a pace that is much faster than the rate at which energy can be readily supplied. Community Equity Ownership (CEO) or local community ownership is a unique feature of the REI4P that has recently come under close scrutiny due to its requirement for project companies to offer a minimum of 2.5% to 5% shares of their companies to local communities residing within a 50km radius of their renewable energy plants, in an effort to contribute toward their socio-economic development; the challenges presented by community trusts; and the subsequent resistance towards the notion of local community ownership by REI4P project companies. It is the subject of this research because it is still a critical and integral component of the REI4P and challenges associated with its financing have, in the past, jeopardised the accomplishment of the very goals for which it was constituted. The value of Social License to Operate (SLO) is that it can lay the foundation for positive relations to prevail between communities and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the pursuit of a viable renewable energy industry and increased energy supply in South Africa. To this end, the study demonstrates that whilst CEO is obligated in the REI4P, it also constitutes SLO because if communities own shares in REI4P projects, they are more likely to cooperate with them. Thus, the CEO, Socio-Economic Development (SED) and Enterprise Development (ED) requirements of the REI4P essentially constitute the SLO 'building blocks' for the Programme. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) have been at the forefront of funding local community ownership, although other financial institutions, including commercial banks xiv have started financing it as well, while requiring guarantees and security from communities, which can offer neither. The continued implementation of the REI4P, as well as the launch of the Baseload IPP Programme and the Medium Term Risk Mitigation Project, will ultimately increase the total number of IPP Programmes in the country and will likely intensify the demand for finances to fund CEO. In view of this, where will the funding for this key aspect of the current and proposed IPP Programmes come from? This study sought to identify alternative funding options for CEO in order to ensure its continuity in both the REI4P and the proposed IPP Programmes. An exploratory research design was pursued for the study in view of data limitations arising from the infancy of the renewable energy sector in South Africa. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was undertaken and a purposive sampling technique was used to interrogate a select group of financial institutions and REI4P Independent Power Producers (IPPs), with a view to determine what their experiences have been in relation to funding CEO, as well as to identify alternative funding options for it, going forward. In this regard, a sample size of 15 was taken out of a combined total of 72 financial institutions and IPPs. Thematic content analysis was subsequently performed to process the data. The main risk associated with financing CEO that was identified by stakeholders has to do with a lack of security in lending to disadvantaged communities because they often have no collateral and can offer no guarantees that demonstrate their capacity to repay debts. Furthermore, the establishment of a Grant Scheme for funding CEO, on the one hand, and a Guarantee and Incentive Programme, on the other, wherein Government stands in as guarantor for communities as they borrow funds to facilitate CEO; were found to be potentially instrumental in widening the pool of funding for CEO. Increased vendor support and more 'preferential' loan terms and 'softer' loans from DFIs were also identified as critical in the endeavour to increase the funding sources for CEO. Although the use of the Government Pension Fund to warehouse shares on behalf of communities and utilising communal land as equity both hold some promise; they require further research. It is, therefore, concluded that there is potential for alternative funding options for community equity ownership in the REI4P. The study also found that, based on the experiences of survey respondents, there are inadequate sources of finance for CEO, in light of the increasing pressure on available financial opportunities. To this end, the delineation between the xv potential for funding local community shareholding in REI4P projects and actual access to funding is fundamental.

This study investigates modern Yugoslav architecture in the 1945-1965 period, taking an analysis of museum projects as a basis. Rebuilding of the country and urban development in Yugoslavia after the World War II enabled planning the construction of a significant number of museums. This period is also characterized by the fact that, in addition to seven museums that were built, there were a significan! number of projects that have never been realized. Ali of them, the realized and those which were only designed, made a significant contribution to the development of museum architecture. Moreover, some of them are pointed out as the culmination of a period rich in architectural construction and represent the best Yugoslav architecture. The intention is to thoroughly analyze the criteria and ideas that govern the development of the architectural language of all these projects and to explain, on the basis of that, whether there are or not the original features defining the museum architecture of the mentioned historical period in Yugoslavia. In particular, we do not intend to limit our analysis to the study of specific types of buildings, nor to those museums that are historical examples, but rather to emphasize and insist on influences and relationships that are reflected, within the subject we are dealing with, within the Yugoslav context. ldentification of these complex relationships occurring within a specific modernity is analyzed based on four approaches. The first approach consists of a museum study observed under the prism of socio-political reality of the newly founded socialist state. The second principle describes the environment, evolution and consequences of architectural competitions for museums. The third principle focuses on museum buildings and puts them in the framework of the general context of intense urban transformation. Finally, the fourth principle analyzes the characteristics of functional and formal aspects. Now, we can conclude that the mutual relationships that exist among the different approaches create a common place and specific characteristics of the museum architecture. Also, they cause that the principles and strategies of the international architecture in this period, which were very well known then, obtained in Yugoslavia a personal touch that sets them apart from others. lntending to place these specific issues in the appropriate ideological, cultural and geographical context, this study presents opinions of the protagonists of these events and of the period (architects, commissioners. panelists, politicians). Thus. this study presents a text that serves as a "choral'' thinking about this period of Yugoslav architecture, while maintaining a critical spirit of this group of opinions. ; La presente tesis analiza la arquitectura moderna yugoslava entre 1945 y 1965 tomando como eje vertebrador el estudio de los proyectos museísticos. La reconstrucción del país y el desarrollo urbano que tiene lugar en Yugoslavia tras la guerra, hacen posible planificar la construcción de un importante número de museos. Este período es también característico porque, además de los siete museos que se construyen, hay un significativo número de proyectos que no se llegan nunca a realizar. Todos ellos, los construidos y los únicamente proyectados, contribuyen en gran manera al desarrollo de la arquitectura de los museos. Es más, algunos de ellos destacan como la culminación de un período rico en construcciones arquitectónicas y son representativos de la mejor arquitectura yugoslava. El propósito es conocer en profundidad los criterios y las ideas que rigen el desarrollo del lenguaje arquitectónico de todos estos proyectos y en base a ello dilucidar si existen, o no, rasgos genuinos que definan la arquitectura museística de dicho período histórico en Yugoslavia. En concreto, no se trata de limitar nuestro análisis al estudio de un tipo determinado de edificio. ni al de aquellos museos que sean ejemplos históricos, sino más bien resaltar e insistir en las influencias y conexiones que se reflejan, en el tema que nos ocupa, dentro del ámbito yugoslavo. La identificación de estas complejas relaciones que acontecen en el marco de una contemporaneidad específica, se analiza a partir de cuatro enfoques. El primero consiste en el estudio de los museos contemplado bajo el prisma de la realidad político social del recién fundado Estado Socialista. El segundo describe el ambiente, la evolución y las consecuencias de los concursos arquitectónicos para museos. El tercero centra su atención en los edificios museísticos enmarcándolos dentro de un contexto general de intensas transformaciones urbanas. Finalmente el cuarto enfoque analiza las características de los aspectos funcionales y formales. Y así podemos concluir que son precisamente las interrelaciones que se dan entre estos diferentes enfoques, las que crean el discurso común y los rasgos específicos de la arquitectura museística. También influyen en que los principios y estrategias de la arquitectura internacional de aquel momento, que por entonces son ya bien conocidos, adquieran en Yugoslavia el acento personal que los distingue. La tesis con el propósito de encuadrar estas cuestiones específicas en su adecuado contexto ideológico, cultural y geográfico da voz a las opiniones de los protagonistas de aquellos hechos y época (arquitectos, comisarios, miembros de los jurados, políticos). Así, la tesis, manteniendo un espíritu critico sobre este conjunto de opiniones, construye un texto que funciona como reflexión "coral" sobre este periodo de la arquitectura yugoslava. ; Postprint (published version)

Book design when it comes to titles with mass print runs, or mainstream titles, is a problem avoided by critical discourse in Lithuania. The art of the book design as a separate field tends to be perceived largely as a branch of graphic art created to illustrate books. There is no research dedicated to aspects as book structure and typography of mass production titles. Art critics prefer to dwell on original illustrations and the author's book; bibliographers analyze books as objects of material and printing culture.There is no analysis of aesthetic principles that guide Lithuanian book design and the impact of the changes that took place at the turn of the 20th still needs to be established.The changes in the design of contemporary editions are best highlighted by the annual competitions of the Most Beautiful Book. Such competitions have been organized in Lithuania for two decades. The magazine Dailė has been recently giving more attention to the problem: it runs articles on the theme and presents the results of the competition.The purpose of this article is to discuss the emergence of the concept of the "art of the book", the evolution of its content and its application over the 20th century. The impact of major artistic trends on book design is also analyzed. The information on the design of contemporary titles, on the impact of artistic trends, the trends in book design has been collected mainly from publications in the Russian and English languages.The overview of stylistic evolution of book design leads to the conclusion that different artistic styles have reflected in one way or another on book design and typography. At the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries, in the epoch of Postmodernism, the classical foundations of the art of the book were revisited and redefined. Cosmopolitan nature of art has obliterated numerous national stylistic differences. The design of mass production titles in Lithuania has also experienced the influence of the 20th century artistic trends. Yet manifestations of this impact were less pronounced, belated and intertwined with the local tradition. This was determined not so much by geographical, but by political, social and economic circumstance.The contemporary look of the Lithuanian book was mostly influenced by new production techniques, mainly, by the introduction of desktop printing and the emergence of private printing houses that provide for a higher typographical quality. Mainstream titles published in today's Lithuania present a far-from-homogeneous picture in terms of design and production quality: alongside with books of high artistic quality there are publications of poor layout and design. Mainstream books do not display any Postmodernist influence. Despite stylistic and commercial changes, the key principles in the construction of the book remain the same. Its appearance is determined by the unity of content, text and visual material. ; Vilniaus dailės akademijaMaironio g. 6, LT-01124 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: ldsleidyba@takas.lt Tiražinės knygos apipavidalinimo problema lietuvių menotyrininkų yra apeinama ir iki šiol nuodugniau netyrinėta. Požiūris į knygos meną kaip specifinę kūrybos sritį lietuvių dailėtyroje apsiriboja knygos grafikos, t. y. iliustracijų, problemomis. Specialių tyrinėjimų, skirtų šiuolaikinės tiražinės knygos konstrukcijos ir apipavidalinimo klausimams, lietuvių kalba nėra. Analizuodami knygos išvaizdą menotyrininkai savo darbuose daugiau dėmesio skiria originalioms iliustracijoms, autorinei dailininko knygai, o knygotyrininkai yra susitelkę į specifinius knygos tyrinėjimus – knygą kaip materialiosios ir poligrafinės kultūros objektą. Nesusisteminti ir neapibrėžti Lietuvos knygos meno estetikos principai, o ypač pokyčiai, įvykę paskutiniame XX a. dešimtmetyje. Apie Lietuvos tiražinės knygos apipavidalinimo kaitą akivaizdžiausiai byloja jau antras dešimtmetis vykstantys kasmetiniai Knygos meno konkursai. Pastaruoju metu šiuolaikinės tiražinės knygos meninio apipavidalinimo problematikai daugiau dėmesio skiria žurnalas "Dailė", kaskart publikuodamas straipnių šia tema, pristatydamas kasmetinių knygos konkursų rezultatus. Šio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti sąvokos "knygos menas" radimosi prielaidas, jos turinio kaitą, vartojimą XX amžiuje ir meno stilių įtaką tiražinių knygų apipavidalinimui. Renkant medžiagą apie šiuolaikinės tiražinės knygos apipavidalinimą, meninių stilių įtaką knygos išvaizdai ir apipavidalinimo tendencijas, daugiausia teko remtis teoriniais ir apžvalginiais straipsniais rusų ir anglų kalbomis išleistuose leidiniuose. Apžvelgus XX a. tiražinės knygos apipavidalinimo stilistinę kaitą, galima daryti išvadą, kad įvairūs meno stiliai daugiau ar mažiau atsispindėjo ir knygų apipavidalinime. Tačiau XX ir XXI amžių sandūroje postmodernizmas smarkiai pakeitė klasikinius knygos meno pagrindus ir padėjo pamatus tolesnei tarptautinei knygos meno raidai, o meno kosmopolitizmas panaikino daugelį nacionalinio stiliaus skirtumų. Lietuvos tiražinių knygų apipavidalinimui XX a. meninių stilių kaita taip pat turėjo įtakos, tačiau jų apraiškos vėlavo ir buvo nuosaikesnės, susipynusios su vietos meno tradicijomis. Įtakos tam turėjo ne tiek geografinė šalies padėtis, kiek politinės, visuomeninės ir ekonominės aplinkybės. Šiandienių Lietuvos tiražinių knygų apipavidalinimui didžiausią įtaką padarė staigus technologinis šuolis, įvykęs po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo (į leidybą įdiegti kompiuteriai, atsirado privačios spaustuvės, pagerėjo poligrafinė kokybė). Tuomet formavosi šiuolaikinės tiražinės lietuvių knygos išvaizda. Ji nebuvo ir nėra vienalytė – greta meniškai apipavidalintų knygų gausu neprofesionaliai sumaketuotų ir apipavidalintų leidinių. Tačiau kardinalių postmodernistinių tiražinės knygos apipavidalinimo apraiškų nepastebėta. Nepaisant įvairių stilistinių ir komercinių pokyčių, pagrindiniai knygos konstrukcijos principai išlieka tie patys – knygos išvaizdą lemia turinys, tekstas ir vaizdinė medžiaga.

Maģistra darbs izstrādāts par bērna atpakaļatdošanas izpildi saskaņā ar Padomes 2003. gada 27. novembra Regulu Nr. 2201/2003 par jurisdikciju un spriedumu atzīšanu un izpildi laulības lietās un lietās par vecāku atbildību un par Regulas (EK) NR. 1347/2000 atcelšanu (turpmāk tekstā Briseles IIbis Regula), izvērtējot Latvijas tiesu praksi, tās nostāju lēmuma pieņemšanā, vadoties pēc bērna vecuma un brieduma pakāpes. Darbā analizēta arī Latvijas tiesu prakses un veikta bērna psiholoģisko risku novēršana lēmuma pieņemšanā. Robežu atvēršana un atvieglotie nosacījumi to šķērsošanai ir bijis ļoti nozīmīgs solis turpmākai valstu savstarpējas sadarbības veicināšanai, gan sociālā, gan ekonomikas, gan citās darbības jomās. Līdz ar atvieglotiem ceļošanas un uzturēšanās noteikumiem citā valstī, ir palielinājies izceļotāju skaits, kuri Latviju par savām mājām vairs nedēvē, bet turpina būt tās daļa, proti, tās pilsoņi. Pieaugot citās Eiropas Savienības (turpmāk tekstā ES) valstīs dzīvojošo cilvēku skaitam, veidojas aizvien vairāk internacionālu ģimeņu. Tās ir ģimenes, kuru ģimenes locekļi dzīvo kādā no ES valstīm un kurās viens vai vairāki ģimenes locekļi nav šīs valsts pilsoņi. Šādu internacionālo ģimeņu savstarpējo attiecību sarežģījumu gadījumā, ļoti būtiski ir atrunāt un vienoties savu nepilngadīgo atvašu aizbildniecību, tai skaitā par vietu, kur bērnam būtu jādzīvo. Viens no ES mērķiem ir izveidot drošu tiesisko vidi bērniem, nodrošinot pārskatāmu sistēmu vecāku jautājumu risināšanai un ES pieņemtu tiesas spriedumu vecāku atbildības jautājumos brīvu apriti. Pirmais pasākums savstarpējai spriedumu vecāku atbildības lietās atzīšanai bija Padomes 2000. gada 29. maija Regulas (EK) Nr. 1347/2000 par jurisdikciju un spriedumu atzīšanu un izpildi laulības lietās un lietās par abu laulāto vecāku atbildību par bērniem pieņemšana. Ar Regulu (EK) Nr.1347/2000 noteica saskaņotus jurisdikcijas noteikumus vecāku atbildības lietās un paredzēja spriedumu atzīšanas un izpildes mehānismu vecāku atbildības lietās. Turpinot iesākto, ņemot vērā Komisijas priekšlikumu, tika veikts nākamais pasākums, pieņemot Regulu (EK) Nr. 2201/2003 jeb Briseles IIbis Regulu, ar kuru no 2005. gada 1. marta aizstāja Regulu (EK) Nr.1347/2000. Regulu (EK) Nr. 2201/2003 piemēro no 2005. gada 1. marta. Brisele IIbis neregulē tādus ar laulības šķiršanu saistītus jautājumus, kā mantas sadale un uzturlīdzekļi. Briseles IIbis Regula nosaka tikai jurisdikciju, kuras dalībvalsts tiesā ir lieta ir piekritīga, tas ir, kurā dalībvalsts tiesā iesniedzams prasības pieteikums. Autores darbā tika apskatīta Latvijas tiesu prakse bērna atpakaļatdošanas lietās. Tika veikta Latvijas tiesu spriedumu analīze dažādās bērna vecuma un brieduma pakāpēs, izvērtēts cik nozīmīgs tiesas lēmuma pieņemšanā ir bijis bērna viedoklis un tā psiholoģiskā stāvokļa novērtēšana. Darbā autore secina, ka Latvijas tiesās lēmuma pieņemšanā attiecībā uz bērna atpakaļatdošanu ir konstatējamas nepilnības. ; Master's paper focuses on the accomplishment of child return according to the Council Regulation (EC) 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000 (further in text referred as Brussels II bis), by evaluating practice of the courts of Latvia, positions taken while making decisions based on children's age and level of maturity. Master's paper also provides analysis on the practices of Latvian courts and carries out prevention of psychological risks in the child during decision making. Open borders and simplified provisions for crossing them has been very significant step for further cooperation of countries in social, economic and other sectors. By having simplified rules for travelling and residing in other country, the number of those emigrants, who do not consider Latvia their home, but still remain a part of Latvia by holding Latvian citizenship, has increased. As the number of persons living in other member states of the European Union (EU) is growing, more and more international families are being formed. They are the families, whose family members reside in some of the EU member states and whose family members (one or several of them) are not citizens of the country of residence. When complications occur in these international families, it is of utter importance to stipulate and negotiate on the custody of under-age children, including the physical location where they should live. One of the EU's goals is to create safe legal environment for children, by providing clear system for settlement of parents' issues and free circulation of a court decision on parental responsibility matters. First measure on mutual judgment on parents' responsibility matters was adoption of Council Regulation (EC) 1347/2000 of 29 May 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility for children of both spouses. Council Regulation (EC) 1347/2000 established harmonized jurisdiction rules in matters of parental responsibility and provided mechanisms of recognition and implementation of judgment in matters of parental responsibility. After taking into account the suggestion of the European Commission, next step was taken, by adopting the Council Regulation (EC) 2201/2003 or Brussels II bis, which replaced Council Regulation (EC) 1347/2000 starting from 1 March 2005. Council Regulation (EC) 2201/2003 has been applied since 1 March 2005. Such aspects of divorce as division of property and child support payments are not subject to Brussels II bis, it establishes within which member states' jurisdiction the case belongs, i.e., where to file the claim. Author of the master's paper also examines the practice of the Latvian court on child return cases.

This study investigates modern Yugoslav architecture in the 1945-1965 period, taking an analysis of museum projects as a basis. Rebuilding of the country and urban development in Yugoslavia after the World War II enabled planning the construction of a significant number of museums. This period is also characterized by the fact that, in addition to seven museums that were built, there were a significan! number of projects that have never been realized. Ali of them, the realized and those which were only designed, made a significant contribution to the development of museum architecture. Moreover, some of them are pointed out as the culmination of a period rich in architectural construction and represent the best Yugoslav architecture. The intention is to thoroughly analyze the criteria and ideas that govern the development of the architectural language of all these projects and to explain, on the basis of that, whether there are or not the original features defining the museum architecture of the mentioned historical period in Yugoslavia. In particular, we do not intend to limit our analysis to the study of specific types of buildings, nor to those museums that are historical examples, but rather to emphasize and insist on influences and relationships that are reflected, within the subject we are dealing with, within the Yugoslav context. ldentification of these complex relationships occurring within a specific modernity is analyzed based on four approaches. The first approach consists of a museum study observed under the prism of socio-political reality of the newly founded socialist state. The second principle describes the environment, evolution and consequences of architectural competitions for museums. The third principle focuses on museum buildings and puts them in the framework of the general context of intense urban transformation. Finally, the fourth principle analyzes the characteristics of functional and formal aspects. Now, we can conclude that the mutual relationships that exist among the different approaches create a common place and specific characteristics of the museum architecture. Also, they cause that the principles and strategies of the international architecture in this period, which were very well known then, obtained in Yugoslavia a personal touch that sets them apart from others. lntending to place these specific issues in the appropriate ideological, cultural and geographical context, this study presents opinions of the protagonists of these events and of the period (architects, commissioners. panelists, politicians). Thus. this study presents a text that serves as a "choral'' thinking about this period of Yugoslav architecture, while maintaining a critical spirit of this group of opinions. ; La presente tesis analiza la arquitectura moderna yugoslava entre 1945 y 1965 tomando como eje vertebrador el estudio de los proyectos museísticos. La reconstrucción del país y el desarrollo urbano que tiene lugar en Yugoslavia tras la guerra, hacen posible planificar la construcción de un importante número de museos. Este período es también característico porque, además de los siete museos que se construyen, hay un significativo número de proyectos que no se llegan nunca a realizar. Todos ellos, los construidos y los únicamente proyectados, contribuyen en gran manera al desarrollo de la arquitectura de los museos. Es más, algunos de ellos destacan como la culminación de un período rico en construcciones arquitectónicas y son representativos de la mejor arquitectura yugoslava. El propósito es conocer en profundidad los criterios y las ideas que rigen el desarrollo del lenguaje arquitectónico de todos estos proyectos y en base a ello dilucidar si existen, o no, rasgos genuinos que definan la arquitectura museística de dicho período histórico en Yugoslavia. En concreto, no se trata de limitar nuestro análisis al estudio de un tipo determinado de edificio. ni al de aquellos museos que sean ejemplos históricos, sino más bien resaltar e insistir en las influencias y conexiones que se reflejan, en el tema que nos ocupa, dentro del ámbito yugoslavo. La identificación de estas complejas relaciones que acontecen en el marco de una contemporaneidad específica, se analiza a partir de cuatro enfoques. El primero consiste en el estudio de los museos contemplado bajo el prisma de la realidad político social del recién fundado Estado Socialista. El segundo describe el ambiente, la evolución y las consecuencias de los concursos arquitectónicos para museos. El tercero centra su atención en los edificios museísticos enmarcándolos dentro de un contexto general de intensas transformaciones urbanas. Finalmente el cuarto enfoque analiza las características de los aspectos funcionales y formales. Y así podemos concluir que son precisamente las interrelaciones que se dan entre estos diferentes enfoques, las que crean el discurso común y los rasgos específicos de la arquitectura museística. También influyen en que los principios y estrategias de la arquitectura internacional de aquel momento, que por entonces son ya bien conocidos, adquieran en Yugoslavia el acento personal que los distingue. La tesis con el propósito de encuadrar estas cuestiones específicas en su adecuado contexto ideológico, cultural y geográfico da voz a las opiniones de los protagonistas de aquellos hechos y época (arquitectos, comisarios, miembros de los jurados, políticos). Así, la tesis, manteniendo un espíritu critico sobre este conjunto de opiniones, construye un texto que funciona como reflexión "coral" sobre este periodo de la arquitectura yugoslava. ; Postprint (published version)

Promocijas darba mērķis ir izveidot problēmmācību modeli Latvijas vēstures apguvei vidusskolā, kas nodrošinātu skolēnu izpratni un pieredzi par personību un sabiedrības attiecību attīstības sakarībām. Autors uzskata, ka laika, kad skolēnu zināšanas, kā to rāda centralizēto eksāmenu rezultāti pēdējos gados par Latvijas vēsturi, ir vājas, nevajag meklēt izeju no problēmām politizējot Latvijas vēstures mācīšanas jautājumus, bet apgūstot un pielietojot jaunas mācību metodes, kas veicina skolēnu patstāvību, radošu pieeju mācību procesam. Analizējot savu pedagoģisko pieredzi un 30 gadu laikā gūtās atziņas, autors piedāvā skolotājiem izmantot darbā problēmmācību metodi, kā arī uzsākt nopietnu diskusiju par Latvijas vēstures satura mācīšanas veida maiņu – pakāpeniski pāriet vidusskolā no hronoloģiskā secībā sakārtota vēstures izklāsta uz tematiski veidotu vēstures apskatu. Promocijas darba struktūru veido ievads, divas daļas, nobeigums, literatūras saraksts, pielikumi. Promocijas darba ievadā definēta promocijas darba pētījuma joma, pamatota pētījuma zinātniskā un teorētiskā aktualitāte, raksturota risināmā problēma, noteikts pētījuma mērķis, objekts, priekšmets, uzdevumi, izvirzīti pētījuma jautājumi, norādītas promocijas darba izstrādē izmantotās pētījuma metodes, raksturota pētījuma bāze un posmi, zinātniskā novitāte un praktiskā nozīmība.1.nodaļa ir apskatīta teorētiskā bāze lai noskaidrotu personības un sabiedrības attīstības sakarību filozofiskos, sociālos un pedagoģiskos aspekts. 2.nodaļā balstoties uz autora pedagoģiskās prakses laikā veiktajiem novērojumiem un to analīzi, empīriskiem pētījumiem, aplūkots vēstures mācību process kā līdzeklis skolēnu izpratnes veidošanā par sevi un cilvēkiem sabiedrībā – dzīvē, dzīves darbībā, socializācijā. Skolotāja kā līdera loma skolā mācību procesā pārmaiņu laikā ir ļoti svarīga, jo nepieciešama mācību procesa maiņu vadīšana, kur pats skolotājs apgūstot demokrātisku darba vadīšanas metodi, māca skolēniem mācīties, būt atklājējiem mācību laikā. Izmantojot problēmmācību metodi vēstures, un īpaši Latvijas vēstures mācīšanās laikā, skolēni izzinot patstāvīgi vēstures notikumus, paši kļūst par līderiem, jo labāk izprot savu, kā pilsoniskas sabiedrības locekļa lomu mūsdienu sabiedrībā. Darba noslēgumā autors rosina sākt nopietnu diskusiju par nepieciešamām izmaiņām Latvijas vēstures mācīšanas saturā, pārejot pakāpeniski no vēstures satura hronoloģiskā izklāsta mācīšanas veida, pāriet uz vēstures tematisko izklāstu. Promocijas darbs sastāv no 149.lappusēm teksta, to ilustrē 13.tabulas, 8.attēli, literatūras sarakstā iekļauti 263.bibliogrāfijas avoti latviešu, krievu, vācu un angļu valodās, un 27.pielikumi. Atslēgas vārdi – Latvijas vēsture, problēmmācības, problēmmācību metode. ; The aim of the doctoral dissertation is to create a problem-based learning model for the acquisition of Latvia's history at the secondary school that will enable pupils' comprehension and experience on the personality and community relationship development consistency. The author considers that during the time when the pupil's knowledge in Latvia's history is poor, as it is revealed by the National Centralized examination results, there is no need to search solutions to the problems by politicising the issues of the Latvia's history teaching, but by acquiring and introducing new teaching/learning methods, which encourage the pupil's autonomy, creative approach to the study process. By analyzing the author's own pedagogical experience and the cognitions gained during thirty years of practice, the author offers the teachers to implement the problem-based approach into teaching, as well as to start a serious discussion on the change of the teaching of Latvia's history contents – to start a gradual transition from the chronologically rearranged history survey to a history survey based on the thematic topics at the secondary school studies. The structure of the Doctoral dissertation consists of an introduction, two parts, conclusion, references and appendices. In the introduction of the Doctoral dissertation the research area of the dissertation is defined, substantiated the topicality of the scientific and theoretical research, characterized the research problem, set the aim of the research, the object, tasks, set the research issues, described the research methods used in the doctoral dissertation, characterized the research basis and stages, scientific innovation and practical significance. In the first part the theoretical basis is researched to establish the philosophical, social and pedagogical aspects of the personality and community relationship development consistency. The second part reveals the history teaching/learning process as a means for development of the pupil's comprehension shaping on oneself and human community – in life, life performance and socialisation based on the author's observations during his pedagogical performance and their analysis. The teacher's as a leader's role at school during the changes taking place in the teaching/learning process is very important due to its necessity to lead the change process, where the teacher himself acquires democratic methods of leadership, teaches the pupils how to learn, how to be discoverers during the learning process. By use of the problem-based method in teaching/learning of history, especially, the history of Latvia, the pupils exploring the historic events autonomously, become leaders themselves as they better understand their own role as a member of the civic community in the contemporary society. In the conclusion part the author encourages to start a serious discussion on the needed changes in the contents of Latvia's history teaching, gradually changing from the chronological explanation teaching of the history contents to the history explanation based on the thematic topics. The Doctoral dissertation consists of 149 pages, it is illustrated by 13 tab., 8 pictures, the references include 263 items, followed by 27 appendices. Keywords – History of Latvia, PBL, modeling.

ABSTRACTThis thesis is studies of issues Management Arrangements Motor Vehicle Tax Increase Local Revenue In West Kalimantan Province. By the legal and social research method be concluded, that: 1. Settings management Motor Vehicle Tax and Tax on Motor Vehicles in West Kalimantan Province formulated in West Kalimantan Provincial Regulation Number 8, 2010 on Local Taxes Jo amendment Regional Regulation West Kalimantan Province Number 2, 2012. Bottom line determining clearly about: a. Name, Object and Subject PKB and BBNKB; b. Basic Imposition, Rates and Calculation PKB and BBNKB; c. Admission / Registration, Reporting and Tax Charges Regional and BBNKB PKB; d. Tax Period and Tax Due When PKB and BBNKB; e. and Determination of PKB and BBNKB. Then also determined: a. Billing Procedures and Payment of Tax; b. Objection and Appeal; c. Granting Reduction, Relief, and Tax Exemption; d. Assessment Correction and Removal or Reduction of Administrative Sanctions; e. Refund Excess Payment of Tax; f. Billing expired; g. Voting Incentives; and g. . Revenue Sharing and Usage Tax. 2. Studied from setting aspect, payment procedures and BBNKB, and revenue realization fibers West Kalimantan Provincial Government in 2011 through 2013 as listed in Table 2 to Table 4, shows the implementation of the collection of motor vehicle tax and Tax on Motor Vehicles in West Kalimantan Province is quite effective (efficient and effective). 3. Efforts West Kalimantan Provincial Government to increase Tax Revenue Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Tax on future done by: a. Expanding the revenue base PKB and BBNKB that is done with taxpayer identifying new / potential and the number of taxpayers, repair database objects, fixing appraisal, and compute capacity and acceptance of PKB and BBNKB. b. Strengthen PKB and BBNKB voting process by accelerating the preparation BBNKB tariff agreements and regulatory changes as well as increased PKB and BBNKB Revenue Office of West Kalimantan. Further recommended a. For eliminating the leakage collection PKB and BBNKB surveillance system needs to be further improved internal and external management of PKB and BBNKB. b. Improving administrative procedures PKB and PKB BBNKB through administrative simplification PKB and BBNKB. c. Increasing the capacity of PKB and BBNKB acceptance through better planning to improve coordination with relevant agencies in the area. d. Improving Services SAMSAT Corner in various places in order to handle the payment of motor vehicle tax (PKB), Tax on Motor Vehicles (BBNKB), attestation Certificate of Motor Vehicles (vehicle registration) and Mandatory Contribution Road Traffic Accident Fund (SWDKLLJ) corresponding development of the situation.2Keywords: Arrangements, Management, Motor Vehicle Tax, Tax on Motor Vehicles, and the local original income.ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas masalah Pengaturan Pengelolaan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Dari hasil penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dan sosiologis diperoleh kesimpulan, bahwa : 1. Pengaturan pengelolaan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor dan Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat diformulasikan dalam Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Nomor 8 Tahun 2010 Tentang Pajak Daerah Jo perubahannya Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Nomor 2 Tahun 2012. Intinya menentukan secara jelas tentang: a. Nama, Obyek dan Subyek PKB dan BBNKB; b. Dasar Pengenaan, Tarif dan Perhitungan PKB dan BBNKB; c. Pendaftaran/Registrasi, Pelaporan dan Wilayah Pungutan PKB dan BBNKB; d. Masa Pajak dan Saat Terutang Pajak PKB dan BBNKB; e. dan Penetapan PKB dan BBNKB. Kemudian ditentukan pula : a. Tata Cara Pembayaran dan Penagihan Pajak; b. Keberatan dan Banding; c. Pemberian Pengurangan, Keringanan, dan Pembebasan Pajak; d. Pembetulan Ketetapan dan Penghapusan atau Pengurangan Sanksi Administrasi; e. Pengembalian Kelebihan Pembayaran Pajak; f. Kadaluarsa Penagihan; g. Insentif Pemungutan; dan g. .Bagi Hasil dan Pengunaan Pajak. 2. Dikaji dari aspek pengaturan, tata cara Pembayaran PKB dan BBNKB, serta realisasi penerimaan Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Barat pada tahun 2011 sampai 2013 sebagaimana tercantum dalam Tabel: 2 sampai Tabel: 4, menunjukkan pelaksanaan pemungutan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor dan Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat sudah cukup efektif (berdayaguna dan berhasilguna). 3. Upaya Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimatan Barat untuk meningkatkan Pendapatan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor dan Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor ke depan dilakukan dengan cara: a. Memperluas basis penerimaan PKB dan BBNKB yang dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi pembayar pajak baru/potensial dan jumlah pembayar pajak, memperbaiki basis data objek, memperbaiki penilaian, dan menghitung kapasitas penerimaan PKB dan BBNKB. b.Memperkuat proses pemungutan PKB dan BBNKB dengan mempercepat penyusunan regulasi perubahan tarif PKB dan BBNKB serta peningkatan personil Dinas Pendapatan Daerah Kalimantan Barat. Selanjutnya direkomendasikan a. Untuk mengeleminir kebocoran pemungutan PKB dab BBNKB perlu lebih ditingkatkan sistem pengawasan internal dan eksternal pengelolaan PKB dan BBNKB. b. Memperbaiki prosedur administrasi PKB dan BBNKB melalui penyederhanaan administrasi PKB dan BBNKB. c. Meningkatkan kapasitas penerimaan PKB dan BBNKB melalui perencanaan yang lebih baik dengan meningkatkan koordinasi dengan instansi terkait di daerah. d. Meningkatkan Layanan Samsat Corner di berbagai tempat guna menangani pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor (PKB), Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor (BBNKB), pengesahan Surat Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor (STNK) dan Sumbangan Wajib Dana Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan (SWDKLLJ) sesuai perkembangan keadaan.Kata Kunci: Pengaturan, Pengelolaan, Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor, dan Pendapatan Asli Daerah.

Рассматривается проблема подготовки и привлечения квалифицированных кадров для работы на предприятиях оборонно-промышленного комплекса (ОПК). Автор приходит к выводу, что существует несогласованность между направлениями подготовки учебными заведениями молодых кадров и нужными специалистами определенных профессий для военной промышленности. Предпринята попытка раскрыть основные причины кадрового голода в ОПК и предложены меры по улучшению ситуации с кадровым дефицитом в оборонной промышленности. ; Topics related to the work of the MIC have often been the focus of Russian scientists. In general, the country's pre-transitional and transition periods from 1992 to 1996 have been examined, but the results of the transition have been analyzed much less. Scientific works on the MIC are generally concerned with the past with history. However, features of the impact of the personnel component on the current state of the MIC are not studied enough in scientific literature. When studying the identified problem, the principle of a systemic approach was applied, as well as methods of economic research into scientific abstraction and quantitative methods, using actual material. The following works of B. Vinogradov have all been devoted to the problem of personnel in the defense industry: "Some Aspects of Training Personnel for the Defense Industry" (2007), "Ways to Develop the Personnel Potential of the Defense Industry" (2007), and "Preparing Personnel for the Military-Industrial Complex" (2009). Others have also covered the problem in works such as: "Solving the Structural and Personnel Problems of the MIC" (2009) by A.S. Boreyshe, "The Challenges of Preparing Specialists for the Defense Industry, as Discussed in 'Voenmekh'" (2011) by S. Ivanova, "The Axiom 'The Staff Decide Everything' Has Been Forgotten" (2011) by A. Aleksandrov, "Personnel for the MIC: Issues and Opinions" (2010) by A. Lukianova, "Scientific Conferences as a Preparation System for the Enterprises of the Military-Industrial Complex" (2013) by K. Katyk, as well as other works. The successful operation of defense industry enterprises and solutions to the problem of personnel shortage in the defense industry are extremely important, as the country's security is directly dependent on it. This topic is in the author's area of scientific interest and is relevant to him as a practicing head of a defense enterprise with many years of experience. Therefore, in a number of earlier research papers we favored unexplored topics in the defense industry. These topics included: "The Economics of Defense Industry Enterprises, Problems and Solutions", "20 Years of Defense Industry Enterprises in the Market Economy", "The Development of the Russian Defense Industry in the Conditions of Economic Modernization", "Issues of Creating Market Relationships in the Russian Defense Industry", "Prospects for Developing the Russian Military-Industrial Complex", "The Personnel Situation in the Military-Industrial Complex: 1990s, 2000s and Today", "The System of Personnel Training in the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC)", as well as this paper. In May 2013, the State Duma discussed the issue of preparing specialists for the defense industry and based on the results of discussion, it was recommended that the government speed up the preparation and approval of the program entitled "The Training and Retraining of Qualified Personnel for Organizations of the Defense Industry Complex in 2014-2020", which once again underlines the relevance of the issue in question. The problem of personnel in the defense industry in the post-transitional period appeared in scientific literature before 2007 and 8-10 years later, the Russian State Duma began discussing this problem and making recommendations to the government. However, the situation of experts in the defense industry is still very difficult, if not catastrophic: ".the average age of all workers in strategic sectors of industry is 55-57 years. Of these workers, more than 30% are older than 60. There is about a 17% deficit in mechanical engineers in the industry, a 22% deficit in design engineers, and a 40% deficit in workers of other professions". These facts were noted by authors mentioned above, but the issues are not resolved and the situation is not improving. The purpose of this paper is to reach conformity in specialized training for defense industry personnel by using professional educational institutions to meet labor market requirements. The objective of this research is to develop and make recommendations to improve the situation of human resource shortages in the defense industry. To accomplish this, the prestige of defense enterprises first needs to be restored. High school students need to be motivated to choose a profession related to the defense industry. Schools should also take into account the individual abilities of pupils, move more actively towards specialized education, and work more closely with universities that support their educational profiles. Graduates should have interesting and guaranteed work, social security, and specified benefits. Only a complex solution to problems related to increasing recruitment for the defense industry can improve the current situation. As this problem has been building for more than 10 years without any major changes, the author considers it necessary to engage more deeply in this subject with the hope that his labor will bring benefits to the rational organization of defense industry functioning, and hence the country's security.