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This article traces the responses of German psychiatrists to epidemic numbers of shell-shocked men during the first world war, surveying the diagnostic, administrative and therapeutic dimensions of the 'war neurosis' problem. First it asks why hysteria, a diagnostic label once reserved for women, was used to diagnose many thousand of psychiatric casualties, and shows how male hysteria diagnosis emerged in the late nineteenth century amid Germany's experience of rapid industrialization and modernization. The article then turns to psychiatric organization during the war, arguing that it reflected the influence of models of rationalized industrial production. In its discussion of psychiatric treatment, the article emphasizes how medical power operated through the various therapeutic procedures. whether hypnosis, suggestion or electrical current, treatments aimed to replace the patient's 'sickly' will with proper values of patriotism and self-sacrifice. The article then concludes with broader reflections on trauma, narrativity and the process of collective memory formation in interwar Germany. Using several psychiatric case histories, it shows how the traumatic and pathogenic nature of war memories was contested between doctors and patients, which it views as a microcosm of larger disputes within Weimar political culture over the meaning of the war as a whole.

Inhalt: Gellert, Claudius: Introduction: Changing Patterns in European Higher Education. - Structural Modifications of the Major Models (Teichler, Ulrich: Structures of Higher Education Systems in Europe. - Rau, Einhard: Inertia and Resistance to Change of the Humboldtian University. - Kogan, Maurice: The End of the Dual System? The Blurring of Boundaries in the British Tertiary Education System. - Jallade, Jean-Pierre/Lamoure, Jean/Lamoure Rontopoulou, Jeanne: Tertiary Diversification in France and the Conditions of Access. - Moscati, Roberto: Moving Towards Institutional Differentiation: The Italian Case. - Lamo de Espinosa, Emilio: The Spanish University in Transition). - Adaptation and Distinctiveness: Diversification in European Tertiary Training Systems (Grilo, Eduardo Marcal: The Transformation of Higher Education in Portugal. - Saitis, Christos: Main Features of Higher Education in Greece. - Clancy, Patrick: Goal Enlargement and Differentiation: The Evolution of the Binary System in Ireland. - Maassen, Peter A. M./Goedegebuure, Leo C. J./Westerheijden, Don F.: Social and Political Conditions for the Emerging Tertiary Structures in the Netherlands. - Wielemans, Williy/Vanderhoeven, Johan L.: New Tasks and Roles for Higher Education in Belgium and Luxembourg. - Bache, Poul: Reform and Differentiation in the Danish System of Higher Education). - Policy Impacts and Institutional Change (Witte, Bruno d: Higher Education and the Constituion of the European Community. - Leitner, Erich: Developments in European Community Politics of Higher Education - Observation from Outside. - Moses, Ingrid: Against the Stream: Australia's Policy of Tertiary Integration. - Gellert, Claudius: Structures and Functional Differentiation - Remerks on Changing Paradigms of Tertiary Education in Europe) (PHF/übern.)

The Great Depression spurred State ownership in Western capitalist countries. Germany was no exception; the last governments of the Weimar Republic took over firms in diverse sectors. Later, the Nazi regime transferred public ownership and public services to the private sector. In doing so, they went against the mainstream trends in the Western capitalist countries, none of which systematically reprivatized firms during the 1930s. Privatization in Nazi Germany was also unique in transferring to private hands the delivery f public services previously provided by government. The firms and the services transferred to private ownership belonged to diverse sectors. Privatization was part of an intentional policy with multiple objectives and was not ideologically driven. As in many recent privatizations, particularly within the European Union, strong financial restrictions were a central motivation. In addition, privatization was used as a political tool to enhance support for the government and for the Nazi Party. ; Arrel de la Gran Depressió la propietat pública va créixer al països capitalistes occidentals. Alemanya no va ser una excepció; els darrers governs de la República de Weimar van agafar el control d¿empreses en diferent sectors. Més tard, el règim Nazi va transferir propietat pública i serveis públics al sector privat. Amb això, els Nazis es situaven contra les tendències habituals als països capitalistes occidentals, puix cap altre país va reprivatitzar sistemàticament en la dècada dels 1930s. La privatització a l¿Alemanya Nazi també va ser única en la mesura en què es va transferir a organitzacions privades la producció de serveis públics que abans havien estat produïts per l¿administració pública. Les empreses i serveis transferits al sector privat pertanyen a diferents sectors. La privatització va ser part d¿una política intencional amb múltiples objectius, i no va tenir un caràcter marcadament ideològic. Igual que en moltes privatitzacions recents, especialment a la Unió Europea, la motivació principal procedia de les fortes restriccions financeres dels pressupostos públics. A més, la privatització va ser usada com un instrument polític per augmentar el suport al govern i al Partit Nazi.

Introduction : finding disabled veterans in history / David A. Gerber -- Representation. Philoctetes in historical context / Martha Edwards -- Heroes and misfits : the troubled social reintegration of disabled veterans in The best years of our lives / David A. Gerber -- Bitterness, rage, and redemption : Hollywood constructs the disabled Vietnam veteran / Martin F. Norden -- Public policy. Disabled veterans and the state in early modern England / Geoffrey L. Hudson -- "A sacred debt" : veterans and the state in revolutionary and Napoleonic France / Isser Woloch -- From individual trauma to national policy : tracking the uses of Civil War veteran medical records / Robert I. Goler and Michael G. Rhode -- Work-therapy and the disabled British soldier in Great Britain in the First World War : the cased of Shepherd's Bush Military Hospital, London / Jeffrey S. Reznick -- "Empty sleeves and wooden pegs" : disabled Confederate veterans in image and reality / R.B. Rosenburg -- Fifty years of pain : the history of Austrian disabled veterans after 1945 / Gregory Weeks -- Disabled Russian War veterans : surviving the collapse of the Soviet Union / Ethel Dunn -- Living with a disability : adjustments and maladjustments. Nomads in blue : disabled veterans and alcohol at the national home / James Marten -- Will to work : disabled veterans in Britain and Germany after the First World War / Deborah Cohen -- Lieutenant John Counsell and the development of medical rehabilitation and disability policy in Canada / Mary Tremblay -- Post-modern American heroism : anti-war war heroes, survivor heroes, and the eclipse of traditional warrior values / David A. Gerber -- Afterword : a challenge to historians / Jonathan Shay

The third part of the eleventh ordinary session of the Consultative Assembly was opened on January 18, 1960, with a tribute to its President, Mr. John Edward, who had died at Strasbourg on November 23, 1959. At the onset, the Assembly unanimously adopted a motion against anti Semitic outbreaks presented by the Political Committee, which a delegation from the Israeli parliament gratefully acknowledged. A motion to adjourn the election of the President until the opening of the next session was also adopted. Following presentation of a report on the activities of the Bureau and Standing Committee, the second supplementary report to the tenth report of the Committee of Ministers was presented by its chairman, Mr. Pierre Wigny, Belgian Foreign Minister. He noted that the Assembly had been disturbed over the fact that the Council of Europe was no longer fulfilling an adequate role, and stressed the importance of the exchanges of views which the Committee of Ministers had decided could take place at the request of any member state. In the economic sphere he called attention to recent moves toward economic coordination, and, before concluding, asked the Assembly to examine further both the question of Eurafrican relations and that of rationalization of European institutions.

Reports the death toll for Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Northern Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Notes the particular problems of those without documentation, underworld criminals exploiting trade in human beings, the continuing expansion of 'illegal' categories, the end of human rights, the mental torture of detention, institutionalized inhumanity, emergency measures, racism in Italy and sectarianism, nationalism and serial killers.