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Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Basic issues -- From a gubernative to a deliberative human rights policy definition, and further development of human rights as an act of collective self-determination -- The human right to democracy - a moral defence with a legal nuance -- The democratic constitution -- "From above" or "from the bottom up"? The protection of human rights between descending and ascending interpretations -- Gloomy prospects - seven theories on the future of democracy within a world society -- The Council of Europe

The effectiveness of arms control & disarmament agreements depends on the extent to which their provisions are indeed complied with. Formal, procedural, & institutional elements thus play a prominent role in recent agreements, in particular, multilateral treaties (Chemical Weapons Convention, Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). Although traditional means of enforcement -- eg, termination, suspension, & sanctions -- have not completely disappeared, cooperative procedures have become more important. These new mechanisms are intended to provide positive incentives. Parties shall be convinced that their security interests are better served if they abide by the terms of the respective treaty. Such positive incentives include security guarantees, provisions for assistance & protection, obligations to cooperate, & institutionalized supervisory procedures, which rely on confidence building, transparency & fact finding. Adapted from the source document.

The connection between social class and political preferences is among the most well established in the social sciences. This association is typically taken as prima facie evidence of economic self-interest: Classes hold different attitudes, values, and party preferences because they have different economic interests. However, this assumption has rarely been tested empirically. In this article, we use survey data from 18 West European countries to examine why classes differ on a central aspect of political preferences, namely their views on the desirability of income inequality. We find that only a moderate proportion of differences between employee classes in support for redistribution can be accounted for by contemporary differences in resources and risks; differences in economic interests to some degree account for the anti-redistributive preferences of the professional middle classes compared with the working class. However, the preferences of the self-employed have a different explanation; autonomy is a better explanation of the right-wing preferences of the self-employed compared with the working class.

The early work and experience of writer (and later Minister of Culture) Wang Meng provides a useful study in the "slow creep" of active, optimistic efforts on behalf of both political authorities and the people to create a unified cultural subject, as they move toward a more recognisable form of censorship and control. Although parts of Wang Meng's first novel Long live youth were published in the late 1950s, it was not published in its entirety until 1979. The plot revolves around a group of high school girls who value spontaneity and freedom, rather than discipline and organisation. The small group of main characters develop strategies of inclusion and exclusion, mimicking society at large while shielding themselves from the contamination of politics and national affairs. By the time he wrote the novella A Young Man Arrives at the Organization Department in 1956, Wang Meng had reformulated his protagonist to recognise the insidious danger of self-censorship. Lin Zhen retains the values of "good cheer" and hard work but falls into doubt and confusion. The story's portrayal of Lin's colleagues in the Organization Department as lazy, cautious, and unenthusiastic is also part of a literary investigation into the kind of censorship that is woven into daily work life, emerging from the structures of bureaucracy. 上世紀50年代曾任文化部長的王蒙寫的兩部小說《青春萬歲》和《組織部新來的年輕人》呈現了中國50年代積極向上的樂觀主義精神。 《青春萬歲》寫的是一群追崇自由,隨性爛漫,不喜被組織和紀律約束的高中女生。她們對他人包容和排斥的策略,既是當時社會制度和風氣的體現,又展示了年輕人未經政治風雨及世俗侵染的青春和純潔。 《組織部新來的年輕人》揭露了官僚機構中逐漸滲透到日常工作中的審查制度。王蒙塑造了一個能自我審查隱患的主角林震。雖然其組織部的同事在小說中被描述為懶惰、謹慎並缺乏熱忱,林震自己也時常陷入懷疑和困惑,但他保留了"打起精神"和努力工作的價值觀。通過研究王蒙這兩部小說中所展現出來的樂觀主義精神,本文揭示了那個時代的當權者和民眾是如何將這種樂觀向上的價值取向逐步演變成政治審查的要素,從而構建起一個統一的文化主題。 ; 上世紀50年代曾任文化部長的王蒙寫的兩部小說《青春萬歲》和《組織部新來的年輕人》呈現了中國50年代積極向上的樂觀主義精神。 《青春萬歲》寫的是一群追崇自由,隨性爛漫,不喜被組織和紀律約束的高中女生。她們對他人包容和排斥的策略,既是當時社會制度和風氣的體現,又展示了年輕人未經政治風雨及世俗侵染的青春和純潔。 《組織部新來的年輕人》揭露了官僚機構中逐漸滲透到日常工作中的審查制度。王蒙塑造了一個能自我審查隱患的主角林震。雖然其組織部的同事在小說中被描述為懶惰、謹慎並缺乏熱忱,林震自己也時常陷入懷疑和困惑,但他保留了"打起精神"和努力工作的價值觀。通過研究王蒙這兩部小說中所展現出來的樂觀主義精神,本文揭示了那個時代的當權者和民眾是如何將這種樂觀向上的價值取向逐步演變成政治審查的要素,從而構建起一個統一的文化主題。

Abstract
The article focuses on the critical moment when the idea of equality entered international law. The article argues that a political claim to equality of all human beings surfaced at the international level already in the 1920s and 1930s, long before human rights were discussed at the United Nations. The International Labour Organisation (ILO), established in 1919, provided the venue for delegates from non-European countries or territories—most of them confronting some form of colonialism—to raise their voices against the exploitation of labour in India, China and other places under the domination of colonial powers. The delegates' idea of equality was present in arguments attacking racial hierarchies and in arguments criticizing unequal treatment in 'native labour' relations. The universalistic idea of the equal worth of all human beings and the idea of equal treatment was advanced to de-legitimize narrow concepts of equality based on race.

"This book provides an analysis of the European policy approach to combined heat and power (CHP), a highly efficient technology used by all EU Member States for the needs of generating electricity and heat. European Law on Combined Heat and Power carries out an assessment of the European legal and policy measures on CHP, evaluating how it has changed over the years through progress and decline in specific member states. Over the course of the book, Sokołowski explores all aspects of CHP, examining the types of measures used to steer the growth of cogeneration in the EU and the policies and regulatory tools that have influenced its development. He also assesses the specific role of CHP in the liberalisation of the internal energy market and EU action on climate and sustainability. Finally, by delivering his notions of 'cogenatives', 'cogenmunities', or 'Micro-Collective-Flexible-Smart-High-Efficiency cogeneration', Sokołowski considers how the new EU energy package - 'Clean energy for all Europeans' - will shape future developments. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy law and regulation, combined heat and power and energy efficiency, as well as policy makers and energy experts working in the CHP sector"--