Suchergebnisse

Bu çalışmada, Hollanda hastalığı, Azerbaycan ekonomisinin ana sektörleri ve Hollanda hastalığının Azerbaycan ekonomisine etkisi incelenmiştir. Petrol sektörünün yoğun sermaye yapısı sayesinde, Hollanda hastalığı üzerinde ana etkiye sahip olan kaynak tahsisinin etkisi gerçekleşmemiştir. Diğer taraftan, harcamaların etkisi Azerbaycan ekonomisinde kamu harcamalarında artış olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Aynı zamanda, Azerbaycan ekonomisi büyük ölçüde petrol sektörüne bağlıdır. Ancak kısa vadeli ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kullanılırsa, petrol de hızla kaybolabilir. Doğal olarak, petrol makul bir şekilde kullanılırsa ve devletin uzun vadeli çıkarlarını güvence altına almak için büyük bir avantajdır. Birçok petrol ülkesinin tecrübesi, birçok sosyal sorunu çözmenin yanı sıra, bir ülkenin ciddi bir ekonomik düşüşüne de zemin hazırlayabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, petrol kârındaki artış olumlu görünüyorsa, o zaman rasyonel kullanımı en önemli konulardan biridir. Petrol, gaz ve mineral rezervleri, 60 ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önde gelen sektörlerdir ve bu ülkelerde dünyada 2/3 yoksul insan yaşamaktadır. Bu ülkelerde yaşayan 1,5 milyar insanda günlük gelir 2 dolardan az. Afrika'daki son 25 yılda en büyük petrol üreticisi, petrol satışından 300 milyar dolar kazanmıştır. Ancak buna rağmen, bu ülkelerdeki nüfusun % 70'inin günlük geliri 1 dolardan bile az olmuştur. Petrol ülkelerindeki temel sorunlardan biri, askeri ihtiyaçlar için petrol karının ana bölümlerinin yönüdür. Petrol üreten başka bir Afrika ülkesinde, petrol satışından elde edilen miktar 1,7 milyar dolar olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Devlet Petrol Fonu fonlarının harcama yönünü ve yatırım şeklindeki yatırım mekanizmalarını yansıtıyordu. Yatırım için çeşitli senaryolar ve bunların olumlu ve olumsuz yanları incelendi. Ek olarak, Azerbaycan ve Kazakistan da dâhil olmak üzere bir dizi petrol ülkesi örneği uygulanmıştır. Bu da "birçok soruna karşı sigorta" anlamına gelmektedir. Genel olarak, çalışma sırasında, araçların verimli araştırmalarıyla ilgili alternatif çözümler bulmaya çalıştık. ; In this study, the Dutch Disease in the economy of Azerbaijan, the main sector of the economy of Azerbaijan were analyzed Dutch Disease and its effects on. The capital structure of the source distribution for not having largely because of the influence of Dutch Disease yoxun oil sector. The impact of government spending in the economy of Azerbaijan, there was a rise in costs. At the same time, the Azerbaijani economy is too dependent on the oil sector have done that. But short-term needs, if not to be used for oil and. Naturally, if the long-term interests of the state and to ensure reasonable use of oil is a big advantage. Many oil country, but also pave the way for serious economic collapse of one country to solve many social problems, experience shows. From this point of view, it seems destined, it is one of the most important issues of growth in the stomach, looking positively rational use of oil. Oil, gas and mineral reserves in the world and the leading sectors in these countries are poor people live in developing countries, 60 and 2/3. In these countries, the 1,5 billion people living on less than 2 dollars per day. The largest oil producer in Africa in the past 25 years, won the $ 300 billion from oil sales. However, despite this, the daily income of less than 1% of the population in these countries was $ 70inin. One of the problems in oil country, oil is the main part of his wife for military needs. Oil production in the amount of $ 1,7 billion from oil sales, another African country. In this case, the State Oil Fund of funds in the form of investment spending reflected investment mechanisms and direction. For different scenarios and their positive and negative aspects of the investment. In addition, a number of countries used the example of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan including oil. It is a means of "insurance against many problems". In general, we tried to find an alternative solution on the work of productive research.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of «healthcare» and the history of the formation of thehealthcare system in Ukraine. One of the problems that arises in the context of this assignment is to conduct a general theoretical analysis of the scientific literature with a view to defining the concept of a person's natural right to health protection, as well as the process of formation and development of the healthcare system in its historical aspect. What today requires at the legislative level the corresponding improvement and expansion. It has been found that healthcare should be considered as a public good, when providing medical care to every person is important for society as a whole. In turn, this position in most European countries has become part of the traditional consensus on the importance of adhering to the principle of solidarity and universal access of the population to health resources. On the other hand, market forces are inherently based on the assumption that each medical service is a commodity that can be sold on the open market. It is stressed that the legislative definition of the concept of «health» can be considered as an absolute health, which some researchers consider as an ideal health, which does not exist in the real state of the organism, and acts as a standard to which we must strive. It is determined that health is an important social and economic factor, which depends on the level of which economic resources, physical, spiritual and moral potential of society depend heavily. The importance of health as a higher and natural good causes the need for its protection and protection, including international legal. It is concluded that healthcare is a system of methods, means and methods implemented by state authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as by each individual, the implementation of which is intended to strengthen (if this is not possible, to maintain at the same level), to develop and restore the level of physical and mental state of the human body. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню поняття «охорона здоров'я» та історії формування системи охорони здоров'я в Україні. Однією з проблем, яка постає в контексті цього завдання, є проведення загальнотеоретичного аналізу наукової літератури на предмет визначення поняття природного права людини на охорону здоров'я, а також процесу становлення і розвитку системи охорони здоров'я в її історичному аспекті, що сьогодні потребує на законодавчому рівні відповідного вдосконалення та розширення. З'ясовано, що охорона здоров'я повинна розглядатися як суспільне благо, коли надання медичної допомоги кожній людині має важливе значення для суспільства загалом. У свою чергу, така позиція в більшості європейських країн стала частиною традиційного консенсусу відносно важливості дотримання принципу солідарності та всеохоплюючого доступу населення до ресурсів охорони здоров'я. З іншого боку, ринкові важелі за своєю природою засновані на припущенні, що кожна медична послуга є товаром, який можна продати на відкритому ринку. Наголошено, що законодавче визначення поняття «здоров'я» можна розглядати як абсолютне здоров'я, яке дехто з дослідників, розглядає як ідеальне здоров'я, якого не існує в реальних умовах стану організму, а виступає як стандарт, до якого ми повинні прагнути. Визначено, що здоров'я є важливим соціальним та економічним чинником, від рівня якого значно залежать економічні ресурси, фізичний, духовний і моральний потенціал суспільства. Велике значення здоров'я як вищого і природного блага зумовлює необхідність його охорони і захисту, у т. ч. і міжнародно-правового. Зроблено висновок, що охорона здоров'я – система способів, засобів і методів, здійснюваних органами державної влади, органами місцевого самоврядування, а також кожною фізичною особою окремо, реалізація яких покликана зміцнювати (якщо це не є можливим, – зберігати на такому ж рівні), розвивати та відновлювати рівень фізичного і психічного стану організму людини.

[eng] ith the spread of the Green Revolution from the mid-20th century, large part of the agricultural systems in the world experienced a series of transformations that have ultimately led to important sustainability problems. Acknowledging the sustainability problems of modern industrial agriculture, this PhD thesis analyses the historical transition of a Mediterranean agroecosystem from a traditional organic management to an industrialised functioning. Understanding how this transformation affected the sustainability of the agroecosystem, changing its structure and functioning, provides useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of future agricultural systems. The theoretical perspective that grounds this thesis is formed by the interconnection of different approaches: Ecological Economics, Social Metabolism, Environmental History, Agroecology, Biocultural Landscapes and Biocultural Heritage, and Peasant Economy theories. Thus, a biophysical analysis of the historical transformation of the agroecosystem of Les Oluges (from the county of La Segarra in Lleida, Catalonia) is built for three points in time: i) c.1860, when the agroecosystem was functioning under a traditional organic management; ii) 1959, when the traditional management was mixed with the introduction of the first industrial technologies from the Green Revolution; iii) 1999, when the agroecosystem was under a completely industrialized functioning. Firstly, the analysis of the energy balances of Les Oluges agroecosystem is presented (Chapter 2). The results obtained for 1860 show an agroecosystem with a relatively low energy efficiency due to the need to reinvest large part of the energy produced in order to maintain the productive capacity of its funds. In 1959, the introduction of the first external inputs from industrial origin reduced the pressure on the local resources. The combination of industrial and traditional-organic management in 1959 improved the energy efficiency of the agroecosystem not only from a human perspective, but also for the maintenance of associated biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. However, in 1999 the complete industrialization of the agroecosystem led to a decline of its energy efficiency that eroded its sustainability. The nutrient balances (Chapter 3) deepen and complement the previous energy balances analysis. At the aggregated scale, the results show a great enlargement of the volume of nutrients cycling in the agroecosystem in 1999; however, while in 1860 and 1959 the nutrient balances were relatively equilibrated, in 1999 there were important nutrient surpluses that reflect an over-fertilization inefficiency. The nutrient balances at the crop system scale show the different fertilization managements that were applied in cereals, woody crops and associated crop systems. Finally, this PhD thesis analyses some of the biocultural heritage from Les Oluges (Chapter 4): the intercropping system in which cereals were grown in between the lines of woody crops (mainly vines, but also olive and almond trees). The presence of this crop system in Les Oluges until de mid-20th century, as well as in other Mediterranean regions, indicate the existence of an important traditional ecological knowledge linked to this polyculture. In order to determine the possible advantages of this alley-cropping system I developed a multidimensional analysis that assesses agroecological and socioeconomic aspects. From the agroecological point of view, the results show that the intercropping system did not have a productive disadvantage. This can be explained by the weak competition among crops and the possible existence of mutual facilitation processes. Additionally, from the socioeconomic perspective the alley-cropping system provided savings in human and animal workforce, which were of great importance in the context of traditional-organic management in Les Oluges. The analysis of the traditional intercropping system in Les Oluges shows as well the adaptation of the agroecosystem's management to a logic of peasant economy that seeks to balance multiple elements rather than maximize only one.

Kajian menggunakan kaedah pemerhatian ikut serta dan analisis data sekunder ke atas pendekatan kempen dan pola pengundian akar umbi terhadap Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) dalam Pilihan raya Umum ke-14 yang lalu menyaksikan persaingan sengit antara PAS Sabah dengan parti-parti politik lain di negeri ini. Tahap sokongan yang sederhana dan kemampuan untuk menarik sokongan pengundi yang agak terbatas kepada masyarakat Islam dan segelintir penyokong bukan beragama Islam di negeri ini membuktikan wujudnya laluan berliku yang telah diharungi PAS Sabah dalam merealisasikan 'anak sulung' untuk PRU kali ini. Corak sokongan yang tidak menyeluruh secara relatif juga menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat Islam khasnya dan bukan Islam amnya di negeri ini perlu dibimbing dan diperbetulkan persepsi mereka terhadap kemampuan sebenar agama Islam sebagai landasan kehidupan yang hakiki. Kejelasan aspirasi 'gagasan sejahtera' sebagai manifesto PAS adalah baik untuk semua rakyat berbilang kaum dan agama tetapi selagi mandat untuk memerintah negeri ini masih belum diperoleh oleh Parti yang sudah lama bertapak di negara ini, maka selagi itulah kebaikan yang dibawa oleh Islam melalui PAS tidak dapat direalisasikan. Justeru, pendekatan kempen yang berteraskan harakah Islamiah serta "muwajahah silmiyyah' amat penting untuk dipertingkatkan kaedah dan salurannya demi menghebahkan mesej berkenaan dengan nilai-nilai Islam untuk semua rakyat di negeri ini. Usaha ini perlu diperkemas khusus untuk PAS Sabah menanamkan keyakinan masyarakat berbilang kaum di negeri ini agar seiring dengan perjuangannya. Kelebihan yang ada pada PAS adalah pengalaman yang luas dalam mengendalikan pendekatan Ceramah Kelompok dan sudah tentu aplikasi Facebook melalui kempen maya. Aspek ini jika diberikan perhatian dengan memasukkan idea-idea pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial di Sabah seharusnya berupaya memperkukuhkan strategi dan taktik kempen parti ini untuk berjaya meraih undi lebih besar dalam PRU-15 yang akan datang.
Abstract
The study uses participatory observation and secondary data analysis on campaign approaches and the pattern of voting back to the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) in the past 14th General Election (GE), witnessing the fierce competition between Sabah PAS and other political parties in the state this is. A moderate level of support and the ability to attract Sabah people to cast a significant vote for PAS is a winding-up of PAS Sabah in realizing the 'eldest child' for the GE. A relatively incomplete support pattern also shows that Muslim and non-Muslim communities in Sabah seem to be well guided and rectified their perceptions of the true ability of Islam as the essential foundation of life. The clarity of the aspirations of 'prosperous ideas' as a manifesto of PAS is good for all multiracial and religion in the Sabah, but not until PAS Sabah get its mandate to govern this state even PAS itself is known for its long-standing Party in this country, Only then the goodness brought by Islam through PAS can be realized. Thus, the approach of the Islamic-based campaign and the 'muwajahah silmiyyah' is crucial for enhancing its methods and channels in order to preach the message regarding Islamic values for all the people in the state. It needs to be streamlined specifically for PAS Sabah to inculcate confidence in multiracial society in the state in line with its struggle. The advantages of PAS are the vast experience in controlling ways of campaigning like Group Lecture approach and of course the Facebook app through the Virtual Campaign. This aspect of being emphasized by incorporating economic and social development ideas in Sabah should be able to reinforce the party's campaign strategy and tactics to succeed in gaining greater votes in the coming 15th General Election.

Background: Current legislations such as paediatric investigation plan (PIP) require pharmaceutical companies seeking marketing authorisation for a new medicine to provide evidence of studies in paediatrics to justify the use of such medicine in this population. In spite of these legislations, there are still challenges with conduct of clinical trials in paediatrics; thus, there is lack of commercially available dosage forms appropriate for use in this population. Consequently, a good proportion of medicines used in treating paediatric patients are used in the unlicensed (UL) or off-label (OL) manner. Use of UL or OL medicines has been associated with higher safety incidents such as, adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than licensed medicines. ADRs are only a subset of medicine related problems (MRPs) associated with the use of medicines. Currently, no studies have explored all aspects of problems associated with the use of OL and UL medicines in paediatrics. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of the use of OL and UL medicines and problems associated with their use in paediatrics patients admitted to intensive care units of a Children's Hospital. Method: A systematic literature review was carried out to identify problems that are associated with the use of OL and UL medicines. A retrospective review of case notes (n=194) of patients who were admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) was carried out at medical records units of the hospital. This was followed by a prospective review of case notes (n=147) of patients admitted to PICU. The last study involved a prospective review of case notes (n=87) admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU); NICU had migrated to electronic prescribing at the time the study was carried out. Licensing status of medicines was determined using Summary of Product Characteristics of medicines. Definition and categories of MRPs were based on the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe classification system version 6.2. Naranjo causality scale was used to identify the medicines that was associated with MRPs. Severity and preventability of identified MRPs were assessed using the National Patient Safety Agency categorisation for level of harm and Schumock and Thornton scale respectively. Data was analysed using computer programmes including Excel, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and STATA. Results: In the retrospective study, 53% of the total number of patients developed at least one MRP and 8% (n=165/2000) of the total number of medicines were associated with MRPs. From the total number of MRPs, 43% were associated with licensed medicines, while 57% were associated with OL and/or UL medicines. Identified MRPs were mostly ADRs and treatment effectiveness problems (84% vs.16%). In the prospective PICU study, 66% of the total number of patients developed at least one MRP and 11% (n=178/1578) of prescribed medicines were associated with MRPs. From the total number of MRPs, 40.4% were associated with licensed medicines, while 59.6% were associated with OL and/or UL medicines. Among the identified MRPs, 83% were ADRs and 17% were treatment effectiveness problems. In the NICU study, 90% of the patients developed MRPs and 9% (n= 186/1978) of the total number of medicines were associated with MRPs. From the total number of MRPs, 55% were associated with licensed medicines, while 45% were associated with OL and/or UL medicines. All the identified MRPs were ADRs. Conclusion: This research is the first to investigate MRPs associated with the use of OL and UL medicines in paediatric in-patients. MRPs associated with the use of OL and UL medicines were higher than with the use of licensed medicines. Inclusion of paediatrics in clinical trials of new medicines is fundamental to reducing the use of OL and UL medicines and the problems associated with their use.

Collective decision making is a process in which many participants with different interests interact in order to build a solution to their problem. It is inherent to many organisations and companies. Nowadays, the advances in Artificial Intelligence, notably, Multi-Agents Systems enabled the automation of decision-making processes in order to analyse and to better understand how these mechanisms work. A collective decision may be made by using a voting system or by using negotiation. In this thesis, we focus on multilateral negotiation for collective decision making by proposing negotiation models. The proposed models based on heuristic approach. The agents interact with them in order to build a solution to their problem. This context is different from models based on game theory where the set of possible solutions are supposed to be known by all agents. So heuristic negotiation issue is that agents' reasoning may be very complex. This complexity grows where the number of agents and issues to be negotiated are important. The goal of this research work consists of devising negotiation mechanisms where agents'interaction are fully decentralized. We focus on organisation aspect of the multi-agent system by using divide and conquer approach in order to reduce the negotiation complexity and hence to facilitate research of agreements. Our works tackle negotiation under different contexts which lead us to bring three contributions which focus on agents' organization, interaction protocols, negotiation object, concession strategies and effective and fair solution concept. The proposed mechanisms are implemented in JavaJade. We analyse the convergence of the negotiation, negotiation time and quality of the solution. Our models are compared with a centralized approach where all of the agents are gathered around one group to negotiate. Our empirical analyses show that our propositions allow the agents to reach collectives agreements ; La prise de décision collective est un processus dans lequel un groupe d'individus, ayant des intérêts différents, se réunit pour trouver une solution collective à un problème. Ce processus est inhérent aux activités de toute organisation politique, économique ou sociale. Le développement de l'Intelligence Artificielle notamment les Systèmes Multi-Agents a permis la modélisation et l'automatisation des processus de prise de décision afin de mieux comprendre et d'analyser leur fonctionnement. Une décision collective peut être prise par vote ou par négociation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous abordons les mécanismes de négociation multilatérale pour la prise de décision collective basés sur des approches heuristiques. Les agents construisent la solution à leur problème à travers leurs interactions à la différence des modèles basés sur la théorie des jeux dont l'espace des solutions est supposé connu par tous les agents. Le problème des négociations heuristiques réside dans les mécanismes de raisonnement des agents dont la complexité augmente lorsque le nombre d'agents et d'attributs à négocier devient important. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de proposer des mécanismes de négociation décentralisés (sans médiateur) et distribués en mettant en exergue l'aspect organisationnel des agents. Notre approche s'inspire du concept diviser pour régner et permet aux agents de négocier de façon incrémentale. Le but est de faciliter la recherche d'accords et de limiter la complexité du raisonnement des agents. Les travaux de cette thèse ont abouti à trois contributions abordant la négociation multi-agents sous différents angles tels que l'organisation des agents, le protocole d'interaction et les stratégies de concession et de choix de solutions équitables et justes. Pour valider nos propositions, nous avons implémenté sous JavaJade les mécanismes de négociation proposés. Les critères de performance que nous avons évalués sont, notamment, la convergence, le temps de négociation et la qualité de la solution. Nous avons comparé nos modèles avec ceux existants et les résultats obtenus montrent leur efficacité pour l'obtention des accords entre les agents

ABSTRAKPendidikan karakter muncul akhir-akhir ini, setelah terjadi degradasi moral yang melanda bangsa Indonesia. Pendidikan karakter pada prinsipsinya adalah sebagai upaya menumbuhkan kepekaan dan tanggung jawab sosial, membangun kecerdasan emosional, dan mewujudkan peserta didik memiliki etika yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan: (1) penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna SMK Negeri 13 Malang, (2) kendala yang dihadapi dalam penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna, (3) solusi yang dapat dilakukan dalam penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik penelitian kualitatif dengan prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan orang-orang dan perilaku yang dihadapi. Pengumupulan data diperoleh dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Tahapantahapandalamanalisis data dilakukandengancara: pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data danpenarikankesimpulan. Uji keabsahan data dilakukan denganteknikkredibilitas, transferbilitas, debendabilitasdankonfirmabilitas.Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat diperoleh hasil penelitian yaitu: (1) Penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna diterapkan dalam kegiatan sehari-hari dari taat, jujur, disiplin, bekerjasama dan berprestasi. 5 karakter diterapkan dalam semua aspek kehidupan di lingkungan sekolah. (2) Kendala yang dihadapi dalam penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna diantaranya; belum ada kesadraan penuh dalam diri taruna sehingga kecenderungan sulit menerapkan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna, masih adanya guru yang tidak mendukung, kurang pengawasan orang tua dirumah. (3) Solusi yang dapat dilakukan dalam penerapan pendidikan karakter berbasis 5 karakter wajib taruna yakni memberikan pencegahan secara preventif melalui buku saku dan al-kays, melakukan koodinasi antara pihak sekolah dan orang tua, melakukan konsultasi kepada taruna-taruni oleh staff batalyon, kontrol sikap taruna-taruni melalui bimbingan konseling.Kata Kunci : "5 karakter wajib taruna"ABSTRACTNowadays, character building in education is commonly spoken, let alone after degradation of the youth moral in Indonesia. Principally, character building is an attempt to grow the sensitivity and social responsibility, to build the emotional intelegence, and to create students with high attitude. This research is aimed to describe: (1) the implementation of character building in education based on the 5 obligatory characters of school with military based in SMKN 13 Malang, (2) the problems that are faced in implementing the character building in education based on the 5 obligatory characters of school with military based, (3) the ways to cope with the problems in implementing the character building in education based on the 5 obligatory characters of school military based. This research employed the qualitative research that produces the descriptive data which are written or oral data, and the attitude of the students. The data colllection techniques that were used: interview, observation, and documentation. The steps in analayzing the data were: collecting the data, reduction data, findings, and drawing the conclusion. The validity test were done by using credibility,trasnferable, dependable, and confirmable techniques. Based on the analysis, it can be drawn several results as follows: (1) 5 obligatory character of students was implemented in daily activities at school: obedient, honest, discipline, cooperate, and be an achiever.All students in education based military were taught about 5 obligatory characters which were implemented in every aspect at school. (2) The problems which were faced during the character building implementation were: there was no high awareness of students in implementing 5 obligatory characters. There was lack of support from teachers and parents at house. (3) The ways to cope with the problems which were implemented: gave the preventive ways through pocket book called al-kays, built cooperation between school side and parents, did consultation between students and staff battalion, attitude control of students through counseling advisory.Key words: "5 obligatory characters of school with military based"

Abstrak: Jamaah Tabligh merupakan salah satu gerakan dakwah dalam Islam yang berasal dari India. Gerakan ini masuk ke pulau Lombok sekitar awal tahun 1990-an. Kehadiran gerakan ini melahirkan fenomena baru dalam kehidupan sebagian masyarakat Islam di Lombok. Gerakan ini telah berhasil menanamkan pengaruhnya tidak hanya kepada golongan kelas bawah, tapi juga golongan elit dari kalangan pejabat dan pengusaha. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisa kelompok ini dari aspek pengaruhnya terhadap pembangunan masyarakat Muslim secara lebih luas seperti politik, ekonomi dan sosial. Bentuk kajian ini adalah deskriptif-kualitatif. Teknik yang digunakan untuk memperoleh data adalah dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara yang melibatkan 21 responden. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa gerakan Jamaah Tabligh memberi pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap pembangunan masyarakat Muslim di Pulau Lombok. Dari segi politik, gerakan ini telah berhasil menanamkan pengaruhnya terhadap para pejabat sehingga ada beberapa kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh para pejabat bersumber dari doktrin gerakan Jamaah Tabligh. Dari segi ekonomi pula, gerakan ini telah berhasil mengurangkan gaya hidup hedonisme di kalangan pengikutnya. Sedangkan dari segi sosial, gerakan ini memainkan peranan penting terhadap hidupnya suasana ibadah di masjid-masjid. Selain ini gerakan ini juga telah mampu mengurangi perilaku buruk di kalangan masyarakat. Namun demikian terdapat juga beberapa hal yang menjadi perhatian khusus gerakan ini terutama dalam menggunakan hadis-hadis yang banyak berstatus lemah (dha'if). Selain itu pengabdian terhadap anggota keluarga akibat doktrin khuruj juga yang terdapat dalam gerakan Jamaah Tabligh perlu diperhatikan. Namun secara umum gerakan Jamaah Tabligh memberikan pengaruh yang sangat positif terhadap pembangunan moral-spiritual masyarakat di pulau Lombok. Oleh karena itu gerakan dakwah ini perlu didukung bagi memberikan pengaruh yang lebih luas terhadap pembangunan masyarakat selain itu gerakan ini juga perlu menjalin kerjasama dengan organisasi-organisasi dakwah supaya gerakan ini tidak terkesan eksklusif. Abstract : Jamaah Tabligh is one of the da'wah movements in Islam that originally comes from India. This movement was introduced to Lombok Island in the early 1990s. The presence of this movement gave birth to a new phenomenon in the life of some Islamic societies in Lombok. This movement has succeeded in instilling its influence not only to the lower classes, but also the elite from officials and businessmen. This study aims to analyze this group from influence aspects on the development of a Muslim society wider such as politics, economics and society. The form of this study is descriptive-qualitative. The techniques used to obtain data are documentation, observation and interviews involving 21 respondents. The results of this study proved that the Jamaah Tabligh movement has a significant influence on the development of Muslim communities on the Lombok island. From a political point of view, this movement has succeeded in instilling its influence on the officials so that there are some policies made by officials sourced from the doctrine of Jamaah Tabligh movement. From an economic point of view, the movement has succeeded in reducing the hedonism lifestyle among its followers. While in terms of social, this movement plays an important role on the life of the atmosphere of worship in the mosques. Besides this movement has also been able to reduce bad behavior among the community. Nevertheless there are also some things of particular concern to this movement, especially in the use of hadiths that are weak (dha'if). In addition, neglect of family members due to doctrine "khuruj" also contained in the Jamaah Tabligh movement needs to be paid attention to. In general, however, the Jamaah Tabligh movement has had a very positive influence on the moral-spiritual development of the people on Lombok island. Therefore, this da'wah movement needs to be supported to give wider influence to community development besides that this movement also need to establish cooperation with da'wah organizations so that this movement does not seem exclusive.

Досліджено актуальні питання професійної компетентності майбутніх лікарів під час навчальної діяльності. Зважаючи на зміни в політичній, економічній, соціальній та культурній сферах нашої країни, ринок праці вимагає підготовки майбутніх фахівців, які би мали високий рівень знань, умінь та навичок роботи у конкретній галузі, могли приймати рішення у стандартних та нестандартних ситуаціях, нести відповідальність за них у своїй професійній діяльності. Відзначено, що у вищих навчальних закладах (ВНЗ) потрібно використовувати сучасні методи навчання, комп'ютерні технології, які би дали змогу розвивати активність, комунікативність, пізнавальну діяльність студента. В зв'язку з цим важливим питанням розвитку та становлення освіти є використання компетентнісного підходу. На основі огляду праць вітчизняних та зарубіжних науковців розглянуто різні підходи щодо визначення понять «компетенція», «компетентність», «професійна компетентність». Визначено теоретичні та практичні аспекти проблеми. Провівши огляд наукових робіт і проаналізувавши етичний кодекс лікаря, визначено зміст і структуру професійної компетентності майбутніх лікарів, серед яких виокремлено три основні компоненти: когнітивний (містить у собі сукупність знань про сутність та особливості роботи медичного працівника); мотиваційний (розглядається як складна система, що включає в себе потреби, ідеали, цілі, якими керується людська діяльність); особистісний (визначається сформованістю сукупності особистісних характеристик медичного працівника, від яких залежить ефективність його діяльності за фахом). ; The article investigates actual issues of future physicians' professional competence in the process of educational activity. According to the changes in the political, economic, and social spheres of our country, the labor market requires the training of highly skilled specialists who have a high level of knowledge, skills and competences in a particular industry, could make decisions in standard and non-standard situations, bear responsibility for them in the professional activity. Therefore, we need workers who are to use modern teaching methods, computer technologies at higher educational institutions, which would develop active, communicative, cognitive activity of the student. That is why the important issue of the development and formation of today's education is the use of a competent approach. The purpose of this article is to consider the professional competence essence of future physicians and to identify its component structure. The concept of "competence" in the article is considered from two points of view: in the learning process it is the result of learning, since in the process of studying any discipline, one who learns, internalize some competence, which are concrete knowledge and skills, acquires experience. Another point of view is professional activity, since it does not matter to the employer how the specialist carries out the process of solving the problem, he is not interested in what knowledge, skills and experience will be used by a specialists in solving a problem that arose before them, they are interested in a concrete result, that is why it is important that the specialists are ready and able to solve specific production problems and tasks. On the basis of the scientific works review given by domestic and foreign scholars, different approaches to the definition of the concepts "competence" and "professional competence" are considered, as they are not yet sufficiently defined by psychological and pedagogical literature. In addition, the article highlights the theoretical and practical aspects of the problem. After reviewing the work of other scientists and analyzing the ethical code of the doctor, the content and structure of professional competence future physicians' are determined, among which three main components are distinguished: cognitive (includes a set of knowledge about the nature and characteristics of the medical work); motivational (considered as a complex system that includes needs, ideals, goals that guide human activity); personal (determined by the formation of a personality characteristics set of a medical works, on which the effectiveness of their activity in the specialty depend).

Urgency of the research. The current state of the justice system in Ukraine does not provide a quick and justified resolution of disputes that is particularly acute for business circles. Given the lack of qualitative changes in the area of justice in the course of ongoing reform of the judiciary and procedural legislation, the preservation of a critically low level of trust in the judiciary, the state should offer the sociery a new social contract on the procedure for resolving legal disputes in the state, which must necessarily include the institutionali-zation of alternative methods of resolution disputes, first of all, mediation. Target setting. The introduction of alternative methods of dispute resolution should be based on an argumentated conceptual model that will ensure an effective and fair solution to legal disputes. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The scientific works of leading foreign and domestic researchers Yu. Prytyka, V. Reznikovf, Y. Demchenko, G. Braun, A. Marriot, R. Reuben are devoted to separate aspects of the settlement of commercial disputes and the formation of a system of alternative dispute resolution. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At present, there is no national concept for resolving commercial disputes, the place of alternative dispute resolution, in particular mediation, in the legal system of Ukraine has not been formulated. The research objective. There is a need to formulate a new concept of a dispute resolution system that would ensure that citizens and legal entities have a real choice of an effective and fair dispute resolution procedure. The statement of basic materials. The formation of the Ukrainian concept of the dispute settlement system must necessarily take into account the national socio-cultural and legal features. The necessity of institutionalization of mediation is proved by the adoption of the relevant law and the use of mediation procedures by public authorities in state-investor disputes and disputes with business entities. Conclusions. The introduction of alternative methods of resolving disputes in the legal system of Ukraine should ensure an effective and justified settlement of disputes and, as a consequence, create the preconditions for economic growth. ; Актуальність теми дослідження. Поточний стан системи правосуддя в Україні не забезпечує швидкого та справедливого вирішення спорів, що набуває особливої гостроти для підприємницьких кіл. З огляду на відсутність якісних змін у сфері правосуддя в ході триваючої реформи системи судоустрою та процесуального законодавства, збереження критично низького рівня довіри до судової влади держава має запропонувати суспільству новий суспільний договір щодо порядку вирішення правових спорів в державі, який неодмінно має включати інституалізацію альтернативних методів вирішення спорів, насамперед, медіації. Постановка проблеми. Запровадження альтернативних методів вирішення спорів має бути засновано на аргументованій концептуальній моделі, яка забезпечить ефективне та справедливе вирішення правових спорів. Аналіз останніх досліджень та публікацій. Наукові праці провідних зарубіжних та вітчизняних дослідників Ю. Притики, В. Рєзнікової, Ю. Демченка, Г. Брауна, А. Мерріота, Р. Ройбена присвячені окремим аспектам вирішення господарських спорів та формування системи альтернативного вирішення спорів. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. На даний час відсутня національна концепція вирішення комерційних спорів, не сформульовано місце альтернативних методів вирішення спорів, зокрема, медіації, у правовій системі України. Постановка завдання. Постає необхідність формулювання нової концепції системи вирішення спорів, яка б гарантувала наявність для громадян та юридичних осіб реального вибору ефективної та справедливої процедури вирішення спору. Викладення основного матеріалу. Формування української концепції системи вирішення спорів неодмінно має враховувати національні соціокультурні та правові особливості. Доведена необхідність інституалізації медіації шляхом прийняття відповідного закону та використання органами державної влади процедури медіації у державно-інвесторських спорах та спорах з суб'єктами господарювання. Висновки. Запровадження альтернативних методів вирішення спорів в правову систему України має забезпечити ефективне та справедливе вирішення спорів та, як наслідок, створити передумови до економічного зростання.

Проаналізовано вельми критичний сучасний стан системи охорони культурної спадщини в Україні, яка без принципових змін залишилася від радянської доби. Зафіксовано, що внаслідок деструктивних процесів Україна втрачає численні об'єкти культурної спадщини, особливо під час екстенсивної, стихійної забудови в історичних зонах. Обґрунтовано необхідність перезавантаження системи охорони культурної спадщини шляхом створення сучасної дієвої системи збереження національного надбання України у контексті загальносвітових тенденцій. Запропоновано основні засади розбудови нової системи з урахуванням взаємоузгоджених організаційних, процесуальних, законодавчих, фінансових, технологічних аспектів. Наголошується на важливості взаємодії державних, громадських та приватних структур, забезпечених законодавством, гнучкою податковою політикою, прийомами і способами організації діяльності зі збереження надбання на засадах економічного регулювання. Нова система має бути орієнтована на налагодження процесів взаємодії між всіма стейкхолдерами, які мають різні позиції, відмінні системи цінностей, суперечливі інтереси, задля досягнення балансу зацікавленостей за умов дотримання вимог законодавства України. Підкреслюється актуальність підготовки професійних кадрів та підвищення їхньої кваліфікації, просвіта широких кіл громадян, підвищення рівня обізнаності громадян стосовно значення культурного надбання у суспільному бутті. Підвищення туристичної привабливості культурної спадщини України шляхом включення об'єктів у національні та міжнародні туристичні маршрути суттєво посилить просвітницьку діяльність. ; Dangerously critical current state of cultural heritage protection system in Ukraine, which have remained since the Soviet era without fundamental changes, has been analyzed in the article. It is emphasized that Ukraine loses numerous objects of cultural heritage, especially during extensive, spontaneous development in historic zones as a result of destructive processes. The author substantiates the necessity of reloading cultural heritage protection system by creating a modern effective system of preserving the national heritage of Ukraine in the context of global trends. The main development principles of the new system with consideration of mutually agreed organizational, procedural, legislative, financial, technological aspects are offered. The importance of cooperation between governmental, public and private structures, provided with legislation, flexible tax policy, producing organizing activities methods to preserve the property on the basis of economic regulation has been underlined.The new system should be focused on establishing interaction between all stakeholders, which have different positions, values, conflicting interests, to achieve a balance in the conditions of Ukrainian legislation reorganization. The author emphasizes the importance of professional training and improvement of practical qualifications, civil education, raising the level of citizens' awareness of importance of cultural heritage in social life. Increasing the tourist attractiveness of Ukraine's cultural heritage by including objects in national and international tourist routes will significantly enhance educational activities. ; Проанализировано нынешнее критическое состояние системы охраны культурного наследия в Украине, которая осталась в наследство от советской эпохи без принципиальных изменений. Зафиксировано, что в результате деструктивных процессов Украина теряет многочисленные объекты культурного наследия, особенно во время экстенсивной, стихийной новой застройки в исторических зонах. Обоснована необходимость перезагрузки системы охраны культурного наследия путем создания современной эффективной системы сохранения национального достояния Украины в контексте общемировых тенденций.Предложены основные принципы развития новой системы с учетом взаимосогласованных организационных, процессуальных, законодательных, финансовых, технологических аспектов. Отмечается важность взаимодействия государственных, общественных и частных структур, обеспеченных законодательством, гибкой налоговой политикой, приемами и способами организации деятельности по сохранению наследия на основе экономического регулирования. Новая система должна быть ориентирована на налаживание процессов взаимодействия между всеми стейкхолдерами, которые имеют разные позиции, системы ценностей, противоречивые интересы, на достижение баланса интересов при условии соблюдения требований законодательства Украины. Подчеркивается актуальность подготовки профессиональных кадров и повышение их квалификации, просветительство широких кругов граждан, повышение уровня осведомленности общества относительно значения культурного наследия в общественном бытии. Повышение туристической привлекательности культурного наследия Украины путем включения объектов в национальные и международные туристические маршруты существенно усилит просветительскую деятельность.

En hållbar utveckling innebär att samhällets begränsade resurser används på ett effektivt sätt med hänsyn tagen till sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga konsekvenser. För att uppnå önskade samhällsmål på ett effektivt sätt behöver olika aspekter vägas in vid utformning av styrmedel. Inom EU föregås beslut om regleringar av en så kallad Regleringskonsekvensbeskrivning (Regulatory Impact Assessment) där samhällsekonomisk analys ingår. Forskning och olika utredningar har visat att Sverige saknar en etablerad praxis för att genomföra denna typ av konsekvensanalyser på miljö, men även energi- och transportområdet. I detta projekt är syftet att undersöka hur Sverige arbetar med de analyser av detta slag som genomförs inom EU inför förhandlingar men också att studera orsaker till att de används eller inte används. Fokus ligger på förutsättningar inom en myndighet, men även vilken betydelse som tjänstemän har för vilka underlag som tas fram inför beslut om utformning av regleringar/styrmedel. Den övergripande slutsats som kan dras av de tre delstudierna som ingått i projektet, samt diskussionen på avslutningsseminariet, är att detta inte är ett etablerat arbetssätt i det svenska förvaltningssystemet. Detta kan förklaras av brist på kompetens, en etablerad misstro, målstyrning samt avsaknad av ett institutionellt ramverk för när och hur denna typ av bredare konsekvensanalyser ska genomföras. Vid avslutningsseminariet framkom att Naturvårdsverket nu arbetar med en vägledning för att hjälpa tjänstemän att i ett tidigt skede analysera om det finns behov av regleringar från samhällets sida, att inleda arbetet med att ställa frågan "Vad är problemet?". Vi bedömer att detta är ett steg i rätt riktning men ser också att de nationalekonomer som arbetar ute på myndigheter ofta är ensamma eller väldigt få och därmed kan behöva olika former av stöd för att kunna utveckla arbetet med denna typ av, ofta komplexa, analyser på sin myndighet. ; Sustainable development implies that society's limited resources should be used efficiently, taking into account the various impacts on society – social, economic and environmental. To achieve established societal goals efficiently, various aspects have to be accounted for in the design of policy measures. Within the EU a Regulatory Impact Assessment, where a cost-benefit analysis is included, needs to accompany all major regulatory initiatives. According to research and different policy assessment, Sweden lacks an established praxis regarding this type of analysis in the area of environmental policy but also in the field of energy and transport. The purpose of this project is to investigate how Sweden uses this type of information in the negotiations that take place within the EU regarding policy proposals but also investigate the reasons for use or non-use. The focus is on what role the organization and the bureaucrats play for the collection of this type of information. The overall conclusion that can be drawn from the three sub-studies included in the project, as well as the discussion at the closing seminar, is that this is not an established way of working in the Swedish government system. This can be explained by lack of competence, an established mistrust, management by objectives and lack of an institutional framework for when and how this type of broader impact assessment is to be conducted. At the closing seminar, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency presented that it is now working on a guide to help officials to analyze at an early stage whether there is a need for regulation by society, to initiate the work by asking the question "What is the problem?". We think that this is a step in the right direction, but we also see that the economists working out in government are often alone or very few and may therefore need different forms of support to develop the work on this kind of, often complex, analysis.

Collective decision making is a process in which many participants with different interests interact in order to build a solution to their problem. It is inherent to many organisations and companies. Nowadays, the advances in Artificial Intelligence, notably, Multi-Agents Systems enabled the automation of decision-making processes in order to analyse and to better understand how these mechanisms work. A collective decision may be made by using a voting system or by using negotiation. In this thesis, we focus on multilateral negotiation for collective decision making by proposing negotiation models. The proposed models based on heuristic approach. The agents interact with them in order to build a solution to their problem. This context is different from models based on game theory where the set of possible solutions are supposed to be known by all agents. So heuristic negotiation issue is that agents' reasoning may be very complex. This complexity grows where the number of agents and issues to be negotiated are important. The goal of this research work consists of devising negotiation mechanisms where agents'interaction are fully decentralized. We focus on organisation aspect of the multi-agent system by using divide and conquer approach in order to reduce the negotiation complexity and hence to facilitate research of agreements. Our works tackle negotiation under different contexts which lead us to bring three contributions which focus on agents' organization, interaction protocols, negotiation object, concession strategies and effective and fair solution concept. The proposed mechanisms are implemented in JavaJade. We analyse the convergence of the negotiation, negotiation time and quality of the solution. Our models are compared with a centralized approach where all of the agents are gathered around one group to negotiate. Our empirical analyses show that our propositions allow the agents to reach collectives agreements ; La prise de décision collective est un processus dans lequel un groupe d'individus, ayant des intérêts différents, se réunit pour trouver une solution collective à un problème. Ce processus est inhérent aux activités de toute organisation politique, économique ou sociale. Le développement de l'Intelligence Artificielle notamment les Systèmes Multi-Agents a permis la modélisation et l'automatisation des processus de prise de décision afin de mieux comprendre et d'analyser leur fonctionnement. Une décision collective peut être prise par vote ou par négociation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous abordons les mécanismes de négociation multilatérale pour la prise de décision collective basés sur des approches heuristiques. Les agents construisent la solution à leur problème à travers leurs interactions à la différence des modèles basés sur la théorie des jeux dont l'espace des solutions est supposé connu par tous les agents. Le problème des négociations heuristiques réside dans les mécanismes de raisonnement des agents dont la complexité augmente lorsque le nombre d'agents et d'attributs à négocier devient important. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de proposer des mécanismes de négociation décentralisés (sans médiateur) et distribués en mettant en exergue l'aspect organisationnel des agents. Notre approche s'inspire du concept diviser pour régner et permet aux agents de négocier de façon incrémentale. Le but est de faciliter la recherche d'accords et de limiter la complexité du raisonnement des agents. Les travaux de cette thèse ont abouti à trois contributions abordant la négociation multi-agents sous différents angles tels que l'organisation des agents, le protocole d'interaction et les stratégies de concession et de choix de solutions équitables et justes. Pour valider nos propositions, nous avons implémenté sous JavaJade les mécanismes de négociation proposés. Les critères de performance que nous avons évalués sont, notamment, la convergence, le temps de négociation et la qualité de la solution. Nous avons comparé nos modèles avec ceux existants et les résultats obtenus montrent leur efficacité pour l'obtention des accords entre les agents

One of the factors shaping and continuing the relationship between nations on the international stage is power. Power can be defined as the use of various facilities, ways and means to influence the mind and behavior of others in order to achieve the goals. The nations and, consequently, the states seek their own interests and desires in the international area, and the achievement of these interests is a function of the level and degree of national power, especially in comparison with other countries. If a country has a high national power, it can meet its demands unhindered. Governments seek to pursue and achieve their interests through cooperation, competition and conflict. But it is clear that national interests are not achieved on their own and in a vacuum, in order to achieve it, it is necessary for governments to enjoy national power at an acceptable level. The more a country can increase its power, the more it can ensure its survival and security and, on the other hand, the more it can pursue and fulfil its goals at the regional and international levels. There are several ways to influence the behavior of others: they can be forced into an action by threats or by the use of force; the use of economic resources may force others to follow; or they can be attracted and made to accompany by taking advantage of the software components of power (Harsij and Tuyserkani, 2009: 172). The formation of relations between countries and the social order at the regional and international levels and the continuity of relations, as well as the role of each country in the international events are under the influence of power. Therefore, some consider the power as the most important component of the relationships and status of countries in the field of international relations (Pishgahifard et al., 2011: 192). During the last decades, especially with the start of the 21st century, and the rule of globalization in international relations, the sources of exercising power have also been altered, and the governing equations of societies have been undergoing profound transformations, so that the intangible forms of power have become important. So that the means of power and achievement of interests and goals in international politics have changed, and the origins and methods of exercising power have changed from hard power to soft power. In other words, however the military and economic power that may have been formed on the basis of a lure or threat, often forces others to change positions, is called hard power. On the other hand, societies and governments peruse their powerfulness, not depending on the merely material resources of power, but also on the ability to change the behavior of other states, and this aspect of power is called soft power which is the product and outcome of an international credit gain and indirect effect coupled with satisfaction on others.Currently, most of countries have made significant investments, even at regional levels, to improve their soft power resources. Undoubtedly, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been not immune from the effects of this spin to the manifestations of soft power globally. With its geopolitical position, ideology, Islamic religious culture, the Islamic Republic of Iran has considerable resources for exercising the soft power, which are well achievable in the case of accurate knowledge and appropriate investment. In this paper, we first attempt to identify the sources of soft power from different perspectives, and will further examine the effects of soft power on the sources of power for the Islamic Republic of Iran and the developments of these resources.

This dissertation examines the extent to which sociopolitical changes from the Saite to Roman periods of Egyptian history affected the lives of a non-elite population from the Memphite region in Lower Egypt. This examination is accomplished through a multidimensional bioarchaeological approach that considers evidence of skeletal stress in remains from the Wall of the Crow Cemetery in Giza, in combination with archaeological and historical data. Written sources suggest that while Memphite region was relatively stable and prosperous during the Saite period, the early to mid-Roman period was instead characterized by increasing oppression and segregation of the native Egyptian population. To investigate whether or not this supposedly harsh treatment of the general population by the Romans is supported by skeletal evidence, frequencies of non-specific skeletal stress markers were compared between the Saite and Roman period cemetery populations from the Wall of the Crow Cemetery at Giza. In addition, historical data suggest that women were more marginalized during the Roman period than during the earlier Saite period. To examine whether sex-based health disparities increased through time as a result of this marginalization, frequencies of skeletal stress markers were also compared between the sexes, within and between the two periods. Changes in mortuary treatment amongst the elite were quite drastic from the Saite to the Roman period. The Wall of the Crow material, however, suggests that the adaptations to evolving funerary beliefs amongst the non-elite were more subtle. By paying close attention to the mortuary context of the burials in conjunction with skeletal data, the present study examines the ways in which a likely non-literate population internalized the developments in funerary liturgy effected by the literate elite, and how and whether these adaptations were age- or sex-specific. Finally, a large portion of this research project was devoted to the creation of a standardized database that allowed for the integration of skeletal and contextual data. The development of the database is outlined in the methodology chapter of this dissertation, and a central aim of the present research is to make the database template available to other researchers. The dissertation is organized as follows: Part I provides the background to the study, and is divided in four chapters. Chapter Two outlines the historical and political background of the Saite and Roman periods in Egypt, as well as the social impact of political change and the fluctuating fortunes of the country on the general population. Chapter Three summarizes the theoretical perspectives at the basis of mortuary archaeology and bioarchaeology, and provides a review of recent work on Egyptian material. The specific aspects of skeletal stress and mortuary analysis utilized for the present study, as well as difficulties with interpretation, are outlined in Chapter Four. Part II of the dissertation places the Wall of the Crow human remains and associated artifacts in their cultural context. Chapter Five describes mortuary practices in Saite and Roman Egypt, while Chapter Six considers the landscape of Giza in a religious and mortuary context. Part III presents the data. Chapter Seven sets out the research questions and hypotheses underpinning the study, Chapter Eight describes the site and the archaeological materials, and Chapter Nine provides the methods used in the analysis. Chapter Ten presents the results of the skeletal and mortuary analysis, while Chapter Eleven pays special attention to the non-adults in the material. Finally, Part IV contains the interpretation of the findings in two chapters: Chapter Twelve provides the discussion, and the final conclusions are presented in Chapter Thirteen.