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The care and challenges of injured service have been well documented in the literature from a variety of specialities.

In a globalised world economy where capital is highly mobile governments are eager to attract foreign investors by lowering their corporate tax rates. EU countries have been particularly active in this respect given that capital can move freely across EU member states' borders thanks to reforms removing major obstacles to cross-border investments. Multinationals are therefore in a good position to exploit the tax loopholes associated with the complexity and multiplicity of tax regimes in the EU. As a result tax revenues and tax levels might be distorted and a closer coordination of tax rate setting might be warranted. In this paper we quantify the macroeconomic consequences of changing corporate tax rates depending on a given EU country specific situation, in particular in terms of economic size and tax level and structure, and we investigate the possible case for a closer coordination of corporate tax policies in the EU. We use a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model reflecting countries' heterogeneity to assess the economic impact of corporate tax changes and the possible economic impacts of uncoordinated and coordinated tax policy reforms in the EU. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing debate about the desirability, modality and likely impact of alternative policy solutions to the challenges posed by tax competition and aggressive tax planning. We find that corporate income tax rates can generate substantial responses within the implementing country as well as beyond its own borders depending on the country size. Harmonisation of CIT rates would involve winners and losers and it may have costs for the EU and as such, may be best pursued gradually and as part of a broader package of corporate tax reform on tax bases and government transfers.

Purpose: There is limited research on the costs of social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions [Crowley, Jones, Greenberg, Feinberg & Spoth (2012). Resource Consumption of a Diffusion Model for Prevention Programs: The PROSPER Delivery System.Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(3), 256–263]. This paper describes a comprehensive methodology for determining the costs of a successful universal, school-based SEL intervention that was implemented in nine public schools over 3 years.Methods: Resource costs were identified using the Cost–Procedure–Process–Outcome Analysis Model [Yates (1996).Analyzing Costs, Procedures, Processes, and Outcomes in Human Services.Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; Yates (1999).Measuring and Improving Cost, Cost-Effectiveness, and Cost-Benefit for Substance Abuse Treatment Programs. No. NIH 99-4518, 135] and the ingredients model [Levin (Ed.) (1983).Cost-Effectiveness A Primer(Vol. 4). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage; Levin & McEwan (2001).Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Methods and Applications. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications]. This involved careful identification of resource use, finding the cost per unit for each resource by intervention activity, and ultimately calculating the total resource cost (resource use$\times$cost per unit).Results: Our analysis estimated the overall cost of this 3-year SEL and literacy intervention to be $1,831,296 for nine schools. This averages to $67,825 yearly per school and $130 yearly for each student. The analysis estimated the first year of the intervention to be the costliest ($683,106) and then decreasing in Year 2 ($581,764) and Year 3 ($566,426).Conclusion: This research emphasizes the need to study the costs of SEL interventions. By providing a detailed and standardized methodology, this cost analysis can provide added support for implementing an effective social and emotional learning intervention in a school setting. Furthermore, it provides groundwork for more advanced cost analyses, such as a cost–effectiveness analysis or a benefit-cost analysis (BCA).

The aim of the article is a review and summarizing methods of tariffs in housing and communal services in foreign countries, and also reasoning of opportunity to use of state marketing in the regulation of tariffs and the main directions of its usage, both in Russia and abroad. The result of this article is the formulation of conclusions and predictions for further development of tariff setting, as well as the social consequences of this policy in the sphere of housing and communal services. The institutional character of the social practices of HCS, according to the authors, is associated with the provision of living conditions for the population in the sphere of material practices and with the finding of ways to optimize the economy of the industrial and postindustrial societies. In the service social practices HCS special factor is the change of goal setting, re-orientation of social action for the client from the process that is not always connected with rational components of the social actions of individuals, and also with the operation of irrational components. Besides, there is a kind of "soft" technologization in the service social practices of HCS. Pricing policy in the sphere of housing and communal services detects a contradiction, on the one hand, between a wide range of services and agents that shows the democratization processes in the maintenance and strengthening of processes of self-administration, and on the other side of rising prices and low quality of services provided. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p26

The influenza surveillance system in Victoria is comprised of several components, including a general practitioner sentinel surveillance system, surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI) in consultations made by the Melbourne Medical Deputising Service, laboratory confirmed influenza notified to the Victorian Department of Health and strain typing performed by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza. As measured by ILI from both the MMDS and GPSS, the 2011 influenza season in Victoria was mild compared to previous seasons and was not dominated by any type or subtype of influenza. There were 13 laboratory confirmed influenza outbreaks in 2011, nearly all of which were in aged care facilities. GPs continue to swab more patients, a trend started in 2009, with a significantly lower percent of these testing positive for influenza than previous years. The proportion of ILI and swabbed patients who were vaccinated was also significantly lower in 2011 than previously. Strain analysis undertaken by the WHO Collaborating Centre indicated a good antigenic match between the 2011 vaccine and circulating strains. The Victorian influenza surveillance system continues to provide a reliable, consistent system for monitoring the epidemiology of ILI and laboratory confirmed influenza in Victoria. ; VIDRL receives support for its influenza surveillance program from the Victorian Government Department of Health. The Melbourne WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza is supported by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.

A large body of research has been produced in recent years investigating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel following deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan, resulting in apparent differences in PTSD prevalence. We compare prevalence estimates for current PTSD between military subgroups, providing insight into how groups may be differentially affected by deployment. Systematic literature searches using the terms PTSD, stress disorder, and acute stress, combined with terms relating to military personnel, identified 49 relevant papers. Studies with a sample size of less than 100 and studies based on data for treatment seeking or injured populations were excluded. Studies were categorized according to theatre of deployment (Iraq or Afghanistan), combat and noncombat deployed samples, sex, enlistment type (regular or reserve and [or] National Guard), and service branch (for example, army, navy, and air force). Meta-analysis was used to assess PTSD prevalence across subgroups. There was large variability in PTSD prevalence between studies, but, regardless of heterogeneity, prevalence rates of PTSD were higher among studies of Iraq-deployed personnel (12.9%; 95% CI 11.3% to 14.4%), compared with personnel deployed to Afghanistan (7.1%; 95% CI 4.6% to 9.6%), combat deployed personnel, and personnel serving in the Canadian, US, or UK army or the navy or marines (12.4%; 95% CI 10.9% to 13.4%), compared with the other services (4.9%; 95% CI 1.4% to 8.4%). Contrary to findings from within-study comparisons, we did not find a difference in PTSD prevalence for regular active-duty and reserve or National Guard personnel. Categorizing studies according to deployment location and branch of service identified differences among subgroups that provide further support for factors underlying the development of PTSD.

Internationally shared basins supply 60 % of global freshwater supply, are home to about 1/3 of the world's population, and are focal points for interstate conflict and, as importantly, cooperation. To manage these waters, states have developed a large set of formal treaties, but until now these treaties have been difficult to access and systematically assess. This paper presents and makes publicly available the assembly and organization of the largest known collection of transboundary water agreements in existence. We apply for the first time a 'lineage' concept to differentiate between independent agreements and groups of legally related texts, spatially reference the texts to a global basin database, and identify agreement purposes, goals and a variety of content areas. The 688 agreements identified were signed between 1820 and 2007 and constitute 250 independent treaties which apply to 113 basins. While the scope and content varies widely, these treaties nominally govern almost 70 % of the world's transboundary basin area. In terms of content, treaties have shifted from an earlier focus on regulation and development of water resources to the management of resources and the setting of frameworks for that management. While 'traditional' issues such as hydropower, water allocation and irrigation are still important, the environment is now the most commonly mentioned issue in treaty texts. Treaties are also increasingly likely to include data and information sharing provisions, have conflict resolution mechanisms, and include mechanisms for participation beyond traditional nation-state actors. Generalizing, treaties have become more comprehensive over time, both in the issues they address and the tools they use to manage those issues cooperatively. Adapted from the source document.