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In 1982, the documentary No olvidar (Don't Forget) —shot by the Chilean filmmaker Ignacio Agüero denouncing the disappearance of fifteen inhabitants of Isla Maipo a few days after the coup d'état that overthrew the Unidad Popular (Popular Unity) political alliance— was edited and released in Switzerland. On the other hand, Miguel Littín —who had been exiled for twelve years, since 1973— returned clandestinely to his native Chile in 1985 to create Acta General de Chile (Clandestine Chile: The Adventures of Miguel Littín), first shown in Spain in 1986. How could images with a counter-informative intention be filmed and spread through Europe during such a repressive dictatorship as the one led by General Augusto Pinochet? Reconstructing these two experiences through different historical sources, this paper shows that it was possible due to the cooperation, both in the production and in the distribution of these materials, between Pinochet regime's opponents living in the country, those in exile and European actors. Particularly, this document analyzes the role of the Association Internationale de Défense des Artistes victimes de la répression dans le monde (AIDA) in those transnational networks. Also, this article proposes that, against the "disimagination machine" —as Georges Didi-Huberman conceptualized the violence invisibilization policies of the Nazi regime— these films contributed to create a visual discourse of denunciation that crossed borders, in order to raise awareness in the international public opinion and to bring pressure to bear on the States responsible for human rights' violations. ; En 1982, la película No olvidar —rodada por el cineasta chileno Ignacio Agüero denunciando la desaparición de quince pobladores de Isla de Maipo a pocos días del golpe de Estado que derrocó a la Unidad Popular— fue editada y difundida en Suiza. Por su parte, Miguel Littín —exiliado desde 1973— ingresó clandestinamente a su Chile natal en 1985 para filmar Acta General de Chile, estrenada en España en 1986. ¿Cómo, durante una dictadura tan represiva como la encabezada porel general Augusto Pinochet pudieron registrarse imágenes con una intención contrainformativa y difundirse en Europa? Reconstruyendo estas dos experiencias a partir de diversas fuentes históricas, el presente artículo demuestra la colaboración entre opositores al régimen de Pinochet que se encontraban en el país, exiliados y actores europeos, tanto en la producción como en la distribución de estos materiales. En este trabajo se analiza particularmente los modos en que participó la Association Internationale de Défense des Artistes victimes de la répression dans le monde (AIDA) en dichas redes transnacionales. El artículo postula que frente a la "maquinaria de la desimaginación" —como Georges Didi-Huberman conceptualizó a las políticas de invisibilización de la violencia del régimen nazi—, estos productos audiovisuales contribuyeron a la construcción de un discurso visual de denuncia que atravesó fronteras para sensibilizar la opinión pública transnacional y presionar a los Estados perpetradores de crímenes contra los derechos humanos. ; Entre 1979 e 1982, o cineasta chileno Ignacio Agüero filmou No olvidar, denunciando o desaparecimento de quinze habitantes de Isla de Maipo poucos dias depois do golpe de Estado que derrubou a Unidade Popular. Através dos depoimentos de parentes das vítimas cujos restos foram encontrados cinco anos mais tarde no Corno de Lonquén, Agüero reconstrói o evento em seu filme, montado e distribuído na Suíça. Em 1985, Miguel Littín, exilado desde 1973, entrou clandestinamente ao seu Chile natal para filmar Acta General de Chile, estreada na Espanha em 1986. Como, em uma ditadura tão repressiva quanto a liderada pelo general Augusto Pinochet, poderiam ser filmadas imagens com uma intenção contrainformacional e disseminadas na Europa? Reconstruindo essas duas experiências a partir de uma diversidade de fontes históricas, este artigo mostra que isso foi possível graças à colaboração entre opositores ao regime de Pinochet que estavam no país, exilados e atores europeus, tanto na produção quanto na distribuição destes materiais. O estudo analisa em particular a forma como a Association Internationale de Défense des Artistes victimes de la répression dans le monde (AIDA) participou nestas redes transnacionais. O trabalho postula que diante da "máquina de desimaginação" —como Georges Didi-Huberman conceituou as políticas de invisibilização da violência do regime nazista—, esses produtos audiovisuais contribuíram para a construção de um discurso visual de denúncia que cruzava fronteiras, a fim de sensibilizar a opinião pública transnacional e pressionar os Estados perpetradores dos crimes contra os direitos humanos.

This article is produced in the context of the International Seminar on Education and Emancipation : between conversion and metamorphosis, developed within the framework of the PREFALC project, a program of support for training and research in international cooperation at the master's level, which the French government finances with universities French and their peers in Latin America and the Caribbean, in its 2018-2019 version, called "Rewrites of emancipations and modernity in the great Caribbean" France-Colombia. A brief overview is offered in a reflexive tone about the relationship between ethics and philosophy today and its permanent relevance as a matter of education. The approaches are illustrated with problematized principles from stoicism in contrast to pastoral pedagogies. It is derived towards the definition of emancipation and metamorphosis where education would be conceived as a practice for subjects to improve themselves ethically, which interrogates school practices and mediations for moral formation. This reflection focuses on how even from the restricted institutionalization of educational systems, in the field of everyday life there is a pedagogical freedom in which the educator can not only transform himself, but provide the opportunity for students to emancipation and overcoming moral autonomy. The article leaves a question about the practices in education and their true coherence with the aspiration to promote a lifelong learning. ; Resumé Cet article est réalisé dans le cadre du Séminaire international sur l'éducation et l'émancipation: entre conversion et métamorphose. développé dans le cadre du projet PREFALC, un programme d'appui à la formation et à la recherche en coopération internationale au niveau master, que le gouvernement français finance avec les universités Les Français et leurs pairs d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes, dans sa version 2018-2019, intitulée «Réécritures d'émancipations et de modernité dans les grandes Caraïbes» France-Colombie. Un bref aperçu est proposé sur un ton réflexif sur la relation entre l'éthique et la philosophie aujourd'hui et sa pertinence permanente en matière d'éducation. Les approches sont illustrées par des principes problématiques du stoïcisme par opposition aux pédagogies pastorales. Il est dérivé vers la définition de l'émancipation et de la métamorphose où l'éducation serait conçue comme une pratique pour que les sujets s'améliorent éthiquement, qui interroge les pratiques scolaires et les médiations pour la formation morale. Cette réflexion se concentre sur la façon dont même à partir de l'institutionnalisation restreinte des systèmes éducatifs, dans le domaine de la vie quotidienne, il existe une liberté pédagogique dans laquelle l'éducateur peut non seulement se transformer, mais fournir aux étudiants la possibilité de l'émancipation et le dépassement de l'autonomie morale. L'article laisse une question sur les pratiques éducatives et leur véritable cohérence avec l'aspiration à promouvoir un apprentissage tout au long de la vie. Resumen Este artículo se produce en el contexto del Seminario Internacional sobre Educación y Emancipación entre conversión y metamorfosis desarrollado en el marco del proyecto PREFALC, programa de apoyo a la formación e investigación en cooperación internacional de nivel de maestría, que el gobierno francés financia con las universidades francesas y sus pares en América Latina y el Caribe, en su versión 2018-2019, denominado "Reescrituras de las emancipaciones y de la modernidad en el gran Caribe" Francia-Colombia. Se ofrece una panorámica breve en tono reflexivo sobre la relación entre ética y filosofía hoy y su relevancia permanente como cuestión en educación. En los planteamientos se ilustra con principios problematizados desde el estoicismo en contraste con las pedagogías pastorales. Se deriva hacia la definición de la emancipación y la metamorfosis donde la educación se concebiría como práctica para que los sujetos se mejoren a sí mismos éticamente, lo cual interroga las prácticas escolares y las mediaciones para la formación moral. Esta reflexión pone su centro en cómo aún desde lo restringido de la institucionalización de los sistemas educativos, en el ámbito de lo cotidiano existe una libertad pedagógica en la que el educador puede no solo transformarse a sí mismo, sino proveer la oportunidad a los estudiantes para la emancipación y la superación en autonomía moral. El artículo deja un cuestionamiento sobre las prácticas en educación y su verdadera coherencia con la aspiración de propiciar un aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida.

The operation of hydrokinetic turbine depends on river flow and pressure head (∆H) which are of high potential in many parts of Nigeria. This study attempts the analysis of the potential of the area upstream of Ikere Gorge dam for hydrokinetic potential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to determine the hydrological parameters of the sub-basins. Pearson Moment Correlation and linear regression methods were used to find the relationships between morphometric properties and the discharge parameters. Hydrological modeling and statistical computations were done to estimate the theoretical potential of the catchment. The result shows that River Oshe has 9.542 MW, which is the highest potential while River Konsun with 1.161 MW has the lowest potential Pearson Moment Correlation shows that there is strong positive relation of 0.7 between slope and pressure head (∆H) at 0.05 significant levels. The result of the multiple regression show that hydro-geomorphic factors explained 59.1% of the variance in the explanation of hydrokinetic power potential upstream of Ikere gorge dam. References Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP) (2011). Hydrokinetic energy (In-River, Tidal and Ocean Current), Retrieved from http://energy-alaska.wikidot.com/ on April 20th, 2014 Aschenbrenner, F. (2008). Innovation on traditional waterwheels for renewable energy // Power electronics and motion Control conference, Portoroz, Slovenia, pp.1625 Bahleda, M., and Hosko, M. A. (2007). Assessment of water power potential and development Needs: Electric power research institute, California Bhattacharya, A.K., and Bolaji, G.A. (2012). Fluid Flow Interactions in Ogun River, International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 2 (2): 22-23. Electric Power Research Institute, EPRI (2012). Fish passage through turbine: Application of convectional hydropower data to hydrokinetic technology Palo Alto, USA Energy Information Administration (2014). Retrieved on Dec. 20th, 2014 from www.eia.gov/electricity Epler, J. (2010). Tidal Resources characteristics from acoustics Doppler current profiler, An Unpublished M.Sc.Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, USA Evan, M. (2012). Hydrokinetic Power: An Analysis of Its Performance and Potential in the Roza and Kittas Canals. An Unpublished M. Sc. Thesis, the Evergreen State College, USA Ifabiyi, I.P. and Wahab, S. (2017). Theoretical potential of hydrokinetic energy in the Upper Ogun and Upper Kaduna River basins, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 19 (1): 242-256. Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, USA. ISSN: 1520-5509. Jsd-africa@clarion.edu Kosnik, L. (2008). The Potential of Water Power in the Fight against Global Warming in the USA, Energy policy, doi:10.1016/ J. enpol. (05), 009. Kusakana, K., and Vermaak, H. J. (2013). Hydrokinetic Power Generation for Rural Electricity Supply: Case of South Africa. Renewable Energy, 1 (55): 467-73. Ladokun, L.L., Ajao, K.R., and Sule, B.F. (2013). Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion System: Pros -pects and Challenges in Nigerian Hydrological setting, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 3 (32): 538-549. Miller, V.B, Ramde, E.W., Grandoville, R.T., and Schaefer, L.A. (2010). Hydrokinetic Power for Energy Access in Rural Ghana, Renewable Energy International Journal, 1(36): 671-675. Mohibullah, M., Radzi, A. M., and Hakim, M.I.A. (2004). Basics Design Aspects of Micro Hydropower Plant and Its Potential Development in Malaysia // Power and Energy Conference, Kualar Lumpur, pp. 220-223. Neitsch, S.L, Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R and Williams, J.R. (2009). Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009 Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory-Agriculture Research Service, Blackland Research Center- Texas Agrilife Research., USA. Ofuani, A.I. (2013). Combating climate change through renewable energy legislation in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. Paper Presented at university of Ilorin/ UCC (Ghana) International Conference held at university of Ilorin. May 1st-4th 2011. Stephen, V.A, Paul, T.A., and Daniel, J.G. (2012). Survival and Behaviour of Fish interacting With Hydrokinetic Turbines, 9th ISE, Vienna, USA Vermaak, H.J., Kusakana, K., and Koko, S.P. (2013). Status of Micro-hydrokinetic River Technology in Rural Applications: A Review of literature: Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 29(14): 625-633. Wahab, S., Ifabiyi, I.P. and Adeogun, A.G. (20017). SWAT analysis of Ikere Gorge Basin for Hydrokinetic power estimation in selected rural settlement of Oke Ogun, Nigeria. Ruhuna Journal of Science. 8(2):24-43 Ruhuna, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka. eISSN: 2536-8400. DOI: http//:doi.org/10.4038/rjs.v8il. Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Article is devoted to the assessment of the current state of government regulation of foreign economic activity in Ukrainian agriculture and the substantiation of directions for its improvement.The purpose of research is to analyze theoretical and methodological approaches to the regulation of foreign economic activity and to substantiate the effective mechanism of custom-tariff regulation in the agriculture, which will help to increase the volumes and improve the structure of export-import commodity flows.Worldwide practice shows that over the past decades, the processes of globalization have contributed to the growth of the scale of international trade and economic relations and objectively led to the formation of appropriate systems for regulating the exchange of goods and services.ForUkraine, effective government regulation of foreign economic activity may be an important factor in increasing international competitiveness.The components of the system of government regulation of foreign economic activity and the purpose of its implementation are determined: the use of foreign economic activity as a set of methods for the implementation of foreign economic relations to accelerate the formation of a market economy in the country; protection of the interests of domestic producers and consumers, as well as national economic interests in general, through the skillful combination of protectionist and free trade customs policies.It is established that the foreign economic activity of Ukrainian agriculture by the level of development lags far behind the advanced countries of the world and the EU. The main problems are insufficient competitiveness of products and their non-compliance with international standards of quality and safety; a low level of investment and a growing dependence on government funding; the dominance in the structure of exports of products with a low level of processing.The main export categories ofUkraineare sunflower oil, corn, barley, egg powder, soy, natural honey, wheat and rye. According to the analysis, it is established thatUkrainedoes not sufficiently use the potential of foreign trade with countries such asCanada,China,France,Germany,Ireland,Japan,Sweden,Switzerland, theUnited Kingdom, theUnited States, resulting in a shortage of foreign currency.The main areas of improvement of government regulation of foreign economic activity in the agrarian sector are identified: administrative and technical regulation, regulation of markets with their respective components.In order to accelerate the development of the European vector of export of Ukrainian agricultural products, to increase the export-import activity in agriculture at the national and regional levels, it is necessary to implement certain measures: to ensure the priority development of production, having comparative competitive advantages in the world system and modern own production potential; to improve tariff and non-tariff regulation of export-import operations, aimed at protecting the domestic market and domestic producers of agricultural and food products; to introduce quotas for the purchase of certain types of raw materials and food, in accordance with international rules and legislation; to stimulate integration and cooperative ties with foreign partners on the basis of interstate agreements on economic, scientific and technical cooperation, as well as direct links between domestic and foreign enterprises; to promote at the state level the creation of joint ventures, the development of trade and economic relations; expand export of agricultural products and develop export infrastructure.Key words: foreign economic activity, government regulations, export, tariff and non-tariff ways of custom regulation of foreign economics activity ; В статті проведено оцінку сучасного стану регулювання зов- нішньоекономічної діяльності в Україні. Визначено, що інтеграційні процеси в світі стали одним із вагомих чинників, що визначають розви- ток світової економіки. Практичне включення країни в світовий торгі- вельний простір відбувається завдяки економічному співробітництву, ключову роль в якому відіграє зовнішньоекономічна діяльність. В Україні державна зовнішньоекономічна політика здійснюється на основі поєд- нання економічних (митно-тарифних) і адміністративних (нетарифних) методів регулювання ЗЕД. Встановлено, що діяльність агропромисло- вого комплексу країни за рівним розвитку відстає від передових країн світу та ЄС. Основні проблеми цього криються в недостатній конку- рентоспроможності продукції та її невідповідності міжнародним стан- дартам якості й безпеки, домінуванні в структурі експорту продукції з низьким рівнем переробки. Проаналізовано динаміку зовнішньої торгівлі товарами сільського господарства, встановлено, що найбільшу частку в структурі експорту аграрного сектора становить продукція рослин- ництва, основними експортними категоріями є соняшникова олія, кукурудза, ячмінь, соя, натуральний мед, пшениця та жито. В стуркту- рі еспорту тваринницької продукції переважає продукція птахівництва. Обгрунтовано основні сфери та напрями вдосконалення державного регулювання ЗЕД в аграрній сфері.Ключові слова: зовнішньоекономічна діяльність, державне регулювання, експорт, тарифні та нетарифні способи митного регулювання зовнішньоекономічної діяльності

When we mention international relations, we generally talk about diplomacy and investment, but there are other ways of promoting the interests of a government on the international stage. Sport can be used as tool to improve diplomacy between countries, as well as developing economic and social interests. Additionally, sport takes an important place in shaping the image of a nation, while it improves the integration process of young generations into the world. One of the main interests, from a government perspective, in the use of sport, is to generate a positive emotional connection to a host nation - what is known as soft power. The aim of this work is to explore some of the ways in which sport is used to generate this power, and how it can provide a type of control or influence. Specifically, it will focus on the State of Qatar. This work is separated to three main parts. First I present the development of sport and the way sport events were used by different countries and political regimes, and the impact generated. Second, I try to understand the impact generated from Qatar investment in the French football team Paris Saint-Germain. And third, I measured the socio-psychological impact generated on the young generation from hosting international sport events, as in the case of the Handball World championship 2015.This work sets to clarify how allowing such investment is perceived as an opportunity for development within the society, and to improve diplomacy. Additionally, focussing on the young generation allows me to study the evolution of how sport is an important tool in the process of socialization of young people into global society. Based on my research, I argue that the result of the Paris Saint-Germain investment was a "win-win" situation between France and Qatar on the social, economic, and political level. Also, using sport events generated positive emotional impact, making the residents admire the vision of the government. The young generation, regardless nationality has a positive view of government efforts to improve and develop itself - the Qatari government's vision was salient to the young generation in Qatar. ; Lorsque nous parlons de relations internationales, nous parlons généralement de diplomatie et d'investissement, Le sport peut être utilisé comme outil pour améliorer la diplomatie entre les pays, ainsi que pour développer les intérêts économiques et sociaux. De plus, le sport occupe une place importante dans le repositionnement de l'image d'une nation, tout en améliorant le processus d'intégration des jeunes générations dans le monde. L'un des principaux intérêts, du point de vue du gouvernement, est de créer un lien affectif positif avec la nation hôte de l'évènement sportif. Ce qu'on appelle le soft power. Le but de ce travail est d'explorer certaines des façons dont le sport est utilisé pour générer ce pouvoir, et comment il peut contribuer à générer du contrôle ou à provoquer de l'influence, en se concentrant sur l'État du Qatar. Ce travail est séparé en trois parties principales. Je présente d'abord le développement du sport et la manière dont les événements sportifs ont été utilisés par différents pays et régimes politiques, ainsi que l'impact généré. Deuxièmement, j'essaie de comprendre l'impact généré par l'investissement du Qatar dans l'équipe de football française du Paris Saint-Germain. Et troisièmement, en mesurant l'impact socio-psychologique généré par la jeune génération en organisant des événements sportifs internationaux, le cas du championnat du monde de handball 2015. Ce travail vise à clarifier comment un tel investissement est perçu comme une opportunité de développement au sein de la société, et d'améliorer la diplomatie. En se concentrant sur l'évolution dont le sport est utilisé comme un outil important dans le processus de socialisation des jeunes dans la société mondiale. Sur la base de mes recherches, le résultat de l'investissement dans le Paris Saint-Germain était une situation «gagnant-gagnant» entre la France et le Qatar sur le plan social, économique et politique. De plus, l'utilisation des événements sportifs a eu un impact émotionnel positif, faisant admirer aux résidents la vision du gouvernement. La jeune génération, quelle que soit sa nationalité, a une vision positive des efforts du gouvernement pour s'améliorer et se développer. La vision du gouvernement du Qatar était saillante pour la jeune génération au Qatar.

J.M. Kelerienė. \"Communication of the Threats of China in the US in Public and Official Discourses\" / Master's Degree in International Policy and Economics. Guide: Lecturer Ben Brunal. – Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Public Administration, Institute of Political Science, 2018. At the end of the Cold War, the United States has become a hegemon of the world when the main competitor – the Soviet Union has disappeared. However, in the 21st century another serious competitor of the US appear – China that began to rise in economic and political power. In this way, China has become a serious opponent of the US Worldwide Power Contest. China's rising economic power has also affected the emerging sphere of influence in the world. As the economy grew, its technologies were also improving rapidly. The world has increasingly started to escalate China as a cyber-enemy, which absorbs technological innovation without leaving borders of its own country. The world is also disappointed of China's ongoing to the wrong humanity direction, the production of opiates and their export to the entire world, violations of human rights and freedoms and international law. The media censorship is an ideal plan for correcting citizens' opinions - propaganda persuasion. But the same the world is fascinated to China by the loyalty and responsibility of their citizens, cuisine, and culture and the ability to quickly and smartly stand up after economic recession. China is perceived as a twofold country. Looking from a diplomatic and democratic perspective, everyone sees China's negative sides, and when analysed from a cultural perspective, the positive side of China is visible. This multi-faceted state is compared to a global power that cannot be competed by any member of the international system. However, the United States is bracing itself in front of Revisionist China and, after announcing its economic warfare, expects to mitigate its desire for hegemony. But the world is worried about the outcome and consequences of this situation, so it's important to watch how the Chinese image is treated in public and official US discourses. Having identified the Chinese threat image in US national security discourses after the subject of the master's thesis, the research problem was investigated. In the official discourse of the United States, there was a balance between China as a partner and China as a threat. US politicians avoided threatening China, but this situation is changing rapidly. Meanwhile, in the media, China's equivalence as a threat to the US national security was much more frequent and unavoidable. Thus, a different assessment in the official and public discourses of the United States regarding China is problematic. It prompts questions: what are the reasons US leaders are placing China at a less dangerous position and why has this position changed? The answer to these questions will be 117 analysed in the study. It is assumed that the Chinese image discourse is constructed depending on the head of state and his foreign policy. By analysing aspects of threat theory directly related to national state security and socio-political integrity, theoretical access is being constructed, which allows us to investigate the images of the threat of China in US national security discourses. This part of the work uses descriptive-analytical, quantitative and qualitative content and comparative analysis, KDA and linguistic analysis method. After performing extremely detailed quantitative and qualitative, comparative, and KDA analysis, the conclusion came that the public and official discourses of the USA in the respect of China may change. It depends on at that time presidential domestic and foreign policies. However, the discourses created by the government and the press are not always the same, but the results of the last (2018) survey years, both in public and in the official discourse, coincide – China is becoming a threat to national security in the United States. Master's thesis consists of two parts. The first part of the work has the conceptualization of the phenomenon of threats to national security, and the determination of the threat as a subordination of power. In addition, China's identified threats and the nature of its power in international politics is determined. In the empirical (the second) part, a study was conducted to identify the threat by the image of China to the US public and official discourse. Data from official and public discourses were compared.

This dissertation studies different approaches to sustainability regulation. The author evaluates the effectiveness of several policy measures in achieving their objective and discusses potential unintended side-effects. Both depend on strategic firm behavior and consumer sensitivity. Chapter II considers the impact of fuel taxes on the fuel efficiency of new automobiles. The results rely on exhaustive consumer-level data of French automobile purchases; the author estimates the parameters of automobile demand using a nested logit model accounting for heterogeneity of consumer groups. The estimated parameters are used to predict the impact of two hypothetical changes in fuel taxes. The results show that new vehicle purchases react very little to changes in fuel tax and the impact of the examined fuel tax policies is economically small. Chapter III studies the strategic interactions between two sustainability labels competing for firms to offer their products: it shows why the industry has an interest to introduce its own label. The results rely on a model of oligopolistic firms offering several horizontally (between firms) and vertically (between label qualities) differentiated products. These firms interact with two labeling organizations that pursue different objectives: a for-profit label and an industry standard maximizing joint firm profit. The results show that the industry benefits from introducing an industry standard that reduces competition by segmenting the market; by contrast, a social planner maximizes consumer welfare and total social welfare by maximizing the number of labeled goods. Horizontal differentiation plays a key role for the final market outcome. Chapter IV measures the magnitude of fixed transaction costs in European emissions trading. Transaction costs are defined in a broad sense as monetary and non-monetary frictions from certificate trading of firms. The results rely on plant-level administrative data from European emissions trading; the author estimates the distribution of fixed transaction costs arising from the use of ``normal'' European certificates, on the one hand, and international offset certificates, on the other hand. The results show that for most firms, the bulk of transaction costs stems from market participation in general rather than from the use of international certificates. The magnitude of transaction costs is such that a fifth of all firms does not participate in profitable offset trading. Chapter V studies whether European emissions trading has led to a displacement of European carbon emissions to other parts of the world (``carbon leakage''), both via relocation and via loss of market shares to foreign competitors. A literature survey reveals different approaches to identify carbon leakage empirically. This chapter's results rely on a combination of sector-level trade data and plant-level data from European emissions trading; using various ways of defining both outcome and stringency of environmental policy, the author finds no evidence of carbon leakage. ; Diese Dissertation untersucht unterschiedliche Ansätze zur Nachhaltigkeitsregulierung. Die Autorin bewertet die Wirksamkeit von Politikmaßnahmen sowie potenzielle unbeabsichtigte Nebenwirkungen. Beide hängen vom strategischen Verhalten von Unternehmen sowie der Sensitivität der Verbraucher ab. Kapitel II betrachtet die Auswirkung von Treibstoffsteuern auf die Kraftstoffeffizienz von neuen Automobilen. Die Ergebnisse beruhen auf Verbraucherdaten über französischen Automobilkäufe; die Autorin schätzt die Parameter der Automobilnachfrage mit einem Nested Logit Modell, das die Heterogenität von Verbrauchergruppen berücksichtigt. Die geschätzten Parameter werden verwendet, um die Auswirkung von zwei hypothetischen Änderungen der Treibstoffsteuer zu berechnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neue Fahrzeugkäufe sehr wenig auf Änderungen der Treibstoffsteuer reagieren und die Auswirkungen der untersuchten Steuerreformen wirtschaftlich vernachlässigbar sind. Kapitel III untersucht die strategischen Interaktionen zwischen zwei Nachhaltigkeitslabels im Kaffeemarkt: es zeigt, warum die Röstereibranche ein Interesse daran hat, ihr eigenes Label einzuführen. Die Ergebnisse beruhen auf einem Modell mit Firmen im Oligopol, die mehrere horizontal (zwischen Firmen) und vertikal (zwischen Labelqualitäten) differenzierte Produkte anbieten. Diese Unternehmen interagieren mit zwei Labelorganisationen, die unterschiedliche Ziele verfolgen: ein profitorientierter Lizensierer und ein Industriestandard, der den gemeinsamen Unternehmensgewinn maximiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Industriestandard immer versucht, den Wettbewerb durch Segmentierung des Marktes zu reduzieren. Im Gegensatz dazu maximiert ein sozialer Planer die gesamtgesellschaftliche Wohlfahrt durch die Maximierung der Zahl der gelabelten Produkte. Die horizontale Differenzierung spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für das Marktergebnis. Kapitel IV misst Transaktionskosten im europäischen Emissionshandel. Transaktionskosten werden hier im weiten Sinne als monetäre und nicht monetäre Aufwände von Firmen im Zertifikatshandel definiert. Die Ergebnisse beruhen auf administrativen Daten des europäischen Emissionshandels; die Autorin schätzt die Verteilung der fixen Transaktionskosten, die sich aus der Verwendung von "normalen" europäischen Zertifikaten einerseits und internationalen Offsetzertifikaten andererseits ergeben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für die meisten Unternehmen der Großteil der Transaktionskosten von der Marktbeteiligung im Allgemeinen und nicht von der Verwendung internationaler Offsetzertifikate stammt. Die Größenordnung der Transaktionskosten ist so, dass ein Fünftel aller Firmen nicht am gewinnbringenden Offsethandel teilnimmt. Kapitel V untersucht, ob der europäische Emissionshandel zu einer Verschiebung der europäischen CO2-Emissionen in andere Teile der Welt geführt hat ("carbon leakage"), sowohl durch Verlagerung der Produktion als auch durch Verlust von Marktanteilen an ausländische Wettbewerber. Eine Literaturrecherche zeigt verschiedene Ansätze zur Identifizierung von carbon leakage in den Daten. Die Ergebnisse dieses Kapitels beruhen auf einer Kombination von Handelsdaten und Daten aus dem europäischen Emissionshandel; mit verschiedenen Definitionen der Ergebnisvariablen sowie der Emissionskosten, findet die Autorin keine Hinweise auf carbon leakage.

The article reveals the issues related to the legal characteristic of European social standards and their impact on the development of the latest model of sources of social security law. It is noted that the European model of social security (protection) is characterized by such features as promoting the development of an inclusive society; implying the responsibility of society and the state for effective social policy; availability of an effective and accessible system of social rights; aiming at forming a high level of social standards, guarantees, as well as the quality of life of a person; sufficiency, efficiency, accessibility of organizational forms and types of social security (protection); availability of effective and flexible legal regulation in the field of social security (protection).The emphasis is on the fact that European social standards should be considered broadly and narrowly. Broadly speaking, European social standards are a set of norms, provisions, and standards of a conceptual nature, contained in international legal acts approved by authorized European institutions and aimed at developing an effective model of social security (protection). In the narrow sense, European social standards are a set of recognized and enshrined in accordance with international legal acts adopted by authorized European institutions of social human rights. The basic features of European social standards are the following: they are the result of the normative activity of authorized European institutions (the Council of Europe, the EU); enshrined in international legal acts of the Council of Europe and the EU; include a system of rules, regulations, and standards for social security; include a system of fundamental social rights; act as a legal basis for the development of social legislation of individual member states of the Council of Europe and the EU; act as a legal basis for the formation of a new system of sources of social security law.The key role of the European Social Charter (revised) and the European Code of Social Security in shaping European social standards is noted, with emphasizing the need to take into account European social standards when formulating a system of sources of social security law, and in particular, in the process of codification of legislation in this area. The basic trends of development of the latest model of sources of social security law are emphasized.It is concluded that the main tendencies of the formation of a modern system of sources of social security law through the prism of European social standards are the following: development and implementation of the National Strategy for Social Reforms and Development of the Law on Social Security; formation of the National Concept for the Implementation of European Social Standards; introduction of the European and scientific socio-legal expertise of draft legal acts on social security; enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of implementation mechanisms, guaranteeing the legal protection of the right for social protection (social security), and other closely related rights; development and establishment of an effective system of social standards and social guarantees; development, public discussion, and public examination of the draft Social Security Code on the basis of international and European social standards and achievements of leading social law schools; harmonization of state administration on the social policy issues; strengthening of institutional interaction of authorized public authorities, civil society institutions on the issues of adoption and observance of the Code of Social Security; provision of mechanisms for the adoption of acts of domestic law solely on the basis of the codified law on social security (Code of Social Security); implementation of continuous monitoring of compliance with the legislation on social security; introduction of public accountability of authorized power institutions regarding observance of social rights.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018 ; У статті розкрито питання, пов'язані з правовою характеристикою європейських соціальних стандартів та напрямів їх впливу на розвиток новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення. Наголошено на особливостях формування соціальних стандартів європейською спільнотою. Відзначено ключову роль Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої) та Європейського кодексу соціального забезпечення у формуванні європейських соціальних стандартів. Підкреслено необхідність урахування європейських соціальних стандартів при формуванні системи джерел права соціального забезпечення, зокрема в процесі кодифікації законодавства в цій царині. Наголошено на основоположних тенденціях розвитку новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018

J.M. Kelerienė. \"Communication of the Threats of China in the US in Public and Official Discourses\" / Master's Degree in International Policy and Economics. Guide: Lecturer Ben Brunal. – Vilnius: Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Public Administration, Institute of Political Science, 2018. At the end of the Cold War, the United States has become a hegemon of the world when the main competitor – the Soviet Union has disappeared. However, in the 21st century another serious competitor of the US appear – China that began to rise in economic and political power. In this way, China has become a serious opponent of the US Worldwide Power Contest. China's rising economic power has also affected the emerging sphere of influence in the world. As the economy grew, its technologies were also improving rapidly. The world has increasingly started to escalate China as a cyber-enemy, which absorbs technological innovation without leaving borders of its own country. The world is also disappointed of China's ongoing to the wrong humanity direction, the production of opiates and their export to the entire world, violations of human rights and freedoms and international law. The media censorship is an ideal plan for correcting citizens' opinions - propaganda persuasion. But the same the world is fascinated to China by the loyalty and responsibility of their citizens, cuisine, and culture and the ability to quickly and smartly stand up after economic recession. China is perceived as a twofold country. Looking from a diplomatic and democratic perspective, everyone sees China's negative sides, and when analysed from a cultural perspective, the positive side of China is visible. This multi-faceted state is compared to a global power that cannot be competed by any member of the international system. However, the United States is bracing itself in front of Revisionist China and, after announcing its economic warfare, expects to mitigate its desire for hegemony. But the world is worried about the outcome and consequences of this situation, so it's important to watch how the Chinese image is treated in public and official US discourses. Having identified the Chinese threat image in US national security discourses after the subject of the master's thesis, the research problem was investigated. In the official discourse of the United States, there was a balance between China as a partner and China as a threat. US politicians avoided threatening China, but this situation is changing rapidly. Meanwhile, in the media, China's equivalence as a threat to the US national security was much more frequent and unavoidable. Thus, a different assessment in the official and public discourses of the United States regarding China is problematic. It prompts questions: what are the reasons US leaders are placing China at a less dangerous position and why has this position changed? The answer to these questions will be 117 analysed in the study. It is assumed that the Chinese image discourse is constructed depending on the head of state and his foreign policy. By analysing aspects of threat theory directly related to national state security and socio-political integrity, theoretical access is being constructed, which allows us to investigate the images of the threat of China in US national security discourses. This part of the work uses descriptive-analytical, quantitative and qualitative content and comparative analysis, KDA and linguistic analysis method. After performing extremely detailed quantitative and qualitative, comparative, and KDA analysis, the conclusion came that the public and official discourses of the USA in the respect of China may change. It depends on at that time presidential domestic and foreign policies. However, the discourses created by the government and the press are not always the same, but the results of the last (2018) survey years, both in public and in the official discourse, coincide – China is becoming a threat to national security in the United States. Master's thesis consists of two parts. The first part of the work has the conceptualization of the phenomenon of threats to national security, and the determination of the threat as a subordination of power. In addition, China's identified threats and the nature of its power in international politics is determined. In the empirical (the second) part, a study was conducted to identify the threat by the image of China to the US public and official discourse. Data from official and public discourses were compared.

Los efectos que los conflictos armados acarrean a la educación suceden en la actualidad en muchos países del mundo, afectando a infancia, profesorado, comunidades y escuelas a lo largo y ancho del planeta, suponiendo todo ello una violación sistemática y radical a los derechos de la infancia, en entornos de destrucción, miedo y desolación. La educación juega un papel intersticial en la reconstrucción de los conflictos y en los países afectados por éstos, preparando a sus habitantes para un escenario de paz, en especial a la infancia cuyos derechos son vulnerados por este motivo, además de brindar apoyo psicosocial, formar al profesorado e incorporar prácticas psicopedagógicas, proveyendo materiales y reflejando los derechos humanos y de la infancia en su quehacer. En el panorama supra e internacional, el conflicto y la educación en países en conflictos armados se ha convertido en una poderosa raison d'être por parte tanto de organismos como de académicos/as que han ido desarrollando en torno al mismo diferentes temáticas de calibre tanto político como organizativo, sin olvidar el didáctico. Reconociendo, de este modo, cómo «la Educación Comparada se encuentra actualmente en un delicado y grave momento de transición y nueva conformación de sus atributos y elementos ontológicos» (García- Ruiz, 2016: 7), en la línea apuntada, Davies (2005: 368-9) propone diversas líneas de trabajo desde las que la Educación Comparada e Internacional pueden aportar desde su naturaleza plural y ecléctica epistemológicamente hablando, sumándose a un activo estado de la cuestión en relación a esta temática. Partiendo de esa premisa, esta comunicación tiene por objeto exponer el fruto de un proyecto de innovación educativa que, desde Educación Internacional, ha querido visibilizar a la situación de la educación en los países en conflicto. Desde la base del binomio establecido entre Educación Internacional y Literatura Alemana, esta propuesta interdisciplinar reúne diferentes acciones de innovación metodológica con un denominador común: la aplicación de técnicas dramáticas básicas en el aula, en concreto, la Lecture-Performance, un modelo híbrido que combina la investigación y el trabajo autónomo, por un lado, con recursos básicos propios de la práctica teatral. Este modelo docente contribuye al desarrollo de la creatividad, la originalidad, la espontaneidad y potencia la responsabilidad, la tolerancia y la empatía. ; The effects of armed conflicts on education nowadays take place in a large number of countries in the world. These have an impact on children, teaching staff, communities and schools across the planet, which involves a radical and systematic violation of children's fundamental rights in an environment of destruction, anxiety and desolation. Education plays an interstitial role in the reconstruction of conflicts and in the countries affected by them. Education sets the stage for a peace process for countries and its inhabitants, especially for children, whose rights have been violated. Education also provides psycho-social support, helps in the training of teachers and incorporates psycho-pedagogical practices, by providing supporting materials and considering human and children's rights as an intrinsic value in its endeavour. In the supra and international scenario, conflict and education in countries involved in armed conflicts have become a powerful raison d'être on the part of both institutions and scholars. Both have been developing various topics regarding politics and organization, in addition to didactics. As indicated by García Ruiz (2016: 7), "Compared Education is presently in a delicate and dire stage of transition and of redefining its features and ontological elements" [original in Spanish]. In the same vein, Davies (2005: 368-9) puts forward different courses of action for Compared and International Education to epistemologically contribute to these issues, given their plural and eclectic nature. In the light of the abovementioned, this paper aims to present the research and results of an innovative education project that relies on International Education to spotlight the situation of education in countries involved in conflict. On the basis of the binomial connection between International Education and German Language and Literature, this interdisciplinary proposal gathers different actions on methodological innovation, all with a common thread: the implementation of drama-based techniques in the classroom, in particular, the Lecture- Performance. This is a hybrid concept which combines research and student's autonomous work with basic resources of theatrical practice. This teaching methodology fosters the development of creativity, originality, spontaneity and enhances responsibility, tolerance and empathy.

The article reveals the issues related to the legal characteristic of European social standards and their impact on the development of the latest model of sources of social security law. It is noted that the European model of social security (protection) is characterized by such features as promoting the development of an inclusive society; implying the responsibility of society and the state for effective social policy; availability of an effective and accessible system of social rights; aiming at forming a high level of social standards, guarantees, as well as the quality of life of a person; sufficiency, efficiency, accessibility of organizational forms and types of social security (protection); availability of effective and flexible legal regulation in the field of social security (protection).The emphasis is on the fact that European social standards should be considered broadly and narrowly. Broadly speaking, European social standards are a set of norms, provisions, and standards of a conceptual nature, contained in international legal acts approved by authorized European institutions and aimed at developing an effective model of social security (protection). In the narrow sense, European social standards are a set of recognized and enshrined in accordance with international legal acts adopted by authorized European institutions of social human rights. The basic features of European social standards are the following: they are the result of the normative activity of authorized European institutions (the Council of Europe, the EU); enshrined in international legal acts of the Council of Europe and the EU; include a system of rules, regulations, and standards for social security; include a system of fundamental social rights; act as a legal basis for the development of social legislation of individual member states of the Council of Europe and the EU; act as a legal basis for the formation of a new system of sources of social security law.The key role of the European Social Charter (revised) and the European Code of Social Security in shaping European social standards is noted, with emphasizing the need to take into account European social standards when formulating a system of sources of social security law, and in particular, in the process of codification of legislation in this area. The basic trends of development of the latest model of sources of social security law are emphasized.It is concluded that the main tendencies of the formation of a modern system of sources of social security law through the prism of European social standards are the following: development and implementation of the National Strategy for Social Reforms and Development of the Law on Social Security; formation of the National Concept for the Implementation of European Social Standards; introduction of the European and scientific socio-legal expertise of draft legal acts on social security; enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of implementation mechanisms, guaranteeing the legal protection of the right for social protection (social security), and other closely related rights; development and establishment of an effective system of social standards and social guarantees; development, public discussion, and public examination of the draft Social Security Code on the basis of international and European social standards and achievements of leading social law schools; harmonization of state administration on the social policy issues; strengthening of institutional interaction of authorized public authorities, civil society institutions on the issues of adoption and observance of the Code of Social Security; provision of mechanisms for the adoption of acts of domestic law solely on the basis of the codified law on social security (Code of Social Security); implementation of continuous monitoring of compliance with the legislation on social security; introduction of public accountability of authorized power institutions regarding observance of social rights.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018 ; У статті розкрито питання, пов'язані з правовою характеристикою європейських соціальних стандартів та напрямів їх впливу на розвиток новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення. Наголошено на особливостях формування соціальних стандартів європейською спільнотою. Відзначено ключову роль Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої) та Європейського кодексу соціального забезпечення у формуванні європейських соціальних стандартів. Підкреслено необхідність урахування європейських соціальних стандартів при формуванні системи джерел права соціального забезпечення, зокрема в процесі кодифікації законодавства в цій царині. Наголошено на основоположних тенденціях розвитку новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018

The article reveals the issues related to the legal characteristic of European social standards and their impact on the development of the latest model of sources of social security law. It is noted that the European model of social security (protection) is characterized by such features as promoting the development of an inclusive society; implying the responsibility of society and the state for effective social policy; availability of an effective and accessible system of social rights; aiming at forming a high level of social standards, guarantees, as well as the quality of life of a person; sufficiency, efficiency, accessibility of organizational forms and types of social security (protection); availability of effective and flexible legal regulation in the field of social security (protection).The emphasis is on the fact that European social standards should be considered broadly and narrowly. Broadly speaking, European social standards are a set of norms, provisions, and standards of a conceptual nature, contained in international legal acts approved by authorized European institutions and aimed at developing an effective model of social security (protection). In the narrow sense, European social standards are a set of recognized and enshrined in accordance with international legal acts adopted by authorized European institutions of social human rights. The basic features of European social standards are the following: they are the result of the normative activity of authorized European institutions (the Council of Europe, the EU); enshrined in international legal acts of the Council of Europe and the EU; include a system of rules, regulations, and standards for social security; include a system of fundamental social rights; act as a legal basis for the development of social legislation of individual member states of the Council of Europe and the EU; act as a legal basis for the formation of a new system of sources of social security law.The key role of the European Social Charter (revised) and the European Code of Social Security in shaping European social standards is noted, with emphasizing the need to take into account European social standards when formulating a system of sources of social security law, and in particular, in the process of codification of legislation in this area. The basic trends of development of the latest model of sources of social security law are emphasized.It is concluded that the main tendencies of the formation of a modern system of sources of social security law through the prism of European social standards are the following: development and implementation of the National Strategy for Social Reforms and Development of the Law on Social Security; formation of the National Concept for the Implementation of European Social Standards; introduction of the European and scientific socio-legal expertise of draft legal acts on social security; enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of implementation mechanisms, guaranteeing the legal protection of the right for social protection (social security), and other closely related rights; development and establishment of an effective system of social standards and social guarantees; development, public discussion, and public examination of the draft Social Security Code on the basis of international and European social standards and achievements of leading social law schools; harmonization of state administration on the social policy issues; strengthening of institutional interaction of authorized public authorities, civil society institutions on the issues of adoption and observance of the Code of Social Security; provision of mechanisms for the adoption of acts of domestic law solely on the basis of the codified law on social security (Code of Social Security); implementation of continuous monitoring of compliance with the legislation on social security; introduction of public accountability of authorized power institutions regarding observance of social rights.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018 ; У статті розкрито питання, пов'язані з правовою характеристикою європейських соціальних стандартів та напрямів їх впливу на розвиток новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення. Наголошено на особливостях формування соціальних стандартів європейською спільнотою. Відзначено ключову роль Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої) та Європейського кодексу соціального забезпечення у формуванні європейських соціальних стандартів. Підкреслено необхідність урахування європейських соціальних стандартів при формуванні системи джерел права соціального забезпечення, зокрема в процесі кодифікації законодавства в цій царині. Наголошено на основоположних тенденціях розвитку новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018

In the article the author attempts to characterize the diplomatic substyle of the Ukrainian language (on the material of the diplomatic documents of the twentieth century (the second half of the 50's – early 70's), since the development of the business style of this period was not considered in the scientific researches). Despite the considerable number of works on the formation and development of the business style in the Ukrainian language, some issues concerning the substyles differentiation of the business style, in particular the diplomatic one, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation in the Modern Ukrainian language, remain unclear. This fact emphasizes the relevance of addressing the problem that has been raised. The purpose of the work is to analyze the state of studying the diplomatic substyle as a kind of the business style in the Modern Ukrainian language. The outlined goal involves the following tasks: to investigate the source base associated with the study of the business style in general and the diplomatic substyle, which is allocated within it, in particular; to determine the criteria of its identification and to clarify the main features inherent in this substyle. The researcher delineates the concept of «substyle» and «genre» («genre variety») and concludes that the diplomatic substyle as a kind of business style is used in the field of international politics, is differentiated according to established criteria of recognizing the styles and substyles, has the peculiar language and communicative traits (definition of speech constructs, architectonic forms and speech techniques of constructing the text) and is implemented in the documents of different genres.Key words: field of international politics, business style, diplomatic substyle, language and communicative traits, genre. ; У пропонованій статті автор здійснює спробу схарактеризувати дипломатичний підвид української мови (на матеріалі дипломатичних документів другої половини 50-х – початку 70 років ХХ століття). Дослідник доходить висновку, що дипломатичний під стиль як різновид офіційно-ділового стилю використовується в сфері міжнародної по- літики, диференціюється за усталеними критеріями виділення стилів і підстилів, має своєрідні мовно-комунікативні ознаки (визначеність мовленнєвих конструкцій, архітек- тонічних форм і мовних прийомів побудови тексту) і реалізується в документах різних жанрів.Ключові слова: сфера міжнародної політики, офіційно-діловий стиль, дипломатичний підстиль, мовно-комунікативні ознаки, жанр. В предлагаемой статье автор предпринимает попытку охарактеризовать дипломатический подвид украинского языка (на материале дипломатических документов второй половины 50-х – начала 70 годов ХХ века). Исследователь приходит к выводу о том, что дипломатический подстиль как разновидность официально-делового стиля используется в сфере международной политики, дифференцируется по определенным критериям выделения стилей и подстилей, имеет специфические коммуникативные черты (предписанность речевых конструкций, архитектонических форм и языкових прийомов построения текста) и реализуется в документах различных жанров.Ключевые слова: сфера межнародной политики, официально-деловой стиль, дипломатический подстиль, коммуникативные черты, жанр. In the article the author attempts to characterize the diplomatic substyle of the Ukrainian language (on the material of the diplomatic documents of the twentieth century (the second half of the 50's – early 70's), since the development of the business style of this period was not considered in the scientific researches). Despite the considerable number of works on the formation and development of the business style in the Ukrainian language, some issues concerning the substyles differentiation of the business style, in particular the diplomatic one, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation in the Modern Ukrainian language, remain unclear. This fact emphasizes the relevance of addressing the problem that has been raised. The purpose of the work is to analyze the state of studying the diplomatic substyle as a kind of the business style in the Modern Ukrainian language. The outlined goal involves the following tasks: to investigate the source base associated with the study of the business style in general and the diplomatic substyle, which is allocated within it, in particular; to determine the criteria of its identification and to clarify the main features inherent in this substyle. The researcher delineates the concept of «substyle» and «genre» («genre variety») and concludes that the diplomatic substyle as a kind of business style is used in the field of international politics, is differentiated according to established criteria of recognizing the styles and substyles, has the peculiar language and communicative traits (definition of speech constructs, architectonic forms and speech techniques of constructing the text) and is implemented in the documents of different genres.Key words: field of international politics, business style, diplomatic substyle, language and communicative traits, genre.

This project aims to analyze the growing homogenization process of programs against poverty, implemented in Latin America. It has been selected four core cases of Conditional Cash Transfer programs. The cases are: "Oportunidades Méjico" Program, "Bolsa Familia" in Brasil, "Chile Solidario" and the "Familias por la Inclusión Social" Program, in Argentina. Each case presents a trajectory that makes it particularly from a context that is unique, that includes: the history of the States building their social protection mechanisms, the government management, the team responsible characteristics and the relationship with the academic field.The cases also relate to an external institutional field, who is involved in the analysis and definition of the social issue that must be addressed. These include international organizations and other actors such as the academia and non-governmental organizations, etc.The field pressure on the organizational context to causes different paths. The programs changed to be compatible with the lines proposed by the field."Opportunities" Program justified the design from the need to get social policy to the poorest and most vulnerable sectors, mainly rural, that because of years that the state had failed to comeup with measures such as subsidizing food supply, with low level of professionalism and crony political use of previous social programs. In this sense, the regulatory pressure was increased about the incorporation of technical professionals introducing changes in management tools. In "Bolsa Familia" Program regulatory pressure was exerted from professionals trained by the state bureaucracy but also had important a mimetic pressure with the addition of conditions like Opportunities format and coercion pressure of international organizations in the evaluation designand information systems.The "Chile Solidario" Program the prevailing pressure is coercive type, despite having begun with proposals of neoliberal much earlier than previous cases, the program incorporates conditional transfer from the suggestion of an international agency to that add to their particular design."Familias por la inclusión social", both mimetic and coercive pressure had interference. This program took its design from the access to international financing to give fast answer to the poor population, after 2001 crisis, they has to rearrange the technical team to the new requirements which generated a fragile mimetic process. ; El presente proyecto buscó analizar el proceso de homogenización organizacional de los programas sociales de lucha contra la pobreza que se implementan en América Latina. Se seleccionaron cuatro Programas de Transferencias de Ingreso Condicionadas: Oportunidades, de México; Bolsa Familia, de Brasil; Chile Solidario y el Programa Familias por la Inclusión Social, de Argentina. Cada caso presenta una trayectoria que lo vuelve particular a partir de un contexto que le es exclusivo: su historia en la construcción de los mecanismos de protección social, las características y definiciones de gestión del gobierno, el equipo humano responsable.A su vez, los casos se relacionan con un campo institucional externo que participa en la definición de la cuestión social que debe ser atendida. Por ejemplo: organismos internacionales, la academia y organizaciones no gubernamentales. La presión que ejerce el campo institucional sobre el contexto permite analizar las distintas trayectorias, logrando modificar las características originales de los programas y adaptándose a las propuestas del campo. El Oportunidades justificó su diseño a partir de la necesidad de llevar la política social a los sectores más pobres y vulnerables en el ámbito rural. Durante años el Estado no había logrado ese objetivo, con medidas como el subsidio a los alimentos, por su bajo nivel de profesionalismo y por el uso político de los programas sociales anteriores. La mayor presión fue de tipo normativa, apartir de la incorporación de profesionales técnicos que incorporaron cambios en los instrumentos de gestión. En el Bolsa Familia la presión normativa se ejerció a partir de profesionales formados por la burocracia estatal; también tuvo importancia un proceso mimético del Oportunidades a partir de la sugerencia de organismos internacionales. En el caso del Programa Chile Solidario la presión preponderante fue de tipo coercitivo, pues a pesar de haber comenzado con propuestas de política social neoliberal mucho antes que los casos anteriores, incorporó componentes como la condicionalidad de la transferencia a partir de la sugerenciade organismos financiadores. Por último, en el Familias por la Inclusión Social, las presiones fueron miméticas y coercitivas. Este programa adaptó su diseño para acceder a financiamiento internacional y dar respuesta veloz ala crisis de 2001, adecuando el equipo técnico a las nuevas exigencias, lo que generó un mimetismo frágil.

Cet article propose une synthèse des principales conclusions qu'à livrées le Comité européen des droits sociaux (CEDS) lors du cycle de contrôle 2016 des politiques de l'emploi dans plusieurs Etats du Conseil de l'Europe, à l'appui de la Charte sociale européenne, notamment la Charte sociale européenne révisée (1996). Les critères de sélection de ces conclusions (relatives aux seuls articles de la convention retenus lors de ce cycle) ont été leur signification particulière par rapport à quelques débats importants et actuels sur les politiques de l'emploi et leur contribution à la consolidation d'une jurisprudence internationale. Les seuls articles concernés par le cycle étaient l'article 1er (le Droit au travail), l'article 9 (Droit à l'orientation professionnelle), l'article 10 (Droit à la formation professionnelle), l'article 15 (Droit des personnes handicapées à l'autonomie, à l'intégration sociale et à la participation à la vie de la communauté), l'article 18 (Droit à l'exercice d'une activité lucrative sur le territoire des autres Parties), l'article 20 (Droit à l'égalité des chances et de traitement en matière d'emploi et de profession, sans discrimination fondée sur le sexe), l'article 24 (Droit à la protection en cas de licenciement) et l'article 25 (Droit des travailleurs à la protection de leurs créances en cas d'insolvabilité de leur employeur). Les débats actuels pris en compte ont été notamment la question du plein emploi et des politiques d'activation, les conséquences des politiques d'austérité, la non-discrimination au travail et dans la politique salariale, les interventions de l'employeur dans la vie privée au travail, la qualité des dispositifs d'orientation et de formation professionnelle, les politiques inclusives en faveur des personnes handicapées et les aménagements raisonnables, l'accès de certains travailleurs étrangers au marché du travail national, la protection en cas de licenciement et en cas de difficultés économiques de l'entreprise. Le CEDS contribue certainement à consolider la jurisprudence internationale en matière de Droit au travail, d'égalité des chances et de non-discrimination et en faveur de l'autonomie et de l'intégration des personnes handicapées dans le monde ordinaire de l'éducation et de l'emploi. Le CEDS s'est également intéressé au projet de Socle de droits sociaux de la Commission européenne en y voyant une opportunité pour rehausser le statut de la Charte sociale européenne dans le droit européen. --- This survey proposes a synthesis of the main conclusions of the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) regarding the employment policies in many Member States of the Council of Europe at the end of his annual supervision cycle on the application of the European Social Charter, particularly the Revised European Social Charter (1996). The criteria for the selection of conclusions (regarding only the sole articles of the Charter examined during this cycle) have been their particular interest for some important and current debates on the employment policies and their contribution to the strengthening of an international jurisprudence. The sole articles of the convention that were dealt with are Article 1 (The right to work), Article 9 (the right to vocational guidance), Article 10 (The right to vocational training), Article 15 (The right of persons with disabilities to independence, social integration and participation in the life of the community), Article 18 (The right to engage in a gainful occupation in the territory of other Parties), Article 20 (The right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex), Article 24 (The right to protection in cases of termination of employment), Article 25 (The right of workers to the protection of their claims in the event of the insolvency of their employer). The current debates taken in consideration by the Committe were notably the issue of full employment and the activation policies, the impact of austerity measures on employment, non-discrimination in employment and equal pay for equal job, employers interventions in private matters in employment, the quality of systems of vocational guidance and training, the inclusive policies in favor of persons with disabilities and the reasonable accomodations, the access of some foreign workers to national labor markets, the protection of workers in case of termination of employment and of insolvency of the enterprise. The ECSR delivers certainly a contribution to the consolidation of international social law dealing with the right to work, equal opportunities and non-discrimination and the access of persons with disabilities into the ordinary world of education and jobs. The ECSR examined also the opportunity of the discussion around a draft Pillar of social rights proposed by the European Commission for an increased status of the European Social Charter in European Community Law.