Ombudsman, unlike the court, cannot make binding decisions, but usually public authorities follow its recommendations, otherwise he may bring the case to the attention of politicians and the public by informing Parliament. The link between the two fundamental European institutions, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Ombudsman, may be defined as a strong direct link between the problems of EU citizens. Requests to each institution represent an interest of each petitioner, which is intended to be solved by matching laws with moral rules and general principles of law.
The article analyses police preparation systems in different European countries considering European Union perspectives to establish a common system for education and training of the police. The first part of the article discusses the differences of police preparation systems models in European countries and the arguments regarding relationships among professional preparation and academic education in a common police preparation system. The author of the article comes to a conclusion that for modern police officers it is not enough to get only the professional education, to formulate special skills, but they also need an additional college or a university degree. The second part of the article introduces and discusses factors making influence to the police preparation systems in different European countries. The author comes to the conclusion, that historically different conditions of development, geopolitical and cultural factors in European countries created huge diversity of police preparation systems, which means that in order to make them closer there is a need for a deeper analysis of police structures and their preparation systems at a national level.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.10.1.235
This article aims to discuss issues of "Medical tourism" within the European Union countries. The author in his publication presented the trends of medical tourism and considered the cause of this phenomenon. The article makes reference to the history of migration in medical purposes. The role of freedom of movement and freedom to provide services as the base of the economic system of the European Union for the development of medical tourism. The publication presents the basic regulations on this subject in terms of Polish law and European law. The author based on reports and scientific publications tried to in this article to assess after the presentation of both positive and negative effects of this phenomenon, and also provide potential opportunities and threats flowing from it. ; W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące turystyki medycznej i transgranicznej opieki medycznej w kontekście prawa Unii Europejskiej. W artykule uwzględniono orzecznictwo Europejskiego Trybunału Sprawiedliwości, a także częściowo dorobek doktryny. Autor przedstawił pozytywne i negatywne efekty zjawiska turystyki medycznej oraz transgranicznej opieki medycznej oraz okazje i zagrożenia płynące z obu tych zjawisk.
Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Part I: Turning the Tables: The Collaborative Potential of Future EU-UK Relations in Peace, Security and Defence -- Chapter 1: UK-EU Military Cooperation and Brexit from a Neoclassical Realist Perspective: No Big Deal? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Neoclassical Realism: The Analytical Framework -- 3 Realism and EU Security and Defence -- 4 The UK and the CSDP: Systemic and Domestic Pressures -- 5 UK-EU Military Cooperation Post-Brexit: Deal, No Deal, Big Deal? -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Channel Trouble? Challenges to UK-EU Security Collaboration After Brexit -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Whither the Easy Scenario? -- 3 The Intergovernmental Nature of the EU Security and Defence Policy -- 4 Continued Membership of NATO -- 5 Depoliticised Nature of Security and Defence -- 6 Waning British Interest in the CSDP -- 7 Underlying Commonality of Interests -- 8 Conclusions: Towards the Future Relationship -- References -- Part II: Beyond Brexit: Rethinking the Future of Europe -- Chapter 3: The French-German Military Cooperation and the Revival of European Defence After Brexit: Between Reality and Politi... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Return of the `French-German Engine´ in European Defence: A New Bilateral Hegemon for CSDP? -- 2.1 Old Wine in New Bottles? The Historical Role of the French-German Engine in European Defence -- 2.2 Brexit as an Opportunity for Bilateral Activism in European Defence -- 2.2.1 A Multiplication of Bilateral Initiatives in the Area of Military Capacities -- 2.2.2 A Specific Focus on the Budgetary Questions in European Defence Policy -- 3 France and Germany: An Ambivalent Engine for CSDP Faced with Strategic Divergences -- 3.1 Different Visions of What European Strategic Autonomy Means in Paris and Berlin.
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Since the early 1990s, the European Union has been working to establish a common framework ensuring consular protection for Union citizens in third countries. In the meantime, the practical need for consular assistance of unrepresented Union citizens in third countries has only increased, resulting in the progressive elaboration of the Union's legal and institutional framework necessary to deliver such assistance. This article discusses the law, policies and practices that are in place and those to come, taking account of the 2011 Commission proposal for a Directive and the real-life alterations in consular protection the proposal may effectuate. In spite of favourable conditions for further development of common consular protection, various legal, institutional and political hurdles continue to impede an effective and coherent implementation of the individual right to consular protection of Union citizens.
"Title first published in 2003. This informative volume addresses the impact of the EU on national policies to combat poverty in European member states. The editors bring together leading academics to discuss the issue of and fight against poverty in Germany in particular, within the context of ongoing trends and debates across other European states."--Provided by publisher.
To understand fully the process of European integration, it is necessary to consider developments at the sub-national and local level. EU integration scholars have been examining the local level using the concept of multi-level governance (MLG) since the 1990s. While MLG was the first concept to scrutinize the position of local levels of public administration and other actors within the EU polity, it overestimates the degree of influence it ascribes to local levels, particularly as far as the rural is concerned. Focusing on Germany and Finland, with country specific information from all EU member states, this book combines MLG with the concept of structural constructivism, in order to reveal some of the hidden aspects of EU integration. Bringing together these concepts and methodologies and replacing mainstream theories of integration with this new approach, offers a more accurate picture of multi-level interaction in rural policy and of the impacts of European integration at the local level. By examining the Community Initiative LEADER+ and setting this within a discussion of the state and structure of rural development policy, this book looks at the challenges, opportunities and policy options which are available and have been implemented in rural development. It shows that these are often context dependent and that the future of rural development policies, their shape and institutional configuration depend on reforms put in place at all levels of governance. Finally, it argues that the MLG of rural development policy must be built with people who have the know-how and the (local) knowledge to implement development projects and who have made LEADER a success in the past.--
This paper attempts to identify implicit exchange rate regimes for currencies of new European Union (EU) countries vis-à-vis the euro. To that end, we apply three sequential procedures that consider the dynamics of exchange rates to data covering the period from 1999:01 to 2012:12. Our results would suggest that implicit bands have existed in many sub-periods for almost all currencies under study. This paper provides new empirical evidence that strengthens the hypothesis of that the implemented policies differ from those announced by the monetary authorities, identifying the existence of de facto fixed monetary systems along large number of sub-periods for different currencies.
