Suchergebnisse

In this article it is argued that the re-organisation of the Roman military by Marius prepared the way for the following civil wars and dictatorships rather than the inherent failures of the republican constitution. This paper sketches the socio-political context of Cicero's life and holds that this last republican left an important theoretical body of legal work besides his court work. Cicero's moral philosophy is reflected in his belief in natural law and his staunch partisanship for the power of good faith in Roman law.

The German government's ecologically oriented tax reform program, negotiations during the passage of the tax reform law in 1999, & its importance for the red-green (SPD, Bundis 90/Die Gruenen) government are discussed. The manifestos of the SPD & Bundis90/Die Gruenen prior to the 1998 federal election already contained commitments to ecological tax reform, with the latter party more specific about the details & timing to passage. In their coalition agreement, the first stage of three was an increase in energy taxes. German trade & industry opposed the legislation, fearing it would negatively impact Germany's competitiveness in the EU. As passed in Apr 1999, the law is cautious & needs to be harmonized with EU minimal levels of energy taxation. 4 References. M. Pflum

AbstractThrough active involvement in UNESCO's ICH (Intangible Cultural Heritage) programme, China has developed its own framework to support traditional making practices. To examine the 'characteristics' of heritage crafts preservation in China, we undertook empirical research in the Yellow River basin. Our research involved in-depth observations and key informant interviews with a range of highly accomplished craftspeople who have inherited their particular expertise from their family and have been officially designated ICH Inheritors. Through our qualitative research with inheritors, a businessperson and a government official, we identified various support mechanisms employed by the Chinese government that aim to protect traditional culture while also recognising outstanding individuals. We also found that ICH Inheritors play an important role in raising cultural awareness and enhancing cultural confidence through their creative activities and making practices, craft businesses and transfer of expertise. Based on the findings, potential areas where designers may collaborate with inheritors were identified.

This article theorises the nexus between mnemonical status anxiety and militant memory laws. Extending the understanding of status-seeking in international relations to the realm of historical memory, I argue that the quest for mnemonical recognition is a status struggle in an international social hierarchy of remembering constitutive events of the past. A typology of mnemopolitical status-seeking is presented on the example of Russia (mnemonical positionalism), Poland (mnemonical revisionism), and Ukraine (mnemonical self-emancipation). Memory laws provide a common instance of securing and/or improving a state's mnemonical standing in the relevant memory order. Drawing on the conceptual analogy of militant democracy, the article develops the notion militant memocracy, or the governance of historical memory through a dense network of prescribing and proscribing memory laws and policies. Similar to its militant democracy counterpart, militant memocracy is in danger of self-inflicted harm to the object of defence in the very effort to defend it: its precautionary and punitive measures resound rather than fix the state's mnemonical anxiety problem.

The Democratic Republic of Congo is presently confronted with the most severe crisis since its independence. It has been transformed into a battlefield where several African states & national armed movements are simultaneously fighting various wars. Confronted with this acute political emergency, the international community, which has a responsibility in promoting peace & security, has given an ambiguous message. In the absence of a clear response, the Southern Africa Development Community played a leading role in the mediation process that ultimately led to the Lusaka Agreement of 10 July 1999. The agreement was, however, signed in a totally different context from the present one. Moreover, the primary objective of the Lusaka Agreement, to topple Laurent Desire Kabila, has lost its relevance since his assassination & replacement by a (more Western-friendly) government led by Joseph Kabila. With the Lusaka Agreement signed by most of the belligerents, the international community had a framework through which to channel its growing involvement. However, confronted by the signatories to the Lusaka Agreement who were not ready for peace, & therefore continuously violated established rules of international law & found pretexts to not observe the agreement, the international community remained divided & unwilling to become more involved -- particularly in light of the Somalia & Rwanda debacles. In the absence of this commitment, however, the whole idea of African renaissance could be put in jeopardy. 27 References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
The island embodies a new and subversive geopolitical area. All modern juridical systems are the result of a catastrophe emerging from a state of exception: those who reach an island are in fact survivors of a wreckage, be it physical, spiritual, or cultural. These assertions are the basis for the creation of literary islands, themselves the result of a wreckage, exiles, of a separation from a civilization with its own juridical systems, a disruption of a known system, of a catastrophe, whether physical, moral, political or social. The creation of an island invites a re-examination of the old relationships concerning the juridical, the political, and the theological.

1. Introduction: Populist Communication and Performative Leadership in International politics -- Part 1. Populist Communication and Foreign Policy in Global Context -- 2. The Populist Moralization of Foreign Policy Issues -- 3. Populist Communication and Foreign Policy in a Competitive Authoritarian Context -- 4. Populist Representational Practices and Foreign Policy: The Case of Poland -- 5. Self-Other, and the Oppositional Discursive Logic behind Populist Foreign Policy: The Case of the Lega Nord -- 6. Beliefs Systems of Latin American Populist Leaders towards the International -- 7. When Populist Friends Abroad hurt you at Home: How Populist Leaders in Italy and the Netherlands Coped with the Russo-Ukrainian War -- 8. Clash of Populisms: The Unravelling of Populist Politics in Turkey -- 9. The End of the World is Always Better in Theory: The Strained Relationship Between Populist Radical Right Parties and the State-of-Crisis Narrative -- 10. Saying the Unspeakable: Populism, Performance, and the Politics of Covid-19 -- Part 2: The Impact of Populist Communication on International Politics -- 11. Performing the Populist Repertoire on the Global Stage: A Critical Approach to IR and Populist Communication -- 12. Populist Bullshit and International Politics -- 13. Populism beyond Borders: Modi's Discursive Strategy with the Indian Diaspora in the United States of America -- 14. International Constellations of the Populist Radical Right: An Analysis of Jair Bolsonaro's International Speeches (2019 - 2020) -- 15. Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric: More Confrontational, Less Consensual? -- 16. Transatlantic Diplomacy in the Age of Populism: A Story of Resilience? -- 17. Populist Humiliation Narratives and the Mobilization of Resistance.