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The article deals with the biography of Johann de Ladimiria, who became a chaplain, a notary, a cantor and a personal confessor of Henry VI the Good, duke of Wroclaw, and his wife Annа of Austria. It is concluded, that Johann (terminus post quem 1320 – terminus ante quem 1349) was a member of catholic community of Volodymyr in Volhynia and, probably, was a descendant of German settlers of the city. The analysis of the historical sources (especially, the so-called Galician-Volhynian Chronicle – The Chronicle of Romanovychs) showed an active trade and political contacts of Volodymyr, a capital of Romanovychs, with various European lands. Because of residence in Volodymyr, Johann marked himself as de Ladimiria after his relocating to the land of Piast dynasty. It was a certain sign of children's and youthful sentiments for a "small homeland". In our opinion, Johann's self-identification does not demonstrates his ethnical origins, but reflected to his Vohynian past. His predicate has the same spelling as other Silesian settlements, for example, Lyuboměž or Ljudměj, but it does not correlate with them. Johann during his ministry belonged to the sympathizers of the German Wroclaw clergy (which probably was due to his origin). He was not afraid of the church seclusion and entered into an open conflict with the Polish bishopric, headed by Nanker, which may further indicate his ethnic roots. It is known, that Johann worked in Opatów, Opole, Wrocław and Kraków. He lived for the longest time in the capital of Silesia, remaining deeply loyal to the local prince Henry VI the Good and his family until the death of the overlord in 1335. The last years of his life Johann de Ladimiria spent in Kraków, where he, probably, died. His birth in Rus' (the state of Romanovych dynasty, the Kingdom of Rus') has not affected the place at the court of Silesian Piasts during his ministry. Оn our opinion, it could not have happened at all. In general, the cases of embracing higher ecclesiastical governments in the Latin world by the Rurikids occurred at least from the 12th century. In particular, orthodox princesses married to the Polish dukes, gave birth to children, which sometimes received church governments or became monks at local monasteries. But ordinary people, who did not belong to the ruling dynasty in Rus', could make a spiritual career in the West too. One of them was Johann de Ladimiria, who, paradoxically, during his stay in Wrocław or Kraków had no contacts with another identified burghers from Rus'. Keywords: Johann de Ladimiria, Henry VI the Good, pope Johan XXII, bishop Nanker, Piast dynasty, Luxembourg dynasty, Wrocław, burghers, German community. ; Стаття присвячена постаті капелана, нотаря, кантора та особистого духівника вроц­лавського князя Генріха VI Доброго – Іоаннові de Ladimiria. На основі різнопланового за походженням джерельного матеріалу автори прослідкували основні віхи його біографії terminus post quem 1320 – terminus ante quem 1349, дійшовши висновку про належність чоловіка до адептів латинського обряду (німців, сілезців) волинського Володимира. Завдяки невідомому за тривалістю проживанню в одній зі столиць династії Романовичів, Іоанн, згодом переїхавши в землі Пястів закріпив за собою радше німецький взірець окреслень – de Ladimiria, певну ознаку дитячих і юнацьких сентиментів за "малою батьківщиною". Предикат чоловіка не корелюється зі схожими за звучанням, втім відмінними по суті населеними пунктами Сілезії, наприклад Любомеж чи Люджмєж. Іоанн впродовж свого служіння належав до симпатиків німецького кліру Вроцлава, не боявся увійти у відкритий конфлікт з польським єпископатом, що також може додатково вказувати на його етнічне коріння. Останні роки життя Іоанн de Ladimiria провів у Кракові, де, мабуть, і помер. Ключові слова: Іоанн de Ladimiria, Генріх VI Добрий, папа Іоанн ХХІІ, єпископ Нанкер, династія Пястів, династія Люксембурґів, Вроцлав, міщанство, німецька громада.

South Africans with albinism are among the most marginalised and vulnerable citizens yet very little attention is paid to protecting them from human rights violations. There have been several calls by people with albinismin South Africa to be classified as disabled. The question of whether albinism is classified as a disability or not is a controversial legal one, which does not always have a straightforward answer. A literature search indicates that in South Africa no comprehensive and analytical study has been carried out on the subject of albinism and disability,whereas this has already been addressed in court cases in the United States of America. This paper anticipates addressing this gap within a legal perspective. The objective of such an analysis is to understand the construction of disability under the Employment Equity Actin order to shed light on whether people with albinism qualify for the protection, which is afforded to people with disabilities in the work place. Foreign case law and international human rights law could shed new light on this longstanding grey area or stimulate the development of novel legal analytical strategies.This paper reviews the nature of disability claims in the workplace on grounds of albinism in the United States context, including factors contributing to disability claims; assessing the degree of impairment and the guidelines in assessing albinism related disability. Prior to this discussion, the paper explores the current working definition of disability in South Africa, which stems from the IMATU case, which relied significantly on a foreign precedent; the Sutton v United Airlinescase as there was no indigenous precedent in South Africa to fall back on. It will be argued that the Suttonv United Airlines decision, referred to in the IMATUcase is based on an insufficiently inclusive definition of disability. Specific cases that relied on the Suttonv United Airlines decision as a persuasive authority in determining whether albinism is a disability or not, will also be examined. While the United States of America has struck down the decision in theSuttonv United Airlinesand amended its legislation to include a broader and less restrictive definition of disability, which includes present as well as past conditions and a subjective component of perceived disability, the South African definition of disability still remains narrow and less inclusive. The United States ofAmerica's amended legislation does not contain an exhaustive definition of disability; rather, an equality-based framework was chosen which considers changing biomedical, social and technological developments. This new definition highlights the fact that the emphasis must be on whether discrimination occurred rather than adherence to a strict definition of disability. Such a framework of disability includes a socio-political aspect, which places emphasis on human dignity, respect and the right to equality.Against this background, the comparative analysis raises specific issues that deserve attention, in particular that the unique disadvantages and negative stereotyping suffered by people with albinism should be recognised as unlawful conduct against peoplewith disabilities as defined by legislation. Put differently, the discussion calls for a broader approach to viewing disability, which includes both a social and a human rights perspective. In taking the position that albinism related discrimination is socially constructed,the article alsoexplores the mandate of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilitiesin as far as it relates to the social construction of disability. The paper argues that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilitiesaffords a direction for an analysis of the discrimination faced by persons with albinism

This thesis comprises four empirical essays on environmental and development economics. In the first chapter, we examine to what extent individual and contextual level factors influence individuals to contribute financially to prevent environmental pollution. We find that rich people, individuals with higher education, as well as those who possess post-materialist values are more likely to be concerned about environmental pollution. We also observe the country in which individuals live matter in their willingness to contribute. More precisely, we find democracy and government stability reduce individuals' intention to donate to prevent environmental damage mainly in developed countries. The second chapter deals with the relation between economic growth and environmental degradation by focusing on the issue of whether the inverted U-shaped relation exist. The study discloses no evidence for the U-shaped relation. However, the empirical result points toward a non-linear relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth, that is, emissions tend to rise rapidly in the early stages with economic growth, and then emissions continue to increase but a lower rate in the later stages. The third chapter investigates the long-run as well as the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in a group of Sub-Saharan Africa. The result discovers the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between clean energy consumption and economic growth. Furthermore, the short-run and the long-run dynamics indicate unidirectional Granger causality running from clean energy consumption to economic growth without any feedback effects. The last chapter of this thesis concerns with convergence of emissions across Canadian provinces. The study determines convergence clubs better characterizes Canadian's emissions. In other words, we detect the existence of segmentation in emissions across Canadian provinces. ; Cette thèse comporte quatre essais et porte sur les questions fondamentales sur la relation entre l'environnement et le développement économique. Le premier chapitre cherche à identifier les déterminants individuels et contextuels qui affectent la volonté de contribuer des gens à la lutte contre la pollution environnementale. Nos résultats révèlent que les individus riches, les personnes éduquées ainsi que les personnes possédant des valeurs post-matérialistes sont plus susceptibles d'être préoccupées par la pollution environnementale. On remarque que la caractéristique du pays de ces individus affecte leur volonté à contribuer. Ainsi, dans les pays à forte démocratie avec une forte stabilité gouvernementale, les individus sont réticents à faire des dons pour prévenir les dommages environnementaux. Le deuxième chapitre examine la relation entre la croissance économique et la dégradation de l'environnement en s'interrogeant sur la relation U inversée de Kuznets. Nos résultats empiriques ne révèlent aucune preuve de ladite relation. Cependant, nous notons l'existence d'une relation non linéaire entre la croissance économique et la dégradation de l'environnement. Les émissions ont tendance à augmenter un rythme plus rapide dans les premiers stades de la croissance économique puis dans les dernière étapes, cette hausse persiste mais à un rythme plus lent. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation de causalité de long terme entre la consommation d'énergie propre et la croissance économique dans un groupe de pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Le résultat révèle l'existence d'une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre la consommation d'énergie propre et la croissance économique. En outre, la dynamique de court terme et de long terme indiquent une relation de causalité à la Granger unidirectionnelle de la consommation d'énergie propre vers la croissance économique sans aucun effet rétroactif. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse cherche à investiguer sur la convergence des émissions de gaz entre les provinces canadiennes. L'étude montre que les émissions de gaz des provinces canadiennes sont caractérisées des convergences de clubs. En d'autres termes, on détecte l'existence d'une segmentation des émissions entre les provinces canadiennes.

ABSTRAK Tindak pidana narkotika yang terjadi selama ini selain merugikan masyarakat, bangsa dan negara terutama di kalangan generasi muda juga menghambat perkembangan generasi penerus bangsa ini. Narkotika merupakan zat atau obat yang sangat berbahaya bagi siapapun yang mengkonsumsinya atau menggunakannya yang dapat menimbulkan ketergantungan secara terus menerus dan akan merusak pikiran bagi setiap penggunanya.Salah satu unsur dari tindak pidana narkotika di dalam pasal 1 angka 1 undang-undang nomor 35 tahun 2009 tentang narkotika / narkoba menyatakan bahwa : Narkotika/narkoba adalah zat atau obat yang berasal dari tanaman atau bukan tanaman maupun sintesis maupun sintetis, yang dapat menghilangkan rasa nyeri dan dapat menimbulkan ketergantungan, yang dibedakan ke dalam golongan-golongan sebagaimana terlampir dalam undang-undang.Rusaknya generasi penerus bangsa akibat narkotika/narkoba terjadi karena kurangnya pengawasan oleh perangkat-perangkat hukum yang ada terhadapat para generasi muda. Maka dari itu pemerintah setempat harus segera lakukan tindakan tegas untuk memberantas dan mencegah peredaran narkotika/narkoba sehingga tidak semakin berkembang peredarannya.Terhadap proses penyidikan tindak pidana narkotika diatur oleh undang-undang nomor 9 tahun 1976 tentang narkotika. Di dalam undang-undang ini diatur mengenai penyidikan penuntutan dan pemeriksaan di pengadilan serta sangsi pidana bagi setiap pelanggaran tidak pidana narkotika.Metode dalam penerlitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis empiris adalah suatu metode penelitian hukum yang berfungsi untuk melihat dalam artian nyata dan meneliti bagaimana bekerjanya hukum di lingkungan masyarakat. Dikarenakan dalam penelitian ini meneliti orang dalam hidup di masyarakat, maka metode penelitian empiris dapat dikatakan sebagai penelitian hukum sosiologis. Yaitu suatu proses penelitian yang dilakuan dengan menggambarkan dan menjelaskan gejala-gejala yang tampak pada saat dilakukan.Kata kunci: Tindak pidana narkotika/narkoba, penegakan hukum AbstractCriminal narcotics that have occurred all this time, in addition to harming the community, nation and state, especially among the younger generation, also hinder the development of the nation's next generation. Narcotics are substances or drugs that are very dangerous for anyone who consumes them or uses them which can cause dependency continuously and will damage the mind of every user. One of the elements of narcotics crime in article 1 number 1 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics / drugs states that: Narcotics / drugs are substances or drugs originating from plants or not plants or syntheses or synthetic, which can eliminate the taste pain and can cause dependence, which is divided into groups as attached to the law. The destruction of the next generation due to narcotics / drugs occurs due to the lack of supervision by the existing legal instruments for the younger generation. Therefore the local government must immediately take decisive action to eradicate and prevent the circulation of narcotics / drugs so that their circulation will not grow. Against the process of investigating narcotics crime regulated by law number 9 of 1976 concerning narcotics. This law regulates the investigation of prosecution and court proceedings as well as criminal sanctions for any non-criminal offenses of narcotics. This research method uses juridical empirical research method is a method of legal research that functions to see in real terms and examine how the law works in the community. Because in this study examines people in life in society, the empirical research method can be said as sociological legal research. That is a research process that is carried out by describing and explaining the symptoms that appear when done. Keywords: Land and Building Tax, Marriage Introduction Letter

In the context of symbols, values, attitudes and behaviors of a traditional order, the construction of the Republic of Venezuela requires legitimizing a new institutional and political symbology. The present work analyzes and seeks to generate new contributions that help to understand the birth of the new "republican" identity during the first decades of the 19th century. The objective is to highlight the discursive devices that explain such construction from certain ceremonies, public acts, parties, songs that put on stage symbols and signs that although in the context of the old court "legitimators of the monarchy and its practices," they look for all the independence situation must be imposed and made necessary in order to ensure the principles that effectively consolidate the stability of the new republic. For the analysis of the scope and limits of the new republican symbology, the application of the historical method has been fundamental, that is to say, starting from some problems, the location, arching and revision of the diversity of sources was proceeded, the main ones being those of the Archive General de Indias, to verify the feasibility and usefulness of the same in the approach of the investigation and to be able to contrast the information obtained with the proposed problem and thus give an account of the reality under study; These sources are a valuable contribution that allows us not only to understand but to articulate the study with other investigations related to the practices and behaviors of the societies belonging to the Spanish monarchical regime and that symbolic practices and devices are those that the nascent republics especially in our Latin America they appropriate and include as part of that material and symbolic reality that explains the construction of the republics, being our case that of Venezuela. ; En el contexto de símbolos, valores, actitudes y comportamientos de orden tradicional, la construcción de la república de Venezuela requiere legitimar una nueva simbología institucional y política. El presente trabajo analiza y busca generar nuevas aportaciones que ayuden a comprender en el nacimiento de la nueva identidad "republicana" durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. El objetivo es destacar los dispositivos discursivos que explican tal construcción a partir de algunas ceremonias, actos públicos, fiestas, canciones que ponen en escena símbolos y signos que aunque en el contexto de corte antiguo "legitimadores de la monarquía y sus prácticas," buscan durante toda la coyuntura independentista imponerse y hacerse necesarios con el propósito de asegurar los principios que consoliden efectivamente la estabilidad de la nueva república. Para el análisis de los alcance y límites de la nueva simbología republicana, ha sido fundamental la aplicación del método histórico, es decir, partiendo de unas problemáticas se procedió a la localización, arqueo y revisión de diversidad de fuentes, siendo las principales las del Archivo General de Indias, para comprobar la factibilidad y utilidad de las mismas en el abordaje de la investigación y lograr contrastar la información obtenida con el problema propuesto y así dar cuenta de la realidad objeto de estudio; dichas fuentes son un valioso aporte que permite no solo comprender sino articular el estudio con otras investigaciones relacionadas con las prácticas y comportamientos de las sociedades pertenecientes al régimen monárquico Español y que prácticas y dispositivos simbólicos son los que las nacientes repúblicas sobre todo en nuestra América Latina se apropian e incluyen como parte de esa realidad material y simbólica que explica la construcción de las repúblicas siendo nuestro caso el de Venezuela.

Il existe en Belgique un débat animé et récurrent à propos du mécanisme d'indexation quasi automatique des salaires. D'un côté, les défenseurs de celui-ci y voient un dispositif essentiel de préservation du pouvoir d'achat des travailleurs en imposant un ajustement régulier et quasiment automatique des salaires à l'évolution du coût de la vie. D'un autre côté, les opposants à l'indexation estiment qu'elle induit une croissance des coûts salariaux plus rapide en Belgique que dans les pays voisins qui sont ses principaux partenaires commerciaux et qu'elle entraîne de ce fait une dégradation de la compétitivité des entreprises belges. Bien que l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'indexation nuit à la compétitivité soit souvent évoquée, que ce soit par les acteurs politiques, les responsables patronaux, les médias et certains économistes professionnels, cette hypothèse nécessite d'être examinée de façon rigoureuse et non partisane afin que le débat puisse reposer sur un argumentaire solide. D'une part, théoriquement, considérer que l'indexation engendre inévitablement des pertes de compétitivité ne va pas nécessairement de soi. L'indexation ne constitue en effet qu'un mécanisme parmi d'autres visant à adapter les salaires à l'évolution du coût de la vie. La particularité de l'indexation est de rendre cette adaptation (quasiment) automatique alors que dans les pays où un tel mécanisme n'existe pas, cette adaptation se fait généralement dans le cadre de négociations salariales dont la fréquence est plus ou moins élevée selon les pays. Dès lors, à moins de considérer que la préservation du pouvoir d'achat n'est pas une préoccupation majeure des travailleurs dans les pays qui sont les principaux concurrents de la Belgique, il paraît peu vraisemblable que l'indexation soit un facteur systématique de détérioration de la compétitivité sur lelong terme. Etant donné son caractère automatique, l'indexation risque en revanche de pénaliser la compétitivité àcourt termemais l'ampleur et la persistance de l'impact dépendent de la vitesse à laquelle les salaires sont ajustés dans les pays concurrents. D'autre part, il n'existe pas à notre connaissance d'études ayant démontré formellement que l'indexation des salaires en Belgique a contribué à la dégradation passée de la compétitivité des entreprises belges. Il existe bien des études qui examinent l'impact de l'indexation sur la formation des prix et des salaires en Belgique mais l'impact sur la compétitivité n'est cependant pas directement étudié. C'est dès lors cet aspect précis que nous examinons dans ce numéro deRegards économiques. Pour déterminer empiriquement si l'indexation des salaires a nuieffectivementà la compétitivité de la Belgique, la méthodologie que nous avons adoptée consiste à examiner (à l'aide de méthodes statistiques) si les hausses passées des prix du pétrole ont eu systématiquement un impact négatif sur la compétitivité belge. Le raisonnement sous-jacent est simple. Dans la mesure où une hausse des prix du pétrole (pour autant qu'elle persiste quelque temps) induit inévitablement une hausse du niveau général des prix à la consommation, de par le fait de l'indexation, les salaires augmentent également à la suite du choc pétrolier. Si l'ajustement des salaires s'avère être effectivement plus rapide en Belgique qu'à l'étranger, la compétitivité belge devrait se détériorer, du moins à court terme. Les résultats de notre analyse tendent à indiquer que l'indexation salariale n'est pas un facteur déterminant de l'évolution àlong termede la compétitivité des entreprises belges, confirmant ainsi notre point de vue théorique. En revanche, nos résultats indiquent que la compétitivité belge se détériore àcourt termeen cas de hausse des prix du pétrole et que cet impact persiste suffisamment longtemps pour entraîner des pertes de parts de marché.

L'accord gouvernemental du 19 juillet 2009 a défini les critères permettant la régularisation des demandeurs d'asile en Belgique (engagement dans une procédure juridique déraisonnablement longue, situation humanitaire urgente, prise en compte de la faculté d'intégration sociale et économique). Certaines prévisions font état d'environ 25.000 demandes qui devront être introduites entre le 15 septembre et le 15 décembre de cette année. La lenteur des décisions politiques traduit la difficulté de trancher dans cet épineux dossier des régularisations, une difficulté qui trouve partiellement son origine dans la méconnaissance de ses conséquences économiques et des préjugés qui en découlent. Que sait-on au juste de ces effets? C'est la question abordée dans ce numéro deRegards économiques. L'article commence par souligner que le débat sur les régularisations est qualitativement proche du débat général sur l'immigration légale. Bien qu'elle se différencie de la politique d'immigration légale et non sélective, une politique de régularisation ou d'amnistie engendre des coûts et des bénéfices de même nature, mais d'ampleur moindre, dans la mesure où les sans papiers participent déjà au marché du travail et bénéficient déjà de certaines prestations sociales. En outre, quand on considère une période de temps plus longue, les débats sur l'immigration légale et la régularisation se rejoignent : toute régularisation entraîne une migration connexe via le regroupement familial et les effets de réseaux. Les effets de l'immigration et de la régularisation de travailleurs illégaux ont été davantage étudiés aux Etats-Unis qu'en Europe. Cette limite et la piètre connaissance des caractéristiques des populations séjournant illégalement sur le territoire belge rendent difficile une évaluation précise des effets de l'immigration et d'une régularisation sur la population résidente et sur l'économie belge. Les études internationales pointent toutefois en direction d'effets quantitativement faibles de l'immigration légale en matière d'emploi, de finances publiques et de salaire. Les études qui ont analysé ensemble ces trois différents effets concluent que l'effet favorable sur les finances publiques domine l'effet négatif sur l'emploi et les salaires de sorte que toutes les générations et toutes les catégories de natifs ont modestement bénéficié de l'afflux migratoire (aux Etats-Unis et en France). Notre analyse démontre que les effets d'une régularisation sont de même nature mais d'ampleur moindre. Dans l'état actuel des connaissances, il est raisonnable de penser que la régularisation en Belgique n'entraînera que des effets mineurs sur le revenu net des travailleurs natifs. Le seul véritable groupe à risque est celui des natifs les moins qualifiés. Ce sont eux qui pourraient subir des conséquences négatives sur le marché du travail, du moins dans un premier temps. Néanmoins, dans le cas où les sans papiers ont un taux d'emploi illégal important, ces conséquences sont vraisemblablement minimes, même à court terme. En outre, les effets éventuellement négatifs doivent aller en s'amenuisant au fur et à mesure que le temps passe et que les nouveaux arrivés se lancent dans des activités productives. Une manière d'accélérer cette transition est de promouvoir à bon escient la flexibilité du marché du travail et la mobilité des travailleurs. Dans ce contexte, nombre d'opinions apparaissent guidées par des arguments essentiellement idéologiques et des clichés peu robustes, voire profondément inexacts. Le cliché selon lequel les sans papiers vont prendre le travail des natifs ne résiste pas aux études existantes. Celui qui voit dans l'immigré une sangsue vidant les caisses de la sécurité sociale est manifestement erroné; l'immigration a une contribution plutôt positive aux finances publiques, et cela d'autant plus que le flux migratoire permet de rajeunir en permanence la population.

South Africans with albinism are among the most marginalised and vulnerable citizens yet very little attention is paid to protecting them from human rights violations. There have been several calls by people with albinism in South Africa to be classified as disabled. The question of whether albinism is classified as a disability or not is a controversial legal one, which does not always have a straightforward answer. A literature search indicates that in South Africa no comprehensive and analytical study has been carried out on the subject of albinism and disability, whereas this has already been addressed in court cases in the United States of America. This paper anticipates addressing this gap within a legal perspective. The objective of such an analysis is to understand the construction of disability under the Employment Equity Act in order to shed light on whether people with albinism qualify for the protection, which is afforded to people with disabilities in the work place. Foreign case law and international human rights law could shed new light on this longstanding grey area or stimulate the development of novel legal analytical strategies. This paper reviews the nature of disability claims in the workplace on grounds of albinism in the United States context, including factors contributing to disability claims; assessing the degree of impairment and the guidelines in assessing albinism related disability. Prior to this discussion, the paper explores the current working definition of disability in South Africa, which stems from the IMATU case, which relied significantly on a foreign precedent; the Sutton v United Airlines case as there was no indigenous precedent in South Africa to fall back on. It will be argued that the Sutton v United Airlines decision, referred to in the IMATU case is based on an insufficiently inclusive definition of disability. Specific cases that relied on the Sutton v United Airlines decision as a persuasive authority in determining whether albinism is a disability or not, will also be examined. While the United States of America has struck down the decision in the Sutton v United Airlines and amended its legislation to include a broader and less restrictive definition of disability, which includes present as well as past conditions and a subjective component of perceived disability, the South African definition of disability still remains narrow and less inclusive. The United States of America's amended legislation does not contain an exhaustive definition of disability; rather, an equality-based framework was chosen which considers changing biomedical, social and technological developments. This new definition highlights the fact that the emphasis must be on whether discrimination occurred rather than adherence to a strict definition of disability. Such a framework of disability includes a socio-political aspect, which places emphasis on human dignity, respect and the right to equality. Against this background, the comparative analysis raises specific issues that deserve attention, in particular that the unique disadvantages and negative stereotyping suffered by people with albinism should be recognised as unlawful conduct against people with disabilities as defined by legislation. Put differently, the discussion calls for a broader approach to viewing disability, which includes both a social and a human rights perspective. In taking the position that albinism related discrimination is socially constructed, the article also explores the mandate of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in as far as it relates to the social construction of disability. The paper argues that the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities affords a direction for an analysis of the discrimination faced by persons with albinism.

With the development of information and communication technologies, issues of providing information security are becoming more and more aggravated. These are crimes related to the use of electronic computers, systems and computer networks and telecommunication networks, the propaganda of separatism and extremism, etc.While providing information security in the digital environment, the role of technical and legal human rights guarantees, due to technical means of protection, is increasing. Relying on the developers of technical means of protection determines the difference between the aforesaid concepts and the traditional approach to ensuring the protection of human and citizen rights, in which responsibilities are put on information intermediaries, owners of confidential information.Technical guarantees of human rights are a necessary component of ensuring information security, but the effectiveness of the application is provided in conjunction with the legal guarantees of human rights, as evidenced by the tendency to recognize the principles of inviolability of privacy on the basis of design decisions in the law of the European Union as legal acts.Providing information security is a legitimate goal of establishing constraints of human rights, since it can be correlated with the norms of international law. The establishment of constraints of human rights is permissible in order to attain other objectives–ensuring state security, public order, health, rights and freedoms of the person in the information sphere. The legitimacy of this goal is determined by its compliance with the objectives envisaged by international agreements ratified in an established order.The article examines the impact of the use of technical means in the field of providing information security in the aspect of following the fundamental human and civil rights in Ukraine, taking into account the legislation of the European Union and the decision of the European Court of Justice. The comparative and legal analysis of various factors influencing the restriction of information rights of people in the digital environment is carried out. Legal guarantees from the point of view of the concept of privacy and security due to design decisions, taking into account the role and characteristics of technical primus are revealed. ; З розвитком інформаційних і комунікаційних технологій загострюються проблеми забезпечення інформаційної безпеки. Йдеться про злочини у сфері використання електронно-обчислювальних машин (комп'ютерів), систем та комп'ютерних мереж і мереж електрозв'язку, про пропаганду сепаратизму та екстремізму тощо.При забезпеченні інформаційної безпеки в цифровому середовищі зростає роль техніко-юридичних (технічних) гарантій прав людини, за рахунок технічних засобів захисту. Покладання на розробників технічних засобів обов'язків визначає відмінність вищевказаних концепцій від традиційного підходу до забезпечення захисту прав людини та громадянина, при якому обов'язки покладаються на інформаційних посередників, власників конфіденційної інформації.Технічні гарантії прав людини стають необхідною складовою забезпечення інформаційної безпеки, але ефективність застосування забезпечується у поєднанні з правовими гарантіями прав людини, на що вказує тенденція визнання принципів недоторканності приватного життя на основі проектних рішень у праві Європейського Союзу в якості правових актів.Забезпечення інформаційної безпеки виступає легітимною метою встановлення обмежень прав людини, оскільки це може бути співвіднесено з нормами міжнародного права. Встановлення обмежень прав людини допускається для досягнення інших цілей – забезпечення державної безпеки, публічного порядку, здоров'я, прав і свобод особи в інформаційній сфері. Легітимність цієї мети визначається її відповідністю цілям, передбачених міжнародними договорами, ратифікованими у встановленому порядку.У статті розглянуто вплив застосування технічних засобів у сфері забезпечення інформаційної безпеки в аспекті дотримання основоположних прав людини та громадянина в Україні з урахуванням законодавства Європейського Союзу та рішення Європейського суду справедливості. Здійснено порівняльно-правовий аналіз різних чинників, що впливають на обмеження інформаційних прав людини у цифровому середовищі. Розкрито правові гарантії з погляду на концепції недоторканності приватного життя та безпеки за рахунок проектних рішень, з урахуванням ролі та особливостей технічного примусу.

Nella prima parte dell'opera vengono analizzati i concetti onore e reputazione, anche in rapporto all'idea di dignità umana, attraverso una ricostruzione dell'evoluzione storica delle fattispecie penali poste a loro tutela, della loro interpretazione dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, del sostrato empirico-sociale che alimenta la ricchezza di significati e implicazioni dei concetti stessi e li collega, altresì, a primarie questioni relative al significato e alla funzione della sanzione penale. L'analisi si estende anche ad altre figure di reato ritenute particolarmente significative sotto tale duplice profilo, quali i c.d. delicta honoris causa, il reati di duello e le fattispecie di oltraggio. Nella seconda parte del volume i beni dell'onore e della reputazione, così come oggi tutelati nell'ordinamento penale italiano, vengono quindi posti a confronto con i loro omologhi, e con la relativa disciplina di tutela, negli ordinamenti di common law (in particolare in quello inglese e in quello americano), nonché con la giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo, alla luce della ricostruzione sistematica precedentemente effettuata. Nel capitolo conclusivo si offre quindi una proposta di ridefinizione dei confini tra onore, reputazione e altri beni della personalità, da un lato, e dignità umana, dall'altro, in una prospettiva politico-criminale di possibile riforma delle fattispecie vigenti e di valorizzazione dell'elemento reputazionale già presente nella sanzione penale, in vista di un migliore sfruttamento delle sue potenzialità general- e special-preventive, oltre che di una migliore coerenza sistematica dell'ordinamento penale. ; The book analyses criminal law boundaries and criminal policy potentialities of such concepts as reputation, dignity, and honour. In the first part of the volume, honour and reputation are discussed, also with reference to the concept of human dignity, through an overview of the historical evolution of relevant criminal offences, of their theoretical as well as judicial interpretation, and of the social and cultural background that shapes their rich and complex meanings, and links honour, dignity and reputation to primary issues pertaining to the function and meaning of punishment. The study also covers other criminal offences which can shed further light on the nature and implications of the above mentioned concepts, such as honour killings and other honour crimes, duelling, and insult to public officials. This approach allows a better understanding of the contacts between honour/reputation, on the one hand, and personal identity, as well as privacy, on the other, particularly through the 'liminal' idea of a 'right to be forgotten' – a topic which is addressed more specifically with reference to the issue of divulging, or publishing anew, an individual's criminal record. The second part of the book focuses on honour and reputation as currently protected under Italian criminal law, in comparison with the quite different approach taken by common law systems (particularly the English and American ones), which not only mainly or exclusively focus on private law remedies, but also define such interests in quite different ways. A comparison with, and a discussion of, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is also provided. The final chapter proposes a new definition of the boundaries between honour, reputation, personal identity, and privacy, on the one hand, and human dignity, on the other, suggesting a possible reform of the current criminal law of defamation, also with the purposes of improving the coherence of the criminal law system as a whole, and promoting a better and more effective use of the 'reputational' component of criminal sanctions.

Il 17 dicembre 2018 l'Autorità garante per l'infanzia e l'adolescenza - l'Autorità nazionale di garanzia per i diritti delle persone minorenni in Italia - ha reso pubblico il documento di studio e di proposta intitolato "La mediazione penale e altri percorsi di giustizia riparativa nel procedimento penale minorile". Si tratta di un lavoro che, sulla base delle competenze che la legge assegna all'Autorità garante, prende le mosse dall'urgenza di fornire agli operatori del settore - magistrati, avvocati, assistenti sociali e altri soggetti che intervengono nella giustizia minorile - alcune indicazioni utili a facilitare il ricorso a percorsi di giustizia riparativa la cui efficacia e positività è comprovata da decenni di esperienze sul campo in diverse parti d'Italia e che tuttavia ancora non godono di un riconoscimento normativo esplicito, nonostante le raccomandazioni internazionali, la più recente delle quali è costituita dalla Raccomandazione CM/Rec(2018)8 del Comitato dei Ministri del Consiglio d'Europa relativa alla giustizia riparativa in ambito penale. Un riferimento ai "percorsi di giustizia riparativa e di mediazione con le vittime di reato", i quali espressamente devono essere "favoriti", è presente nella norma di apertura del d.lgs. 2 ottobre 2018 n. 121 di attuazione della Riforma Orlando, laddove sono richiamate le "regole e finalità" che devono guidare l'esecuzione della pena detentiva e delle misure penali di comunità nei confronti delle persone minorenni. Tale riferimento rischia di rimanere ambiguo nel suo significato e dare adito a interpretazioni fuorvianti, non essendo la giustizia riparativa e la mediazione disciplinate nel decreto legislativo stesso e non essendo stata esercitata, a seguito di parere negativo delle Commissioni Giustizia di Camera e Senato nell'attuale legislatura, la delega in questa materia contenuta nella legge 23 giugno 2017, n. 103 (A.G. n. 29). Sulla scorta di un ciclo di audizioni, condotte da una commissione appositamente costituita, è stato condotto un monitoraggio nazionale per raccogliere le buone prassi e le criticità in particolare in ordine, in particolare, al delicato rapporto tra giustizia riparativa e procedimento penale minorile. Si sono voluti in questo modo indagare, da un lato, i nodi problematici sollevati dall'ingresso della restorative justice nel sistema processuale minorile rispetto a garanzie e diritti nell'ottica della realizzazione della child friendly justice sollecitata da Unione Europea e Consiglio d'Europa e, dall'altro, far emergere e diffondere possibili soluzioni insieme all'indicazione di pratiche corrette. Tutto in attesa di una legge volta a legittimare in pieno, e orientare, l'apporto significativo della giustizia riparativa al sistema penale. Il documento, disponibile sul sito dell'Autorità garante, contiene, oltre ad alcuni approfondimenti e agli esiti del monitoraggio su scala nazionale, le raccomandazioni dell'Autorità garante rivolte alle istituzioni competenti in ordine ai seguenti temi: 1. Disponibilità e accesso alla mediazione penale e in generale alla giustizia riparativa; 2. Disciplina normativa (de iure condendo); 3. Modalità d'innesto dei percorsi di giustizia riparativa nel procedimento penale a normativa invariata; 4. Reti per la giustizia riparativa; 5. Sensibilizzazione, formazione e informazione. Destinatari delle raccomandazioni sono Parlamento, Governo, ministeri (Giustizia, Interno, Difesa, Istruzione, Economia e Finanze), regioni, comuni, Consiglio superiore della magistratura, Scuola Superiore della Magistratura, autorità giudiziaria, Consiglio Nazionale Forense, ordini degli avvocati, uffici e i centri di mediazione penale e di giustizia riparativa. Il documento riporta inoltre in allegato la traduzione non ufficiale in lingua italiana, ad opera dell'ufficio dell'Autorità garante, della citata Raccomandazione del Consiglio d'Europa CM/Rec(2018)8 sulla giustizia riparativa in materia penale, del 3 ottobre 2018. ; Study document issued by the Italian Authority Guarantor for Children and Adolescents concerning restorative justice in juvenile criminal matters. The document includes recommendations for legislators and practitioners (courts, prosecution, social services, advocacy and RJ centers and offices).

У статті автор розмежовує поширені правопорушення авторського права, що мають певні спільні риси — некоректне (неправомірне) цитування та плагіат. Досліджує питан­ня, які виникають при вільному використанні цитат, що можуть призводити до пору­шень, зокрема плагіату. Також автор надає характеристику цим правопорушенням. ; В статье автор разграничивает такие распространение пра­вонарушения в авторском праве, как некорректное (неправомерное) цитирование и плагиат. Исследует проблемные вопросы, которые возникают при свободном ис­пользовании цитат, которые могут приводить к правонарушениям, в частности к плагиату, а также дает характеристику этим правонарушениям. ; The paper addresses common violations of copyright law: incorrect (un­lawful) citation and plagiarism. These violations have certain common features, but the author's paper aims to differentiate them through comparison; investigates indi­vidual problem issues arising when quoting, which can lead to violations or when identifying unlawful borrowings (plagiarism); analyses national legislation and inter­national documents that have been ratified by Ukraine or to which Ukraine has joined, as well as judicial practice.The results obtained indicate that incorrect (unlawful) citation includes: non-com­pliance with the requirements of the citation volume; quoting small volumes works without respecting good customs; citing works that were unlawfully published; use of quotations in scientific works without observance of the general rules of citation; use of quotations without informational, critical, polemical, scientific purpose; wrongful, unlawful or incorrect author indication of the borrowed excerpt or sours of borrowing. While plagiarism is: not indicating the name of the author and the use of a passage of someone else's work under one's own name, or when the author who borrowed the passage indicates the name of the person, except his own name, who is not the author of this work or a part thereof. Plagiarism is the appropriation of others' creative activ­ity results, while the incorrect (unlawful) quotation only violates the limits and condi­tions of permissible free use of others works established by the current legislation.In the author's paper provides a general theoretical and practical characteristic of each individual case of making incorrect (unlawful) citation and plagiarism; indicates that incorrect (unlawful) citation and plagiarism may lead to a violation of personal non-proprietary and exclusively property rights of the author, human rights or acade­mic integrity, and therefore require special attention in indicating these offences and in conducting further research. In addition, it should be remembered that non-compli­ance with certain requirements of the legislation concerning conditions for the free use of quotations does not imply violation by the author of copyright legislation. In ad­dition, there are cases of involuntary plagiarism, which can not be considered a viola­tion of copyright.Therefore, despite the considerable amount of scientific works devoted to prevent­ing and detecting plagiarism, as well as adherence to the conditions for the free use of quotations, the issue of differentiation of incorrect (unlawful) citation and plagiarism is rather controversial and relevant. The author draws attention to the fact that the solution of the matter whether the work contains plagiarism or incorrect (unlawful) quotation is solely imposed on the competence of the court based on the expert's con­clusion. In order to eliminate possible differences in the practical application of the rules governing the use of others' creative results for one's own creative work, it is ap­propriate to develop common guidelines that can be applied both in the academic en­vironment and in the arts, in view of ensuring a private and public balance of inter­ests. This will create a solid foundation for further cultural, scientific, innovative, artistic development of the country.

ABSTRAK Pasal 30 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor Tahun 2004 tentang Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia ditentukan bahwa di bidang perdata dan tata usaha negara, "kejaksaan dengan kuasa khusus dapat bertindak baik di dalam maupun di luar pengadilan untuk dan atas nama negara atau pemerintah". Kejaksaan dalam hal ini dapat menjalankan tugas dan wewenang di bidang perdata dan tata usaha negara sebagai jaksa pengacara negara (JPN) guna menjaga kewibawaan pemerintah. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya adanya jaksa pengacara negara ini, belum sepenuhnya dimanfaatkan oleh lembaga pemerintah, (BUMN) dan (BUMD) guna membela kepentingannya dalam perkara perdata dan tata usaha negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alasan badan/instansi pemerintah tidak memberikan kuasa khusus kepada lembaga kejaksaan dalam penanganan perkara perdata dan tata usaha negara disebabkan karena ketentuan penggunaan jasa dari pengacara negara ini masih bersifat menganjurkan belum dilakukan penerapan ketentuan sanksi serta masih kurangnya kepercayaan kepada lembaga kejaksaan. Kondisi ini selanjutnya berakibat tidak terlaksananya ketentuan mengenai tugas dan fungsi jaksa pengacara negara dan berpengaruh pada nama baik dan wibawa pemerintah serta mengurangi minat Jaksa Pengacara Negara dalam penyelesaian perkara datun. Konsekwensi hukum terhadap badan/instansi pemerintah yang tidak memberikan kuasa khusus kepada lembaga kejaksaan dalam penanganan perkara perdata dan tata usaha negara tidak ada sama sekali karena tidak ada satupun ketentuan sanksi yang mengaturnya. Terhadap badan/instansi pemerintah tersebut tidak patuh pada ketentuan yang berlaku dan apabila menggunakan jasa pengacara atau advokad hanya berpengaruh pada anggaran yang digunakan untuk membiayai suatu perkara yang berkaitan dengan bidang perdata dan tata usaha negara serta nama baik dan wibawa pemerintah. Kata Kunci : Kewenangan Jaksa, BUMN, Surat Kuasa Khusus ABSTRACT Article 30 (2) of the Act Number 16, 2004 regarding the Public Prosecution Office of the Republic of Indonesia states that in the field of civil and administrative state, the prosecution ofice by a special mandate that might act either inside or outside a court for and in the name of the government". The prosecution office might run its duties and functions in the field of civil and administrative states as the state attorney in terms of keeping the honour of the government. However, in its implementation there are prosecutors who are not fully used by the government istitutions, State's Owned Companies, Regional Owned Companies in order to defend those interes in the civil and administrative states. The research shows that the reasons of government isntitutions for not providing special mandate for the prosecution office in handling civil and administrative state cases caused by lack of trust to the institutions of the prosecution office. The condition is then resulting in lacking the interest of the state attorney hence it is not optimal in settling civil and administrative state cases, the perception that the attorney is lack of capacity, and the cases are not relevant to other fileds and the function and duties of the Attorney has not been eminent amongs stakeholders and community generally. There is no consequences of law towards institutions of government that are not providing mandate to the prosecution office in handling the civil and administrative state cases as there is no legislation on sanction regulting it. Towards institutions of the government that are not obeying the existing rules and if using the state attorney or satate's lawyer is only depending on budget that is not used to fund a case relevant to civil and administrative state and honour and the government pride. Keywords: Attorney's Authority, State Owned Enterprises, Special power of attorney

Archibald "Arch" Green Lamb and his wife Mina Marie Wolf Lamb were prominent Lubbock citizens and avid promoters of Texas Tech University. Arch was born on June 10, 1912 in Coolidge, Texas. He moved to Lubbock while attending Texas Technological College during the late 1930s. He met his wife Mina during their college years. They were wed on June 3, 1941 near Stamford, Texas. In 1939 Lamb received his bachelor's degree in dairy manufacturing. He was active in campus organizations by becoming a member of the student council and vice-president of the student body. He founded the Saddle Tramps, a Texas Tech spirit organization for the college male student. After college Arch was employed with numerous creameries in Fort Worth, Brownwood, and Abilene. He resettled in Lubbock and ran for the Lubbock County commissioners' court in 1954 and won. He stayed in that post from January 1955 to December 1976 developing a reputation as a hard worker and respected politician. He raised crops on his farm and at one time even raised mules for which he developed a fondness for the livestock. He was a promoter to save the Texas Tech dairy barn from demolition. Arch passed away on March 25, 2004 at the age of 91 years. He and his wife had one child Arch Karl Lamb. Mina Marie Wolf Lamb developed a reputation of her own. She and her sister Ilse were dedicated employees of Texas Tech University. They were both faculty members of the College of Home Economics (now the College of Human Sciences). Mina was born in Sagerton, Texas on August 14, 1910. Ilse was born on September 11, 1903 and died in April 1980; she never married. Their parents were Karl Wolf and Louisa Boeer Wolf, one a German immigrant and the other a descendant of German immigrants. Mina's aunt Clara Boeer married Thomas (T. A.) Hickey, the socialist advocator and supporter of the labor movement in the late 1890s and early twentieth century. Mina Wolf Lamb received her B.A. in Chemistry (1932) and M.S. in Food and Nutrition (1937) from Texas Tech. She received her Ph.D. in Nutrition (1941) from Columbia University. After graduating she went to work for Texas Texas as assistant professor of food and nutrition until she retired in 1975 as Professor Emeritus. She served in other roles as department chair and the first Margaret W. Weeks Professor of Home Economics. In 1986, the American Dietetic Association awarded her with their most prestigious Medallion Award. Dr. Lamb also served on the Dean's Advisory Council from 1981-1987. Currently she is in an assisted living home. ; This collection contains correspondence, financial records, legal records, memoirs, printed materials, scrapbook materials, and postcard collection from Arch Green and Mina Marie Wolf Lamb. Most papers are personal correspondence from Mina and Ilse Wolf's parents and relatives. Some are from Mina and Arch during there early college and married years. The postcards were compiled by Mina and Ilse as they were avid collectors as well as buttons and stamps. Of special note are the German letters from Mina's relatives dating to the early 1800s through the 1930s. Some come from their relatives in Germany and others from their German descendants in Texas. Only one file has letters from T. A. Hickey but there is some from his wife Clara Boeer Hickey. ; Arch Green and Mina Wolf Lamb Papers, 1832-2002 and undated, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas

Archibald "Arch" Green Lamb and his wife Mina Marie Wolf Lamb were prominent Lubbock citizens and avid promoters of Texas Tech University. Arch was born on June 10, 1912 in Coolidge, Texas. He moved to Lubbock while attending Texas Technological College during the late 1930s. He met his wife Mina during their college years. They were wed on June 3, 1941 near Stamford, Texas. In 1939 Lamb received his bachelor's degree in dairy manufacturing. He was active in campus organizations by becoming a member of the student council and vice-president of the student body. He founded the Saddle Tramps, a Texas Tech spirit organization for the college male student. After college Arch was employed with numerous creameries in Fort Worth, Brownwood, and Abilene. He resettled in Lubbock and ran for the Lubbock County commissioners' court in 1954 and won. He stayed in that post from January 1955 to December 1976 developing a reputation as a hard worker and respected politician. He raised crops on his farm and at one time even raised mules for which he developed a fondness for the livestock. He was a promoter to save the Texas Tech dairy barn from demolition. Arch passed away on March 25, 2004 at the age of 91 years. He and his wife had one child Arch Karl Lamb. Mina Marie Wolf Lamb developed a reputation of her own. She and her sister Ilse were dedicated employees of Texas Tech University. They were both faculty members of the College of Home Economics (now the College of Human Sciences). Mina was born in Sagerton, Texas on August 14, 1910. Ilse was born on September 11, 1903 and died in April 1980; she never married. Their parents were Karl Wolf and Louisa Boeer Wolf, one a German immigrant and the other a descendant of German immigrants. Mina's aunt Clara Boeer married Thomas (T. A.) Hickey, the socialist advocator and supporter of the labor movement in the late 1890s and early twentieth century. Mina Wolf Lamb received her B.A. in Chemistry (1932) and M.S. in Food and Nutrition (1937) from Texas Tech. She received her Ph.D. in Nutrition (1941) from Columbia University. After graduating she went to work for Texas Texas as assistant professor of food and nutrition until she retired in 1975 as Professor Emeritus. She served in other roles as department chair and the first Margaret W. Weeks Professor of Home Economics. In 1986, the American Dietetic Association awarded her with their most prestigious Medallion Award. Dr. Lamb also served on the Dean's Advisory Council from 1981-1987. Currently she is in an assisted living home. ; This collection contains correspondence, financial records, legal records, memoirs, printed materials, scrapbook materials, and postcard collection from Arch Green and Mina Marie Wolf Lamb. Most papers are personal correspondence from Mina and Ilse Wolf's parents and relatives. Some are from Mina and Arch during there early college and married years. The postcards were compiled by Mina and Ilse as they were avid collectors as well as buttons and stamps. Of special note are the German letters from Mina's relatives dating to the early 1800s through the 1930s. Some come from their relatives in Germany and others from their German descendants in Texas. Only one file has letters from T. A. Hickey but there is some from his wife Clara Boeer Hickey. ; Arch Green and Mina Wolf Lamb Papers, 1832-2002 and undated, Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas