International audience ; In an attempt to tackle not just youth crime itself, but also the causes of youth crime, the New Labour administration sought to combat social exclusion. It consequently set up a number of social intervention projects such as Sure Start in the most deprived areas of Britain, promised to abolish child poverty before 2010, invested heavily in education, and attempted to reduce the number of unemployed young people via its New Deal for Young People. For the first time, the Youth Justice Board, a special committee charged with overseeing the youth justice system and coordinating social and criminal justice services, was established. A social work approach was to be combined with punishment. Yet, despite these attempt to promote the social inclusion of British youths, in practice they have been 'demonised'. According to the British press, young people are out-of-control, antisocial and violent. The recent 'moral panic' (Cohen, 2001) concerning knife crime seemed to confirm the idea that young people are a threat to society. Even the former justice minister, Jack Straw, declared that most young people who find themselves in prison are not children but 'large, unpleasant thugs' who frighten the general public. Whilst young people have often been the focus of moral panics (Pearson, 1983), it is only recently that panic has been met with such a punitive response which has led to an 800% increase in the number of young people incarcerated since 1992. Despite attempts to adapt the system of juvenile justice to young people, they are increasingly treated like adults. Indeed, the New Labour government's first White Paper on the subject was entitled No More Excuses and the government pledged to eliminate the 'excuse culture' which supposedly dominated the youth justice system. Consequently, there has been a 'dejeuvenalisation' of youth justice policy (Pitts, 2001), marking a rupture with the policy of diversion of youths from the adult justice system which had dominated the criminal justice system since at least the middle of the 19th Century. Similar trends are identifiable in France where there has recently been an erosion of the ordonnance 1945 principle that young people cannot be help fully responsible for their criminal actions. A 2002 law (la loi d'orientation et de programmation pour la justice du 9 septembre) fixes the age of criminal responsibility at 13, leading some experts to speak of the notions of 'premajority'. As in the UK, the rhetoric of responsibilisation has been adopted by Nicolas Sarkozy who has described young people in the criminal justice system as 'black giants from the inner cities'. This paper seeks to determine if the hardening of attitudes to young offenders in France and England can be explained by the same factors. It is a knee-jerk response to moral panic of can it be explained by other socio-economic factors common to the two cultures? ; Dès son arrivée au pouvoir, l'administration néo-travailliste a reconnu que toute tentative pour s'attaquer à la criminalité des jeunes doit se concentrer sur le problème de l'exclusion sociale. Par conséquent, elle a mis en place de nombreux projets Sure Start dans les quartiers les plus défavorisés du Royaume-Uni, elle s'est engagée à éliminer la pauvreté des enfants avant 2020, elle a investi davantage d'argent dans l'éducation, et elle a cherché à réduire le nombre de jeunes au chômage par le biais du New Deal for Young People. Pour les jeunes considérés comme étant les plus susceptibles de sombrer dans la criminalité, le premier gouvernement Blair a créé des Youth Inclusion Programmes qui offrent aux enfants en difficulté un lieu de sociabilité où ils peuvent en outre bénéficier d'une aide scolaire. Pour la première fois, un comité spécial chargé de la justice juvénile, le Youth Justice Board, a été créé afin de coordonner le travail des services sociaux et des services judiciaires ; il a également pour mission de développer une stratégie commune capable de prévenir la criminalité et d'éviter ainsi aux jeunes d'être exposés au système de justice formelle. L'accent est mis tant sur le travail social que sur le châtiment des jeunes délinquants. Or, en dépit de ces tentatives pour favoriser l'inclusion sociale des jeunes britanniques, ces derniers ont souvent été « diabolisés », pour emprunter le terme du Comité des droits de l'enfant de l'ONU. D'après la presse britannique, les jeunes sont de plus en plus difficiles à contrôler, antisociaux et violents. La récente « panique morale » concernant l'apparente montée du nombre d'agressions à l'arme blanche perpétrées par des jeunes semble confirmer l'idée que ces derniers représentent un danger pour la société. Même le ministre de la Justice, Jack Straw, a déclaré que la plupart des enfants qui sont actuellement incarcérés ne sont pas des enfants mais des « gros voyous antipathiques » qui font peur au grand public. Il semblerait bien que la majorité des Britanniques ont peur de la jeunesse, constat confirmé par un rapport récent publié par l'Institute for Public Policy Research. Alors que la jeunesse a souvent fait l'objet de paniques morales dans le passé (Geoffrey Pearson), ce n'est que récemment qu'une telle panique a entraîné une réponse judiciaire aussi punitive, qui se traduit par une augmentation de 800 % du nombre de jeunes âgés de moins de 15 ans incarcérés depuis 1992. Malgré les tentatives d'adapter le système de justice pénale aux jeunes, leur traitement judiciaire est actuellement de plus en plus semblable à celui qu'on réservait autrefois aux adultes. En effet, dès ses premiers jours au pouvoir, le gouvernement de Tony Blair s'est engagé à éliminer la « culture d'absolution » en faveur d'un système judiciaire qui met l'accent sur la responsabilité individuelle des jeunes et de leurs parents. Par conséquent, on assiste actuellement à une « déjuvénilisation » de la politique pénale, se traduisant par une rupture nette avec l'orthodoxie pénale en vigueur depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, d'après laquelle les jeunes délinquants doivent être soumis à un régime spécial, si possible en dehors du système pénal. Les mêmes tendances sont identifiables en France, où l'on a récemment constaté un durcissement de la loi à l'égard des mineurs et l'érosion de l'excuse de minorité instaurée par l'ordonnance de 1945. Tout particulièrement, la loi d'orientation et de programmation pour la justice du 9 septembre 2002 affirme la responsabilité pénale des mineurs à partir de l'âge de 13 ans, ce qui incite certains commentateurs à parler de l'invention de la notion de « prémajorité ». La rhétorique de responsabilisation est adoptée par Nicolas Sarkozy, à l'instar de ses homologues britanniques (sur le même ton que Jack Straw, il a déclaré qu'on n'a pas affaire ici à des mineurs mais à des « géants noirs des banlieues »). Cet article s'attache à déterminer si le durcissement à l'égard des jeunes délinquants en France et en Angleterre peut s'expliquer par les mêmes facteurs. Est-ce qu'il s'agit d'une réponse à la panique publique ou peut-il s'expliquer par la présence d'autres facteurs socio-politiques communs aux deux cultures ?
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Bossier Parish property owner tax hikes were led off by Republican Sheriff Julian Whittington, and waiting in the wings are Bossier Parish and the Port of Caddo-Bossier. But most consequentially of all, now stepping to the plate later this week is the Bossier Parish School District, ready to fuel an anti-family agenda by taking more from families.
Quadrennial property tax reassessments occur this year, and according to the Louisiana Constitution for continuous owners of unimproved property through the previous assessment the taxes derived from the aggregate value of their property parish-wide by default cannot change, although for some individuals their property values may rise and for others it may fall. This means the millage rates levied must change, going lower if in the aggregate values for these owners rose and going higher if these fell. (This doesn't apply to new owners from the last assessment or if improvements were made to the property.)
However, a taxing entity may choose to "roll forward" millage rates to maintain their present level by a two-thirds or better vote for a plenary governing authority, increasing taxes on every property owner except those whose assessments for whatever reason in percentage terms decreased more than the percentage increase possible in the rate when rolled forward. Legally, an entity must hold a hearing prior to a meeting to do that, and the Bossier Parish School Board has scheduled that for Sep. 19.
While other parish-wide entities have like Whittington or seem likely to by virtue of their calling a hearing like the Port and parish, because they have authorized significantly smaller millages than the school district, the Board conceivably could hike property taxes by an amount more than those three combined. At nearly $4.3 million, this would bring the total estimated ad valorem haul for this year – yes, it will hit property owners this year – to $91.7 million,
That represents a huge leap if maintaining the existing 64.43 mills – one of the highest in the state and well above the state average of local education agencies – from the $73-74 million range for the fiscal year 2023 reported totals and the budgeted totals for FY 2024, or about 25 percent. Most will come from higher valuations, but about a quarter of it from maintained rates if set at the maximum.
Grabbing more from taxpayers come from the fact that the BPSD continues to run an operating deficit. FY 2023 saw about $26 million more spent than collected, driving the net negative position of the district to $571 million. The reasons for that are decades of underfunding pensions and a pay-as-you-go post- employment benefits system that underestimated utilization to create a gaping $886 million existing liability. The 2024 budget sees more of the same, even draining almost to zero reserves of sales tax revenue, the other major local funding source of around $64 million coming from a 1.5 percent levy, in order to prop up the general fund so that it registers just a small deficit.
The high-tax BPSD has a recent history of turning to tax increases in an attempt to bail out the consequences of its bad decision-making – witness a few years ago trying to hike property taxes to a level far higher than any other in the state but turned back decisively by voters at the ballot box – but other recent actions don't inspire confidence that it manages finances in the best interests of citizens. For example, billboards touting the district sprang up around the parish not long before the start of the academic year, at a cost not discernable from the budget.
Why? To discourage families from sending children to the parish's only private school, or to the few in Caddo Parish? Or from enrolling in the state's virtual charter school? Or from being homeschooled (as of last year, only 21 Bossier students had been approved for this)?
Advertising that you're doing your constitutional duty of providing education isn't necessary, if you're doing your job well. Quality education sells itself without the necessity of reminders exhorting your existence at taxpayer expense. (Or maybe it's a distraction from the fact that the BPSD produced just a single National Merit Scholar semifinalist for this year; back in the good old days, my little old rural high school produced two for my senior year).
But it's the anti-family direction accelerating under the leadership of new superintendent Jason Rowland that raises the most questions about whether the BPSB can be trusted with taking more of what property owners earn. In the past year, including some time prior to his assuming the top job, Rowland has solidified plans to open one or more school clinics that can cut parents out from making health care decisions for their children, told parents they walk in the footsteps of racial segregationists if they support increased school choice (which the state passed into law anyway), and spearheaded an effort to weaken standards statewide. His administration also publicly decried enabling the (see above) few parish families homeschooling their children to have the opportunity to participate in extracurricular activities as new state law now guarantees.
This agenda no doubt a majority of parish families doesn't support, yet the BPSB backed all of these moves, even passing unanimously a resolution condemning the increased school choice effort despite the fact on a per student basis district finances likely would be better off. (Meanwhile, in Caddo, half of its board had the good sense to oppose a similar resolution, which thereupon failed.) These actions convey the sense that the BPSB cares more about the agenda of adults – raking in as much money as possible, looking out for its employees first, getting reelected – than in the desires of families and children for quality education first by whatever means best accomplishes that.
This lack of accountability puts the BPSB into a position to take more from the people without regret. Bossierites should ask questions about the decisions made that reflect this detachment, whether those justifies taking more money, and whether dumping the anti-family agenda could produce cost savings that negate the temptation to raise taxes. But the way things are going, such entreaties will be ignored and the BPSB will get the tax increase, if smaller, that voters once denied it.
The article identifies the features of intercultural communication in the context of European regulations. Based on an analytical review of scientific research of European and domestic scientists, the authors have identified the essence of the concept of "intercultural communication" in the European educational space and European documents in particular; clarification of the difference between the concepts of intercultural and cultural communication. The set of theoretical methods made it possible to identify the leading trends in European policy in the field of intercultural communication, ways to implement the main tasks and provisions of such policy and outline its main priorities and difficulties in modern socio-political conditions characterized by instability and uncertainty.It is established that intercultural communication in the European scientific and educational dimension is understood as a way of cooperation and cultural exchange, which provides for the establishment of understanding between representatives of different countries, nationalities, religions, etc.The priority goals of intercultural communication according to the provisions of European documents in this direction are: to foster intercultural understanding, tolerance, mutual respect and ethics of global citizenship and shared responsibility; development of intercultural empathy and education, training of representatives of different nations, ethnic groups and peoples to consider, analyze and solve problems related to cultural differences; to cultivate in the representatives of different states intercultural attitudes, including the manifestation of tolerance, respect, curiosity and receptivity to other cultures; to ensure the acquisition by representatives of different cultures and states of cultural knowledge, both general and specific to a particular culture, paying special attention to contextual and subtextual cultural elements; to recognize the natural and cultural diversity of the world, to recognize that all cultures and civilizations can contribute to sustainable development and are its decisive factors.Analysis of the functioning of various structural organizations of the EU revealed that their professional and social activities are directed in two directions: conceptual (dissemination of information on new laws and regulations of the European Union in the field of intercultural communication), which ensures the implementation of the value component of intercultural communication; functional (organization of various cultural events, events aimed at cooperation between representatives of different nations, ethnic groups, social strata, etc.), which ensures the implementation of basic tasks by means of direct communication and various forms of intercultural communication (festivals, creative weeks, days of European culture in education and public cultural institutions, thematic exhibitions in museums, various choreographic and theatrical performances for children and adults, etc.).It is determined that the most relevant trends in the development of European educational policy in the field of intercultural communication are: the establishment of broad communication and partnership in various spheres of life, especially - education, culture, politics and economics; expansion of public interaction and partnership for peace with the countries of the Eastern region; search for permanent means of influencing public opinion on the rule of human rights and freedoms in relation to the will, cultural affiliation, recognition and acceptance of intercultural diversity; establishing cooperation between the Ministries of Culture, Education and Science, the Ministries of Foreign Affairs; development of the existing network of cultural, public and public organizations for the dissemination of knowledge and competencies in intercultural communication; further financial assistance and encouragement of exchange between scientific circles and practices in the field of international cultural relations.Among the barriers to the implementation of intercultural communication, the authors distinguish: creating and maintaining a comfortable psychological atmosphere for each representative of different cultures; ensuring tolerant interaction and cooperation; optimal organization of group cooperation and ensuring the implementation of the principle of diversity. ; У статті визначено особливості забезпечення міжкультурної комунікації в контексті європейських нормативно-правових документів. На основі аналітичного огляду наукових досліджень європейських та вітчизнянихвчених авторами визначено сутність поняття «міжкультурна комунікація» у європейському освітньому просторі та європейських документах зокрема; здійснено уточнення щодо різниці між поняттями міжкультурна такультурна комунікація. Комплекс теоретичних методів уможливив визначення провідних тенденції розвитку європейської політики у сфері міжкультурної комунікації, шляхи імплементації основних завдань таположень такої політики та окресли-ти її основні пріоритети і труднощі реалізації в сучасних суспільно-політичних умовах, що характеризуються нестабільністю та невизначеністю.Встановлено, що під міжкультурною комунікацією в європейському науково-освітньому вимірі прийнято розуміти такий спосіб спікування та культурного обміну, який забезпечує налагодження порозуміння міжпредстав-никами різних країн, національностей, релігій тощо. Пріоритетними цілями міжкультурної комунікації за положеннямиєвропейських документів у цьому напрямі є: виховувати міжкультурне взаємо-розуміння, толерантність, взаємоповагу та етику глобального громадянства та спільної відповідальності; розвиток міжкультурної емпатії та освіченості, навчання представників різних націй, етнічних груп та народів розглядати, аналізувати та вирішувати проблеми, пов'язаних з культурними відмінностя-ми; виховувати у представників різних держав міжкультурні установки, що включають прояв толерантності, поваги,допитливості та сприйнятливості до інших культур; забезпечувати набуття представниками різних культур та держав культурних знань, як загальних, так і специфічних для певної культури, приділяючи особливу увагу контекстуальним та підконтекстним культурним елементам; визнати природне та культурне різноманіття світу, визнати, що всі культури тацивілізації можуть сприяти сталому розвитку та є його вирішальними чинниками.Аналіз функціонування різних структурних організації ЄС дозволив, установити, що їхня професійна та суспільна діяльність спрямована два напрямки: концептуальний (розповсюдження інформації щодо нових законівта положень Європейського Союзу в сфері міжкультурної комунікації), що забезпе-чує реалізацію ціннісної складової міжкультурної комунікації; функціональний (організація різноманітних культурних заходів, заходівспрямованих на коопе-рацію між представниками різних націй, етнічних груп,соціальних прошарків тощо), що забезпечує імплементацію основних завдань засобами безпосередньої комунікації та різних форм організації міжкультурної комунікації (фестивалі, творчі тижні, дні європейськоїкультури в освітніх та громадських закладах культури, тематичні виставки в музеях, різні хореографічні та театральні постановки для дітей та дорослих тощо). Визначено, що найбільш актуальними є такі тенденції розвитку європейської освітньої політики у сфері міжкультурної комунікації як:налагодження широкої комунікації та партнерства у різних сферах життя,насамперед – освіта, культура, політика та економіка; розширення суспільної взаємодії та партнерства в цілях миру з країнами Східного регіону; пошук постійних засобів впливу на суспільну думку щодо верховенства прав тасвобод людини щодо її волевиявлення, культурної приналежності, визнаннята прийняття міжкультурної різноманітності; налагодження співпраці між міністерствами культури, освіти та науки, міністерствами закордонних справ; розвиток існуючої мережі культурних, громадських та публічнихорганізацій для розповсюдження знань та компетентностей у міжкультурнійкомунікації; подальше фінансове сприяння та заохочення обміну між науковими колами та практиками в галузі міжнародних культурних відносин. Серед бар'єрів імплементації міжкультурної комунікації авторивиокремлюють: створення та підтримка комфортної психологічної атмосфери для кожного представника різних культур; забезпечення толерантної взаємодії та кооперації; оптимальна організація групової співпраці та забезпечення реалізації принципу різноманітності.
Editorial The articles in this current issue of Lagos Notes and Records cut across various academic disciplines and together the authors bring to the fore refreshing perspectives in the fields of music, history, linguistics, philosophy and literature. The first paper is Olaoluwa Senayon's insightful analysis of the background to Wole Soyinka's activism. He argues that childhood experience and the revolutionary tendencies of personalities such as Mr and Mrs Kuti had a profound influence on Soyinka's activism during his adult years. O. O. Badejo's paper is a critique of the principle of Bivalence challenging the submissions of scholars such as Aristotle and Lukaseiewicz noting that Bivalence is not limited in scope since it can accommodate contingent statements. In a similar vein, Richard Taye Oyelakin challenges Grice-Strawson/Putman's defence of the Analytic-Synthetic distinctions. The author is convinced that the grounds of arguments presented by both scholars are insufficient to justify the distinction. From a philosophical perspective, Babatunde Jegede analyses the problem of political instability in Africa. While he accepts that there have been efforts to address the problem in the past, he insists that there is a need to understand their nature, sources and causes. The literary section of this issue begins with Jonas Akung and Azubike Iloeje's analysis of Kaine Agary's Yellow-Yellow showing the interface between ecology, crime and poor leadership on the quality of life among the Niger Delta communities. The analysis also examines how the women have been affected by these three variables. Women remain the major focus in Adedeji Omoteso's article as she analyses the demonization of black women and the myth of their sexuality as portrayed in several works of prose by Jose Lins De Regos. She argues that the portrayal of women in these works is stereotypical and racist and more importantly, reflects the prevalence of racial antagonism in Brazil. Olakunbi Olasope and Sola Adeyemi focus on Moria Buffini's Welcome to Thebes using this to investigate how war and the efforts to resolve them demythologizes the global state exposing the insularity and complacency of the ruling powers. Onuora Nweke continues the focus on human behaviour by using psychoanalytical principles to identify the behavioural traits that establish the protagonists as victims of melancholia in Gloria Naylor's Mama Day. In the analysis, the author is able to establish that social and unconscious factors are both responsible for behavioural traits. Olujide Gbadegesin reviews the traditional Yoruba concepts of morality and how these relate to abundant life, highlighting how these conceptions have been altered by modern influences. He then advocates a return to traditional concepts of morality among the Yoruba. From the Egyptian conception of the Ma'at and as depicted by Ayi kwei Armah in Osiris Rising and KMT, Fouad Mami believes that Africans can advance the concept to foster cultural understanding and reverse dysfunctional issues such as violent conflicts. The language and linguistic section starts with Kofo Adedeji's analysis of the phonetic and phonological variation between RP and Nigerian English accent. Her research which involves students from British and Nigerian universities concludes that intelligibility is a phenomenon which can be explored from a non-native speaker perspective. Lendzemo Yuka and Oby Okolocha explore the theme of 'lexical starvation' in the field of linguistics. They both note that the 'lexical starvation' of African Children is partly a consequence of colonial interference in the natural affairs of Africans indicating the dynamic nature of lexicons. Ijeoma Forchu contends that there is a correlation between age and musical preference and such preferences influence behavioural patterns. The author focuses on adolescents in Enugu and reveals that rhythm is a major determinant for choice of music among them. Focusing on another dimension of music, Femi Adedeji identifies the various forms of traditional African music including the religious, classical, ethnic and neo-traditional categories. He shows in his analysis of African traditional music that dance is the closest of all the arts to music. Stephen Olusoji's paper explores the contemporary Nigerian music scene and suggests how the Nigerian music industry can be made more culturally relevant and economically viable in line with global standards. The section on historical reviews opens with Aduke Ekundayo's article on O'kunland. He posits that intergroup relations were largely disrupted in O'kunland during the Nupe times and under the British Administration owing to reforms, which tended to ignore the existing nature of power relations between the various segments of the communities. The factors leading to the emergence of the educated elite in Sierra Leone and how Western education changed the lifestyle of the returnee African slaves in the colony is the focus in Faiza Senouci-Meberbeche's article. She notes that Western education brought with it European culture and this allowed the Africans in the Sierra Leone colony to cope with the challenges that accompanied colonial rule. In a related theme, the author shows the influence of intellectual and missionaries on West African nationalism by examining the education and missionary exploits of the James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey in the Gold Coast. The author shows that although Africans acquired western education and supported missionary work, they eventually developed a strong sense of cultural nationalism and were capable of making civic decisions. The collection of articles in this issue demonstrates the tradition of excellence that previous issues represent.Various issues of human interest are explored by scholars in the French Language. The first is Sule Lawani's article, which emphasizes that literary works are additional dimensions that foster the phenomenon of globalization. He argues that comparative literature and efforts by scholars to provide translations of literary works in different languages has helped to promote globalization. Such translations allow for a greater understanding and appreciation of one another's value and literature. Victor Ariole demonstrates in his article factors that engender integration in Franco-phone Africa that can serve as a platform for better integration process in Africa. Gregory osas Simire's article explores the relationship between language and culture and investigates the transmission of the didactics of culture within the context of French teaching and learning as a foreign language. The journal's editorial board will continue to encourage academic discourse from a multiplicity of disciplines that will contribute to knowledge. I hereby express my appreciation to all contributors and those who assisted with the review of articles. Duro Oni, Ph.D. Professor of Theatre Arts Editor-in-Chief
En la legislación colombiana, especialmente en la ley de Infancia y Adolescencia, se señalan claramente las obligaciones del Estado, la sociedad y la familia para con los(as) menores de edad; sin embargo, allí no se indican las obligaciones de los(as) adolescentes; por ello, es importante un desarrollo legislativo dirigido a todos los sectores y a la población en general, pero principalmente a los(as) jóvenes menores de 18 años de edad, con el fin de que asuman los deberes que tienen frente a su familia de origen y/o frente a la familia que organicen o construyan, sin descuidar su realidad social, económica y familiar. Se hace necesario, entonces, trabajar el principio de corresponsabilidad sin descuidar el proceso formativo de los(as) adolescentes con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un (a) adulto (a) responsable en todos los ámbitos. Si bien, la adolescencia es una etapa diferencial del ciclo vital donde se genera una transición decisiva para la vida, el y la adolescente mayor de 16 años de edad ya tienen una capacidad para discernir el bien y el mal , lo correcto y lo incorrecto. Son Adultos menores. El exigir que los(as) adolescentes reconozcan sus actos y asuman sus consecuencias, especialmente frente a la familia que construyen, ejerciendo una maternidad o paternidad responsable y/o colaborando con sus familias de origen, contribuye, sin duda alguna, a la formación de un adulto(a) responsable y útil para la sociedad. El Estado debe propender por ser el mediador entre la familia y la sociedad, pretendiendo disminuir los altos índices de violencia, la descomposición familiar y la vulneración, inobservancia y amenaza de derechos, diseñando y ejecutando estrategias, tales como el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de políticas públicas relacionadas con la familia lo que traerá como consecuencia, el mejoramiento de sus relaciones entre sus integrantes. El legislador y los operadores de justicia, quienes desarrollan políticas públicas y/o hacen parte del Sistema Nacional de Bienestar Familiar no pueden desconocer la realidad colombiana en este campo en donde los(as) adolescentes deben en una alta proporción trabajar para contribuir a su bienestar y al de sus familias; en donde la educación formal no es la decisión de muchas personas y en donde la protección mal manejada desencadena en perjuicio y no en bienestar, como en el caso del joven padre que no cuenta con red familiar extensa y debe responder por un(a) hijo(a), y a veces siente la vigilancia del Estado como persecución y no como protección. No se puede tratar al(a) adolescente mayor de 16 años, como un incapaz, como solo sujeto de derechos; sino también como generador de obligaciones y deberes frente a los cuales debe sentirse responsable. (Texto tomado de la fuente) ; Under Colombian law, especially the law of Childhood and Adolescence, the obligations of the state, society and the family to children are clearly outlined; but the obligations of adolescents are not shown. Therefore, it is necessary a legislative development aimed at all sectors and the public in general, but mainly at young people under 18, in order to assume the duties they have to their family of origin and / or to the family which they make part of, without neglecting its social , economic and family situation . Then, it is necessary to work the principle of joint responsibility without neglecting the learning process of adolescents in order to contribute to the development of a responsible adult in all areas. While adolescence is a differential stage of the life cycle where a decisive transition to life is generated, teens over 16 have a mental capacity to know what is right and wrong, what is correct and what it is not. Allowing adolescents recognize their actions and assume the consequences thereof, especially in front of their own family, exercising responsible maternity or paternity and / or working with their families of origin, contributes to the formation of a responsible adult useful to society. The State must seek to be the mediator between the family and society, pretending to reduce the high rates of violence, family breakdown and the rights violation, failure and threat, designing and implementing strategies such as the development and strengthening of family-related public policies and contribute to the improvement of relations among its members. The legislature, judicial officers, who develop public policies and / or are part of the National Family Welfare System cannot disregard a reality where adolescents must work to contribute to their welfare and that of their families, where formal education is not the decision of many people and where mismanaged protection triggers damage and no welfare, as in the case of the young father who does not have extensive family network and must hold responsibility of a child, and sometimes feels surveillance from the state, like persecution and no protection. You cannot try to a 16-year old, as incapable, as a subject with rights only, but also as a source of obligations and duties. ; Maestría
The health and economic burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is greater than that of any other disease, and it remains the leading cause of death globally. Socioeconomic inequalities in CVD are apparent in most countries of the world, and it is well-established that people from lower socioeconomic groups have higher rates of premature death and suffer greater morbidity from the disease than do those from higher socioeconomic groups. This association occurs as a gradient that runs across the entire socioeconomic spectrum, so that the lower an individual's social and economic position, the greater their risk of developing CVD. However, while there is an extensive body of work documenting this gradient, less is known about the mechanisms and pathways by which it occurs. A more complete understanding of these pathways is of paramount importance if we are to intervene effectively to reduce the burden of CVD among lower socioeconomic groups. This thesis aims to explore mechanisms and pathways between socioeconomic status (SES) and CVD and to describe the extent to which health care systems and targeting risk factors for the disease might potentially modify health inequalities. First, epidemiological methods are used to describe and explore pathways using data from two prospective Australian studies, the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) and the AusDiab Study. The MCCS is a large study of 41 514 men and women, the majority of whom were aged 40-69 years at baseline (1990-1994). AusDiab is a national population-based study of 11 247 adults enrolled in 1999-2000, with 6 400 participants returning for a 5-year follow up in 2004-2005. Using education level as a SES indicator, analyses are undertaken to firstly describe the socioeconomic gradient in CVD mortality in the MCCS and then quantify how much of this gradient can be explained by traditional risk factors for the disease, particularly smoking. Second, because cigarette smoking and abnormal lipids are known to be the two most important risk factors leading to CVD, an analysis of whether smoking-related changes in lipoprotein subclasses occur independently of other lifestyle risk factors for CVD is also undertaken. Third, the existence of socioeconomic gradients in most major risk factors for CVD is well-established, and using longitudinal data from AusDiab, this thesis explores the onset and development of these gradients over a 5-year time period. Longitudinal cohort studies such as the MCCS offer the ability to follow-up individuals over time, allowing for exploration of the pathways between SES and the development of CVD, and providing evidence for cause and effect relationships. Two methods by which existing cohort studies can be utilised more effectively for health inequalities research are described, including a method for record linkage between the MCCS and a state-wide hospital admissions dataset, and a method for retrospective geocoding of participant baseline addresses in the MCCS. Record linkage provides a means of passive follow-up of lower SES participants who may be more likely to drop out from a longitudinal study, while geocoding allows for use of geographic information systems (GIS) technology. GIS can be used in analysis of the relationships between environmental exposures and subsequent health outcomes, and an example of such analysis is provided using data from the MCCS to describe the association between neighbourhood disadvantage at baseline and subsequent fatal CVD events occurring in the cohort. Finally, this thesis explores interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities both in cardiovascular risk factors and in CVD itself. Broad public health measures to reduce risk factors such as smoking may have potential to reach lower socioeconomic groups, and this is illustrated using the example of legislation to reduce the effects of second-hand cigarette smoke. Current 'best-practice' recommendations for CVD prevention and treatment are also examined for their potential impact upon the SES-CVD gradient. Findings from this thesis demonstrate that strong SES gradients in fatal CVD and in major risk factors for the disease still exist in contemporary Australian adults. They provide supporting evidence that these gradients in risk factors contribute significantly towards gradients in CVD, and also reinforce that SES is a predictor both of incident CVD and of incident risk factors, and temporally precedes the onset of risk. Individual risk factors of greatest importance include smoking, which among women, may lead to CVD partially through its independent action on lipoproteins. Two methods by which existing cohort studies, clinical registries and other datasets can be adapted for use in health inequalities research are described in detail, thus increasing Australia's research capacity in this area of vital importance. Finally, this thesis also identified that, despite the greater burden of CVD among lower SES groups, little is known about the impact of best-practice preventive and treatment interventions upon the SES-CVD gradient, or about barriers to their uptake and effectiveness. As such, these best-practice interventions themselves may be contributing to inequalities in CVD These findings have implications for health inequalities research, health policy and clinical practice and contribute significantly towards increasing our understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in CVD.
The post-method reality of ESL/EFL education, in which LT is no longer perceived as a largescale enterprise based on one universal method, has encouraged theoreticians and practitioners to search for more personalised ways of L2/FL teaching. This specifically applies to pronunciation instruction, whose models, priorities and teaching procedures ought to be considered in light of the tenets of the Post-Method Era. Even though there is no disputing the fact that the influences of methodology- and globalisation-driven transformations have been generally positive in the sense that they have individualised approaches to LT and facilitated international communication respectively, they have also lowered the status of phonodidactics, which, in effect, is disparagingly referred to as "the neglected orphan" of ESL/EFL pedagogy. ; Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Poland ; Klaudia Gajewska is a PhD candidate at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University and an English teacher in a secondary school in Lublin, Poland. Her research interests centre around phonodidactics as well as technology-enhanced and mobile-assisted language learning in Polish EFL instructed settings. ; klaudia.e.gajewska@gmail.com ; 20 ; 33 (2/2021) ; 38 ; Atli, I. & Bergil, A. 2012. The effect of pronunciation instruction on students' overall speaking skills. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 3665-3671. ; Binte Habib, R. 2013. 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The article examines the impact of national and cultural values on socialization of the personality and its spiri-tual development. Main attention is related to problem of the education of value orientation such as spiritual, human, national with have a significant influence on human socialization.Spiritual development of the person includes a system of ethical values and national cultural landmarks which are implemented in the subjective selection of ideals, objective rating system and specific human behavior. One of the most important is a problem of education and preservation of spiritual values of the younger generation, cultural and spiritual values which are the basis of human existence.The formation of values is a continuous process of socialization and plays a major role in its formation. On the other hand, according to O. Halus, the socialization of personality is strongly affected by a variety of natural, spontane-ous processes occurring in the environment.The national and cultural values, perceptions, attitudes and axioms – a product of our history and culture, which continuous during centuries. Personality is the main value in this system of values. US scientists John. Mead, E. Ericson, K. Rogers took a considerable attention to the phenomenon of identity. They saw the task of science in comprehending of the cultural content of social phenomena, not the formation of certain principles which would give the benefit to the public. His ideas had a great influence on the development of concepts of socialization in terms of subject approach.The article analyzes the views of scientists to determine the spiritual values of national culture. Thus, the Charles B. notes that the value of the current generation – is the spiritual values that belong to the people, local commu-nity and form the basis of their existence and development. They are formed during the historical development of the nation, development of its material and spiritual culture.Today, modern youth honors the values of personality that are inherent to all human generations, because every young person have to understand and care about the development of the fundamental principles that were laid in society, in family. According to, G. Sytnyk major Ukrainian national values include: state sovereignty; territorial integ-rity; the democratic foundations of development; hard work; spirituality; family; equality of peoples inhabiting Ukraine; dedication in protecting the homeland; social justice; collectivism; material and spiritual heritage of the people of Ukraine; peacefulness; tolerance; goodwill. It is the highest moral values based priorities of the Ukrainian people. That family has a great influence on socialization, teaches and uses the family tradition in shaping the moral values of the individual. One of the challenges of modern family is learning moral values, ideals, cultural traditions, ethics of relations between loved ones and providing spiritual unity of generations. Family traditions combine social traditions which they appear in family life, and specific rules and regulations adopted by each family. They act as a kind of model behavior, cultural patterns and norms of moral relations. Their existence in the family depends on the nature of relationships and the influence of cultural factors.Another important social institution that affects the socialization of the individual is culture, says N. Babenko. This is the way of human existence, the form by which all social content becomes human development. Socializing function of culture focused on the transfer and assimilation of cultural heritage. Absorbing the culture, man acquires its spiritual sense – moral ideas, attitudes, behavior and expression, aesthetic tastes. As a means of socialization, culture of controls, regulates, organizes the behavior of social interaction.However, in today's Ukrainian society there are a number of negative phenomena that complicate preservation of national cultural values. Public morality is not yet sufficiently developed, since its basis is the Soviet totalitarian val-ues that had gone into the past. The problem for youth is its self-determination, as the vast number of young people per-ceive life through a social majority. Modern young person is hard to find mutual understanding with society, adult gen-eration, so we need to find ways of voluntary subordination of his actions to the moral requirements of society.The biggest impact of all processes contradictions that occur suffers from, primarily, the family as the most important center of society. Changes occurring in our country, promote the growth of the family role in the morality formation of the younger generation.The current period of society development requires new approaches to education and future generations. A measure of social development has always been a measure of cultural and spiritual nature of human.Human socialization is a process of learning and its reproduction of cultural values, social norms, self-development and fulfillment in society. Significant attention is taken to nurturing influence of family in formation of spiritual potential of the personality. It is saying about the impact of national and cultural values which change in the formation of spiritual culture ; В статье рассмотрено влияние национально-культурных ценностей на социализацию личности и ее духовное развитие. Основное внимание уделяется проблеме воспитания ценностных ориентаций – духовных, общечеловеческих, национальных, которые значительно влияют на социализацию человека – процесс усвоения им культурных ценностей и социальних норм, саморазвитие и самореализацию в обществе. Значительное внимание уделяется воспитательному влиянию семьи в формировании духовного потенциала личности. Доказывается, что влияние национально-культурных ценностей – это изменение формирования духовной культуры личности. ; У статті розглянуто вплив національно-культурних цінностей на соціалізацію особистості та її духовний розвиток. Основну увагу приділено проблемі виховання ціннісних орієнтацій – духовних, загальнолюдських, національних, які значно впливають на соціалізацію людини – процес засвоєння та відтворення нею культурних цінностей і соціальних норм, саморозвиток і самореалізацію в суспільстві. Значна увага приділена виховному впливу сім'ї у формуванні духовного потенціалу особистості. Доводиться, що вплив національно-культурних цінностей – це зміни у формуванні духовної культури особистості.
In diesem "Methodenbericht" werden Methoden, Erhebungsverfahren, Erhebungsinstrumente und methodische Überlegungen vorgestellt, die im Zusammenhang mit einer empirischen Untersuchung entwickelt wurden, in der Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene zu ihrer Biographie und zu ihren politischen Orientierungen befragt worden sind. Zunächst werden die Fragestellungen und der theoretische Hintergrund der Studie vorgestellt sowie deren methodologisches Selbstverständnis als theorie-orientierte qualitative Forschung (Christel Hopf). Es folgen Beschreibungen und Begründungen zu den Erhebungsverfahren, zum qualitativen methodischen Ansatz, zu einzelnen Erhebungsinstrumenten und Fragestrategien, - insbesondere Leitfadeninterviews - sowie zu einigen technischen und methodischen Aspekten der Auswertung (Christiane Schmidt). Ausführlich erörtert und reflektiert werden auch die Kriterien und der Prozess der Befragtenauswahl sowie die Situation der Datenerhebung, zu der vor allem die Befragten beim Interview und die Interviewenden beim Interview betrachtet werden (Peter Rieker). Im Anhang sind u.a. die Interview-Leitfäden, Fragebögen, Absprachen zur Erhebung und Transkriptionsregeln dokumentiert. Die Untersuchung, deren Ansatz und methodisches Vorgehen hier detailliert beschrieben werden, wurde 1991-1993 am Institut für Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hildesheim durchgeführt und aus Mitteln der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert. Ergebnisse der Untersuchung wurden 1995 in dem Buch "Familie und Rechtsextremismus - familiale Sozialisation und rechtsextreme Orientierungen junger Männer" (Hopf, Christel et al.) veröffentlicht. Der Methodenbericht entstand 1993 vor Abschluss der Studie als ausführliches Methodenmanual (vervielfältigtes Manuskript).
The article, which was written based on material collected as part of a project evaluating the pilgrimage trips to Poland by Israeli adolescents as part of the Holocaust curriculum, attempted to provide the reader with the background for these trips. In this context, the authors discussed the evolving national agenda in Israel, and the transition from experiencing independence to experiencing the Holocaust. It was explained that this process began with the Eichmann trial in 1961, but became far more intense after the political upheaval in 1977, when the Labor Party, which had been in power since the 1920s, lost the election. The authors of the article stressed that in the wake of the profound social changes that took place in Israeli society, the memory of the Holocaust gained new significance among the country's national priorities. While a policy known as "the great silence" regarding the Holocaust prevailed among the first generation after statehood, the Holocaust has now become a factor that shaped the national ethos. In 1979, for the first time, the Ministry of Education commissioned two curricula dealing exclusively with the Holocaust. It was this new attitude to the sources of Israeli identity that led to the commencement of trips to Poland by adolescents in the 1980s. Since the trips began, in 1988, over 300,000 adolescents have traveled to Poland. These journeys have become a sort of rite de passage for the relevant age group (high school juniors and seniors). They can be compared to backpacking by young adults who travel abroad to "clear their heads" after completing their army service, on trips lasting anywhere from a few months to two years. The authors noted that nevertheless, only 25-30% of Israeli adolescents actually take part in these journeys. Inter alia, the article reviewed the evolving goals of the trips defined by the MOE, in accordance with the worldview of the minister in office, and noted that, in accordance with the spirit of the times, there were sometimes differences in the main nuances along the particularism-universality axis. The article further stated that apart from the terms in office of ministers Rubinstein and Aloni, the assimilation of the humanistic, moral, universal and anti-totalitarian lessons of the Holocaust during the trips was minor. The article includes a fairly extensive discussion of the dispute on this issue in Israeli discourse. The article noted that the Holocaust and its lessons can be examined from three different perspectives: The first perspective focuses on presenting the universal significance of the Holocaust and perceiving it as parallel to other cases of genocide (such as the murder of the Armenians by the Turks, the genocide in Rwanda and so on). The second perspective focuses on presenting the national significance of the Holocaust as a unique and unparalleled case of the Jewish People. The perception held by this approach is actually "the whole world is against us." The third perspective is a synthesis of these two approaches. In this article, the authors noted that the longstanding debate in Israeli society over the various methods for instilling the Holocaust and the journeys to Poland by adolescents expresses these three perspectives. The speakers and writers interviewed in the field research each represent one of these perspectives. The article contains many direct quotations from authors, teachers, academics and others, which support the points made by the authors. ; Israeli Youth Pilgrimages to Poland: Rationale and Polemics The article, which was written based on material collected as part of a project evaluating the pilgrimage trips to Poland by Israeli adolescents as part of the Holocaust curriculum, attempted to provide the reader with the background for these trips. In this context, the authors discussed the evolving national agenda in Israel, and the transition from experiencing independence to experiencing the Holocaust. It was explained that this process began with the Eichmann trial in 1961, but became far more intense after the political upheaval in 1977, when the Labor Party, which had been in power since the 1920s, lost the election. The authors of the article stressed that in the wake of the profound social changes that took place in Israeli society, the memory of the Holocaust gained new significance among the country's national priorities. While a policy known as "the great silence" regarding the Holocaust prevailed among the first generation after statehood, the Holocaust has now become a factor that shaped the national ethos. In 1979, for the first time, the Ministry of Education commissioned two curricula dealing exclusively with the Holocaust. It was this new attitude to the sources of Israeli identity that led to the commencement of trips to Poland by adolescents in the 1980s. Since the trips began, in 1988, over 300,000 adolescents have traveled to Poland. These journeys have become a sort of rite de passage for the relevant age group (high school juniors and seniors). They can be compared to backpacking by young adults who travel abroad to "clear their heads" after completing their army service, on trips lasting anywhere from a few months to two years. The authors noted that nevertheless, only 25-30% of Israeli adolescents actually take part in these journeys. Inter alia, the article reviewed the evolving goals of the trips defined by the MOE, in accordance with the worldview of the minister in office, and noted that, in accordance with the spirit of the times, there were sometimes differences in the main nuances along the particularism-universality axis. The article further stated that apart from the terms in office of ministers Rubinstein and Aloni, the assimilation of the humanistic, moral, universal and anti-totalitarian lessons of the Holocaust during the trips was minor. The article includes a fairly extensive discussion of the dispute on this issue in Israeli discourse. The article noted that the Holocaust and its lessons can be examined from three different perspectives: The first perspective focuses on presenting the universal significance of the Holocaust and perceiving it as parallel to other cases of genocide (such as the murder of the Armenians by the Turks, the genocide in Rwanda and so on). The second perspective focuses on presenting the national significance of the Holocaust as a unique and unparalleled case of the Jewish People. The perception held by this approach is actually "the whole world is against us." The third perspective is a synthesis of these two approaches. In this article, the authors noted that the longstanding debate in Israeli society over the various methods for instilling the Holocaust and the journeys to Poland by adolescents expresses these three perspectives. The speakers and writers interviewed in the field research each represent one of these perspectives. The article contains many direct quotations from authors, teachers, academics and others, which support the points made by the authors.
1. You Can Do Research! -- Your feelings about doing research -- Myths about early childhood research -- An inclusive approach towards early childhood research -- Your research project within early childhood studies -- The professionalisation of early childhood studies -- The importance of your reflective practice -- Principles of high-quality early childhood research -- The research process within early childhood studies -- Everyday research skills -- 2. Your Research Story, Methodology and Research Questions -- Reflecting upon your personal story -- Methodology -- Some research stories -- Your reflective diary -- High levels of motivation -- Professional motivations -- Focusing on your area of interest -- The overall research questions and field questions -- Getting your research questions right: breadth and depth -- Doing a pilot study -- 3. Ethical Issues in Early Childhood Research -- Legislation and the participatory rights of children -- Sociology and the participatory rights of children -- Children's participation and protection -- A reflective impact assessment of research on children -- Your emotional vulnerability -- Informed consent -- Informed consent, confidentiality and child protection -- Informed consent leaflet for children -- Socially inclusive and respectful relationships with children -- Informed consent is an ongoing process -- Negotiating access with the gatekeepers -- 'Feedback' and closure of the research -- Ethical dilemmas are hard to resolve -- Ethical checklist -- 4. Designing Your Research -- What is research design? -- Two research approaches -- Quantitative research -- Qualitative research -- Sampling within your project -- Triangulation and validity -- The quantitative and qualitative approaches: an example -- Action research -- Action research belongs to you -- Case studies -- Small-scale qualitative surveys -- Broad and deep research -- Justifying your methods -- Your research proposal -- 5. Observation: Looking and Listening -- Why do observations? -- What is observation? -- Interpretation -- Being open in your looking and listening -- Knowing the context of your research setting -- Unstructured observations -- Structured observations -- Tally counting -- Observation schedules -- Event sampling and running records -- Video observations -- Observational diagrams -- Participant observation -- 6. Creative Listening with Young Children -- Developing cultures of meaningful participation -- What is creative listening? -- The Mosaic approach -- Cameras and ethics -- Children's photographs and walking tours -- Children's drawings -- Children's interpretations of their pictures -- 7. Interviewing Children and Adults -- Types of interview -- The interview guide -- Probing -- The differences between an interview and a chat -- Focus group conversations with children -- Children as researchers -- 8. Writing and Using Questionnaires -- Three ways to administer your questionnaires -- Ethical issues and questionnaires -- Writing your questionnaire -- Types of question -- Writing a Likert scale questionnaire -- 9. Presenting and Analysing Your Findings -- Reducing your data -- Reducing and displaying your data -- Using Excel and NVivo software for analysis -- Inducing and/or deducing the themes and topic codes -- Using a wide range of data in your analysis -- 10. Writing Your Literature Review -- Why you should do a literature review -- Read widely -- Developing your own point of view -- What you should read and include in your literature review -- Using your college/university online databases -- Using the British Education Index (BEI) -- How to read a really useful article -- Synthesising the ideas -- Write, edit, re-edit and re-re-edit! -- 11. Writing up your research project -- The steps before your research project -- Your supervisor -- Your responsibilities -- Your supervision meetings -- The contents of your research project -- Title page -- Acknowledgements -- Abstract -- Table of Contents -- ch. 1 Introduction and Literature Review -- ch. 2 Methodology -- ch. 3 Findings -- ch. 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Appendices -- Be careful to avoid plagiarism -- Final preparation and proofreading
Abstract School nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAPs) are essential to the health and wellness of school children. However, most US schools do not have a full-time licensed nurse. During the COVID-19 pandemic, school nurses and UAPs have been integral in ensuring that the health needs of students were met. They have seen a marked increase in their responsibilities included implementing COVID-19 mitigation strategies, screening for symptoms, testing students and staff, conducting contact tracing and data collection, and ensuring the implementation of rapidly changing COVID-19 guidelines and protocols for schools. The objective of this study was to explore COVID-19 occupational changes and their contributions to stress among school nurses and UAPs through a content analysis of local and national media articles. A Google search of articles published between February 2020 and September 2021 was conducted using the following search terms: 'school nurse', 'COVID-19', 'health aide', 'stress', and 'experiences'. A search was also conducted in Nexis Uni. Articles were included if the topic discussed school nurses or UAPs and COVID-19. All articles that examined nurses in other settings were excluded from the review. We examined topics and themes temporally (from February 2020 to September 2021) and spatially (i.e. the frequency by US state). Overall, 496 media articles discussing school nurses and COVID-19 were included in our review. The highest volume of articles was from September 2021 (22%, 111/496). Other months with relatively high volume of articles included August 2020 (9%, 43/496), January 2021 (10%, 47/496), February 2021 (9%, 44/496), and August 2021 (8%, 39/496). These larger article volumes coincided with notable COVID-19 events, including returning to school in the fall (August 2020 and August 2021), school nurses assisting with vaccine rollouts among adults in the USA (January/February 2021), concerns regarding the delta variant (August/September 2021), and vaccine rollouts for children ages 12–15 (September 2021). The representation of articles spatially (national, state, regional, or local) was 66 (13%) articles at national level, 217 (44%) state level, 25 (5%) regional level, and 188 (38%) local news at the city and/or village level. Pennsylvania had the highest frequency of articles, but when standardized to the state population, Alaska had the highest rate of media per 100 000 people. Three major themes were identified in our analysis: (i) safety; (ii) pandemic-related fatigue/stress; and (iii) nursing shortage/budget. The most represented theme for articles before September 2021 was that of safety. Over time, the themes of pandemic-related fatigue/stress and nursing shortage/budget increased with the most notable increase being in September 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in new occupational risks, burdens, and stressors experienced by school nurses and UAPs. School nurses play a critical role in disease surveillance, disaster preparedness, wellness and chronic disease prevention interventions, immunizations, mental health screening, and chronic disease education. Furthermore, they provide a safety net for our most vulnerable children. Given that school nurses were already over-burdened and under-resourced prior to the pandemic, characterization of these new burdens and stressors will inform emergency preparedness resources for school health personnel during future pandemics or outbreaks.
O crescente consumo e dependência de drogas é preocupação mundial. No Brasil, crack é a droga ilícita mais prevalente em internamentos por dependência química, causando problemas físicos, mentais e sociais aos usuários. Este estudo avaliou o perfil de dependentes químicos de crack em tratamento hospitalar para reabilitação em Curitiba-PR. Pesquisa transversal mediante entrevista, questionário sociodemográfico e aplicação do instrumento Addiction Severity Index (ASI) versão 6 Light. Amostra composta por 97 homens, faixa etária média de 33 anos de idade, brancos (52,6%), autodeclarados solteiros (70,1%), baixa escolaridade (60,8%), consumidores regulares de crack, álcool e outras substâncias ilícitas iniciadas na adolescência (86,6%), histórico de problemas psiquiátricos, familiares e sociais, e comportamento inadequado perante a lei (78,3%). O consumo mais precoce foi de maconha, cocaína e sedativos, aos 7 anos. O consumo regular de álcool nos últimos 6 meses ocorreu em 58,8% da amostra e teve duração média de 8,7 anos. O uso de drogas esteve associado ao de álcool em uma intensidade moderadamente forte (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). O tempo de internamento foi inversamente proporcional à presença de sintomas de abstinência de drogas nos últimos 30 dias (p<0,001). Depressão e tentativa de suicídio estiveram associadas (p = 0,003). O perfil encontrado foi de adultos jovens com história de envolvimento criminal, iniciação às drogas no período infanto-juvenil, que possuíam fonte de renda e moradia. Há necessidade de investimentos no suporte familiar, na educação e em estratégias mais efetivas de prevenção de drogas e de recuperação de população carcerária e egressa.
Palavras-chave: Saúde Mental. Alcoolismo. Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias. Cocaína Crack. Pacientes Internados.
Abstract The increasing consumption of and addiction to drugs is of global concern. In Brazil, crack is the prevalent illicit drug in admissions for chemical dependence, resulting in physical, mental and social issues for its users. This study traced the profile of male crack users admitted into a rehabilitation hospital in Curitiba – PR. Cross-sectional study based on interview, socio-demographic questionnaire and Addiction Severity Index (ASI) version 6 Light instrument application. Sample composed of 97 men, average age range of 33 years old, mostly white (52,6%), single (70,1%), with low educational qualifications (60,8% did not attend secondary school), regular crack, alcohol and other illicit substances consumption initiated at youth (86,6%), history of psychiatric, family and social problems, and inadequate behavior under the law (70,3%). The earliest consumption was of marijuana, cocaine, and sedatives, at 7 years old. Regular use of alcohol over the last 6 months was found in 58,8% of crack users, during an average of 8,7 years. A moderately strong positive correlation was found between time of drug and alcohol abuse (r = 0,64; p < 0,001). Drug abstinence symptoms in the last 30 days were inversely proportional to the period of treatment at the hospital (p < 0,001). Depression and suicide attempt were statistically associated (p = 0,003). Young adults with criminal involvement, early initiation of drug use, source of income and housing prevailed. The findings indicate the importance of investing in education, family support, as well as more efficient strategies on the prevention of drugs and prisoner's recovery.
Mariana Romão,1 Ana Rita Godinho,1 Pedro M Teixeira,2 Zilda Mendes,1 Filipa Bernardo,3 António Teixeira Rodrigues,1 Jaime Correia de Sousa2,4 1Centre for Health Evaluation & Research/Infosaude – National Association of Pharmacies (CEFAR/IS-ANF), Lisbon, Portugal; 2Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; 3AstraZeneca, Queluz, Lisboa, Portugal; 4Horizonte Family Health Unit, ULS Matosinhos, Matosinhos, PortugalCorrespondence: Mariana RomãoCentre for Health Evaluation & Research/Infosaude – National Association of Pharmacies (CEFAR/IS-ANF), Rua Marechal Saldanha 1, Lisboa, 1249-069, PortugalEmail mariana.romao@anf.ptPurpose: SABA overuse might indicate poorly managed or uncontrolled asthma and be responsible for poor health outcomes. The aim of this study integrated in new fourth multi-design SABINA+ pillar was to characterize the population using short-acting β2-agonists for asthma and examine the patterns of its use among community pharmacy customers in Portugal, as well as identify characteristics associated with disease control and explore potential differences between GINA treatment steps.Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted in Portuguese community pharmacies between 29 May 2018 and 15 August 2018. Participants were adults (age ≥ 18 years) self-reporting asthma diagnosis recruited in the context of a short-acting β2-agonist dispense. A two-part questionnaire (pharmacist interview and self-administered) was used to collect information about sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, reliever inhaler use, healthcare resource consumption and self-reported disease control (assessed by the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test – CARAT®). Descriptive statistics was done to characterize the study sample. After categorizing patients according to GINA steps, based on their therapeutic regimen, we performed an exploratory subgroup analysis to evaluate if there were any differences between such groups in terms of the variables collected. A logistic regression was used to identify the potential determinants of overall disease control.Results: Around 50.8% of patients were male, and the average age was 52 years old. Half of the patients never smoked, and 51.9% were employed. More than half of the patients report inhaler overreliance – purchasing more than 1 pack in 3 months (65.0%) or using the inhaler on more than 8 days over the previous 4 weeks (50.2%). Of the total number of patients in the study, 79.1% had poorly controlled asthma symptoms, and 78.7% had overall poorly controlled respiratory symptoms. We found statistically significant differences between GINA treatment steps in all sociodemographic characteristics (sex, mean age, education level, employment status); maximum number of SABA uses in 24h, CARAT score (total an asthma sub-score); history of exacerbations requiring ED visits or treatment with OCS for at least 3 days in the previous 12 months. Logistic regression revealed that patients reporting SABA use in more than 8 days in the previous 4 weeks and patients with at least 1 exacerbation requiring treatment with OCS for at least 3 days in the previous 12 months have greater odds of poor disease control [adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.6 (1.3– 5.2) and 3.0 (1.3– 6.6)].Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be inferred that the asthma population using SABA is largely uncontrolled and uses reliever inhalers excessively.Keywords: chronic disease, short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist, overuse, exacerbations, CARAT®
