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Legal Policy is a new study and part of constitutional law (Staatrecht). Legal Policy is derived from two disciplines which are the Science of Law and the Philosophy of Law. Thus, it is not an intersection between the science of Law and Politics. Legal Policy operates on an empirically functional level using the teleological constructive method. This implies that politics is in the sense of ethics and the techniques of forming law (rechtsvorming) and law discovery (rechtsvinding). From the ontological and epistemological aspects, Legal Policy has a very strong root to be included in the science of law because its core is laws of legislation in various forms and levels. Legal Policy provides an academic basis for the process of formation and discovery which is in line with welfare, circumstances, culture, and existing values in society. Keywords: legal policy, rechtvinding, rechtsvorming, taxonomy

Chapter 1: Crafting Policy Technologies (PolicyTechs) from FinTechs, CivicTechs, GovTechs: An Introduction -- Part 1: TECHNOLOGIES AS PUBLIC POLICY TOOLS AND VENUES -- Chapter 2: State Entrepreneurship in Africa: Realising digital transformation for Policy effectiveness in selected countries -- Chapter 3: Technological Leapfrogging and Innovation: Re-Imagining Evaluation Approaches and Practice in Africa -- Chapter 4: Digital Technologies, Data Commons and Rights in Africa: The Case of DigitalTransport4Africa -- Chapter 5: Biometric turn and the quest of public interest. Assessing the National Identification policy in Cameroon -- Chapter 6: Digital Participatory Budgeting and Policymaking in Botswana -- Part 2: TECHNOLOGIES NURTURING POLICY ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PEFORMANCE -- Chapter 7: The Digital Economy and Youth Employment in Africa -- Chapter 8: Digitalisation of agricultural policy and policy performance in Tanzania -- Chapter 9: Information Technology, The Complexity of Joint Action, and Child Protection Policy implementation in Kenya -- Chapter 10: Mobilising and Securing Private Financial Flows from Digital Business Platforms and Curbing Tech Enabled IFFs to Finance SDGs in Africa -- Part 3: TECHNOLOGIES AS SPACES FOR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION -- Chapter 11: Strengthening citizen agencies in policymaking through Social media -- Chapter 12: Social media and public policymaking in Southern Africa -- Chapter 13: Technology-mediated Transparency, Accountability, and Participation in the realisation of Citizen-centred Health Interventions: Case Study of MobiSAfAIDS in Southern Africa -- Chapter 14: Digitalising Decentralisation Policy across regions in Africa -- Part 4: EMERGING CHALLENGES -- Chapter 15: Regulatory issues for the promotion of entrepreneurship in electronic money in the CEMAC sub-region -- Chapter 16: Ethical dilemmas in Public Innovations and ICT solutions during COVID-19 in Kenya.

In the last decades, 'research design' has become a strategic topic across political science. An emerging discourse relies on it to encompass paradigmatic oppositions and cultivate a pluralist approach to causation. As an introduction to the special issue on the topic, we offer an outline of the roles that the discipline recognizes to design in its relation to models and contend that, in a time of fascination for predictors, political science pluralism allows for balancing interpretability and validity of findings at once.

A challenge to Giovanni Sartori's "Where Is Political Science Going?" (2004), which asserted that US political science was headed nowhere, describes three programs that demonstrate the disciplines continued intellectual vitality: John Rawls's individualist theory of justice; the median voter theorem; & Stein Rokkan's historical & comparative project on the development of modern democracy. These research programs are seen to combine the normative, analytic, & empirical domains in a fruitful manner. Further, scholars involved in these programs belie the notion that political science is solely an American endeavor. J. Zendejas

This book provides a complete overview of the American Founders' political theory, covering natural rights, natural law, state of nature, social compact, consent, and the policy implications of these ideas. The book is intended as a response to the current scholarly consensus, which holds that the Founders' political thought is best understood as an amalgam of liberalism, republicanism, and perhaps other traditions. West argues that, on the contrary, the foundational documents overwhelmingly point to natural rights as the lens through which all politics is understood. The book explores in depth how the Founders' supposedly republican policies on citizen character formation do not contradict but instead complement their liberal policies on property and economics. Additionally, the book shows how the Founders' embraced other traditions in their politics, such as common law and Protestantism. --

Abstract
Making represents an important practice in political science research, but the relative unfamiliarity of "making" within the discipline often pushes discussion of it to the margins. This article helps theorize the value of making in political science and questions the idea that moves away from writerly research modes undermine or otherwise erode standards of scholarship. It argues that making processes generate unique opportunities for intellectual discovery; for data collection; for analytic practices of reflexivity, associative thinking, and the adaptation of multiple positionalities; and finally, for argumentation. As such, it suggests that boundary-pushing research that incorporates hands-on praxis to make aesthetic products may in fact augment systematicity and rigor according to established disciplinary norms.

The article examines prostitution in Bulgaria, which has become a widespread ‎phenomenon in the post-socialist period when the number of sex workers increases and the places where sex services are offered proliferate. At the same ‎time, the policies towards prostitution remain archaic and inadequate to the ‎new circumstances. ‎The text draws on an empirical base, mixing qualitative and quantitative ‎research conducted in the period 2008-2022. Results of two nationally representative surveys of public opinion on the subject are analyzed. Additionally, ‎reviews of court cases, other documents and Internet forums of clients using ‎paid sex services are discussed. Results from monitoring of specialized police ‎operations related to prostitution are presented.‎ The first part of the text presents the historical development of prostitution ‎in Bulgaria – before socialism and during the communist regime. The second ‎part focuses on the rise of prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria – development of the sex market is traced; main layers of prostitution and social mobility patterns are analyzed; the role of the third party is discussed. The third part ‎examines the current policies regarding prostitution in Bulgaria. In the concluding section, the article discusses the potential for developing new policies ‎on prostitution in post-socialist Bulgaria.

Standard economic theory provides clear guidance on the design of cost-efficient policy in the presence of imperfect markets and externalities. However, observed policies reveal extensive discrepancies between principles and practise. Based on interviews with core politicians from the Norwegian parliament, we investigate causes for the lack of cost efficiency in climate and energy policy. We find that politicians agree with the notion of cost efficiency in principle, but rather than ascribing efficient instruments directed at specific policy goals, they include concerns for industrial and regional development, income distribution and employment in the environmental policy design. Lacking insight in the functioning of economic instruments and perceptions of a non-binding budget constraint also violate the requirements for efficient policy decisions. The findings point to the role of economists and social scientists to communicate the functioning of complex instruments. Improved compensation procedures could help reduce the politicians' incentives to undermine efficiency in order to avoid unwanted distributional effects.