Suchergebnisse

Im Zuge der jüngsten Entwicklungen auf dem Balkan und in ganz Europa werden auf Griechenland in den nächsten Jahren einige Aufgaben und Probleme zukommen. Der Autor ist der Meinung, daß Griechenland seine isolierte Situation auf dem Balkan durch "nationalistischen Eifer" (S. 251) z.T. selbst verursacht hat. (SOI-Zrn)

[spa] La actual organización geopolítica y económica ha configurado una situación laboral y social que implica una serie de riesgos para los trabajadores (Sennett, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2011) derivados de un contexto global, de la presión e inestabilidad laboral y de las exigencias de la tarea, a los que la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) ha clasificado como riesgo psicosocial. Simultáneamente, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha manifestado que las nuevas enfermedades profesionales, entre las que destacan el estrés, la depresión y la ansiedad, son la epidemia del siglo XXI. De todo ello, cabe destacar que el creciente interés por la salud laboral y el "bienestar psicológico" ha propiciado un gran avance en la investigación de estos trastornos, concienciando a los trabajadores y a las organizaciones de la necesidad de poner en marcha programas de prevención, evaluación, formación, información e intervención para mejorar la calidad de vida tanto a nivel personal, como a nivel laboral y social. Por otra parte, el actual contexto global y el auge de las nuevas tecnologías, han puesto de manifiesto la aparición de riesgos emergentes que representan una amenaza para la seguridad de las personas, de sus bienes y del medio ambiente donde se mueven y, que debido a su complejidad, son difusos y difíciles de controlar. Tal es así, que lo que acontece fuera de la propia comunidad puede trascender o afectar de forma directa o indirecta al entorno próximo, como sucede en grandes catástrofes y atentados terroristas, entre otros. Ello ha obligado a las diferentes comunidades, tanto en el orden nacional como internacional, a reorganizarse y analizar nuevas estrategias para hacer frente a este tipo de amenazas. Seguridad y defensa son términos complementarios que analizaremos en el presente estudio, así como la estructura necesaria para el desarrollo de las tareas de seguridad en el marco de las emergencias. Dentro de esta estructura, los cuerpos y fuerzas de seguridad del Estado, a nivel gubernamental y también algunas organizaciones no gubernamentales, constituyen el sector de profesionales y voluntarios implicados en la resolución de situaciones consideradas de riesgo o emergencia para la población. Cuando todavía son pocos los estudios en el área de emergencias, consideramos que la importancia de este trabajo radica en aportar una visión práctica de la intervención en emergencias. En la revisión teórica, inicialmente, se abordarán algunas variables conductuales del personal de emergencias y su relación con las variables psicosociales, motivacionales y organizacionales, centrando el foco de atención en las respuestas de mayor riesgo, la ansiedad y el estrés, consideradas conductas de riesgo psicosocial. Ello implica a su vez, el análisis del medio donde se desarrollan estas conductas con el fin de canalizar este tipo de conflictos dentro de un contexto global. En esta línea, la clínica y la intervención estratégica en emergencias se centra, en primer lugar, en mantener el equilibrio entre los recursos y necesidades de las personas y en el análisis de las demandas y oportunidades del medio, dando lugar a nuevos modelos para afrontar situaciones de riesgo, tanto a nivel individual como a nivel comunitario. En cuanto a las variables conductuales, partiendo de los trabajos pioneros de Selye (1936, 1960,1974) respecto a la respuesta fisiológica del estrés, se ha revisado el modelo de Lazarus y Folkman (1986), el cual considera el estrés como un proceso de afrontamiento (adaptativo o no adaptativo, eficaz o ineficaz) que no siempre guarda relación con los resultados, ya que éstos dependen en gran medida del contexto. Más adelante, Carver y Scheier (1994) presentaron dos tipos de afrontamiento, definiendo el afrontamiento situacional en función de los cambios del entorno y, el afrontamiento disposicional en base a dos componentes, denominados estilos de afrontamiento y estrategias de afrontamiento. Finalmente, los trabajos de Lazarus y los trabajos de Moos sobre el afrontamiento han sido el eje principal de este estudio por su visión integral de la persona y el contexto en el marco de las emergencias. Respecto a las variables motivacionales, los trabajos pioneros de McClelland, Atkinson, Clark y Lowell (1953) publicados en su obra "La motivación de logro" (The Achievement Motive), fueron un avance sobre las teorías cognitivas y sociales. De igual forma, los trabajos de R.H. Moos (2005) destacan el papel de la atmósfera social en la satisfacción de las personas, identificando los principales factores del clima laboral en el desarrollo organizacional, en la salud laboral y en la productividad. En la actualidad, se consideran "organizaciones inteligentes" aquellas que disponen de un sistema abierto en el que sus miembros, además de relacionarse, pueden desarrollar su capacidad creativa y de aprendizaje (Senge, 1992, 1995, 2014). Finalmente, sin entrar en valoraciones o criterios personales, nos ha parecido importante mostrar algunos modelos de afrontamiento, tanto a nivel personal como a nivel comunitario, desde el enfoque de la psicología positiva, tales como el pensamiento sistémico, la resiliencia y el crecimiento postraumático, entre los que destacan autores como Siegrist (1996), Grotberg (1998, 2001), Folkman y Moskowitz (2000), Calhoun y Tedeschi (2001), Seligman (2003), Zuckerfeld y Zonis (2006), Cyrulnik (2007), Leka y Cox (2010) y Wollin (2010), entre otros, y también cabe mencionar la propuesta de la UNESCO respecto a la educación en emergencias, como principal estrategia de afrontamiento. La segunda parte del estudio se centra en el análisis y tratamiento estadístico de las respuestas de afrontamiento del personal de emergencias. Para ello hemos revisado algunos instrumentos de medida elaborados por diferentes autores tales como la Escala de Modos de Afrontamiento de Folkman y Lazarus (1980), el Inventario COPE de Carver, Scheier y Weintraub (1989), el CSI de Tobin, Holroyd y Reynolds (1984,1989) y el CRI-A de R.H. Moos (1993), entre otros. En este contexto, los objetivos que se plantean en el presente estudio pretenden validar una serie de hipótesis capaces de aportar un enfoque eminentemente práctico respecto al perfil del profesional de emergencias y a las estrategias más utilizadas por los intervinientes, con objeto de presentar o validar un instrumento ágil y eficaz que nos permita establecer cuáles son las estrategias de afrontamiento más adecuadas en los procesos de selección y formación e intervención del personal de emergencias. Resumiendo, nuestro esfuerzo va dirigido a proporcionar una visión integral del profesional de emergencias en relación al contexto donde se desarrolla la tarea, poniendo el foco de atención en los estresores laborales que afectan la salud y el bienestar psicológico, personal, familiar, laboral y social y, como éstos pueden ser manejados de forma más eficaz por el propio interviniente y por la organización. ; [eng] The actual geopolitical and economic structure has given place to a social and occupational situation which involves new risks for workers (Sennett, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2011), deriving from the global context, of inestability and persistent pressoure in employment and the demands of the job, which the International Labour Organisation (ILO) has classified as a psychosocial risk. At the same time, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that the new professional diseases, amongst which they attach great importance to stress, depression and anxiety, are the epidemic of the 21st century. Above all, we must underline that the growing interest in occupational and "psychological well being" has propitiated a great advance in the investigation into these disorders, making workers and also institutions aware of the need to implement programmes for prevention, evaluation, formation, information and intervention in the hope of improving the standart of life as much on a personal, as on occupational and social level. On the other hand, the current global context of events and the increase in new technologies, have made it evident that the consequent new risks represent a threat to personal safety, to personal property and the environment in which we move and, due to their complexity, they are disordered and difficult to control. And this means, that what may occur outside of our own community can extend or can cause an affect in a direct or indirect way on our immediate surroundings, such being the case during large scale disasters or terrorist attacks, amongst other matters. This fact has made many different communities, as much on a national level as on international level, reorganise and analyse new tactics to be able to face up to this kind of treats which we will see throughout this study. Security and defense are complementary terms that we will analyse in this study, as well as the essential framework necessary for the development of safety duties within emergency settings. Within this structure the nation´s security forces, on a governmental level and also some non-governmental organizations, make up the sector of professionals and volunteers involved in the resolution of situations considered to be of a high risk, a threat, or an emergency for the population. While there are still few investigations in the emergency field, we consider that the importance of this study lies in providing a practical view of interventions in emergencies. In the theoretical revisión, we will initially broach some of the behavioural variables of the emergency personal and their relation to psychosocial, motivational and organizational variables, focusing our attention on the reponses of greater risk, anxiety and stress, that are considered to be conducts of high psychosocial risk. This involves at the same time, an analysis of the environment where these conducts develop with the aim of canalizing this type of conflicts within a global context. On these lines, the current clinical and strategic intervention in case of emergency centre, in the first place, on maintaining a balance between the resources on hand, and the needs of the people and on the analysis of the demands and opportunities of the environment, giving rise to new ways of confronting hazardous situations as much as on, an individual level as on a communitarian scale. As for the behavioural variables, starting with the pioneering works of Selye (1936, 1960, 1974) in relation to the physiological reponse to stress, we have reviewed Lazarus` model (1986) which considers stress to be a coping process (adaptive or not adaptive, effective or not effective), that does not always bear any relation to the results, as these depend in greater part on the context. At a later date, Carver and Scheier (1994) presented two kinds of confrontation, defining situational coping as relating to the changes in our surroundings and, dispositional coping as based on two components designated as manners of coping and coping strategies. And finally, Lazarus` studies and Moo`s Works on coping have been the main crux of this investigation because of his integral visión of the person and its context within an emergency framework. With regard to motivational variables, the pioneering works of McClelland, Atkinson, Clark and Lowell (1953), in this field with their studies published as "The Achievement Motive", maked an advance in cognitive and social sciencies. In the same way, R.H. Moos (2005), underlines the role of a social atmosphere for personal satisfaction, identifying the principle factors of the working atmosphere as organizational development, in occupational health and in productivity. Nowadays we regard as "intelligent organizations" the institutions that provide an open system in which their members as well as mixing socially can develop their creative and learning abilities (Senge, 1992, 1995, 2014). Finally, without entering into personal evaluation or personal judgement, we have thougtht it important to offer some patterns of coping, as much at a personal level as at a communitarian level, from the point of view of positive psychology, such as systemic thinking, resilience and post-traumatic growth , with works by noteworthy authors such as Siegrist (1996), Grotberg (1998, 2001), Folkman and Moskowith (2000), Calhoun and Tedeschi (2001), Seligman (2003), Zuckerfeld and Zonis (2006), Cyrulnik (2007), Leka and Cox (2010), and Wollin (2010), amongst others, and also the UNESCO´S proposal with regard to education for emergencies, as the main coping strategy. The second part of this work centres on the analysis and statistics treatment of coping responses used by a representative simple of emergency staff. For this matter we have review a several scales of measurement worked by different authors, for example Folkman and Lazaru´s "Scale of Coping Modes" (1980), Carver, Scheier and Weintraub´s COPE Inventary (1989), CSI by Tobin, Holroyd and Reynolds (1984,1989) and R.H. Moos CRIA (1993), amongst others. In this context, the objetives set out in the present study are those which seek to validate a series of hypotheses capable of forming a highly practical point of view with regard to the profile of the emergency personnel and the strategies most used by the professionals who intervene in emergencies, whit the purpose of presenting or validating an effective and flexible instrument that will let us establish the most appropiate confrontational strategies for the procedures of selection, formation and intervention of emergency personnel. Summing, our main endeavour is directed at proportioning an overall view of the professionals who deal with emergencies in relation to the context in which their task evolves, focusing our attention on the factors of occupational stress that affect their health and their psychological well-being, on a personal and social level, at work and within the family and, how these factors can be dealt with in the most efficacious manner by the person intervening and by the organization.

This Mid-year Report covers the period of January to June 2020, detailing the progress made by Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) and the related trust funds, namely: the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF), the Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF), the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) Trust Fund, and the ASEAN Australia Smart Cities Trust Fund (AASCTF). The year 2020 was foreseen to be a momentous year that will come for UFPF with the planned next phase for UCCRTF in 2021 and CDIA into its new phases of operation, and the jumpstart of activities to be supported by AASCTF. However, the year 2020 was met with a new challenge: the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which also led to ADB realigning its operations to help support response actions to address the immediate impacts of the pandemic to its developing member countries (DMCs).

The Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF or the Facility) will soon mark its 10-year anniversary. Established in November 2009, the UFPF continues its goal of raising and utilizing development partner funds to support urban infrastructure projects and technical assistance work that prioritizes the environment, climate change resilience, and the urban poor. It has become an instrumental component of the urban development operations of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), complementing its Urban Sector Strategy—approved in 1999—and the 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP), which reflects the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. In 2018, with the launch of the new long-term ADB corporate strategy, Strategy 2030, the UFPF has begun to align its investments and build on the thrust of the Strategy to achieve a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, as well as its seven key operational priorities, one of which is "making cities more livable". In this operational priority, ADB will pursue crosscutting projects that promote urban health, multimodal low-carbon public transport, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, and environmental sustainability. It also includes conducting inclusive and participatory urban planning processes, and exploring new sources of funding and expanding existing ones.

Strategy 2030 of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) identified "making cities more livable" as one of its seven operational priorities. This operational plan sets out the direction and approach for ADB to help its developing member countries (DMCs) build livable cities that are green, competitive, inclusive, and resilient. It also details ADB's strategic operational priorities to provide support to cities in DMCs to help them develop the right institutions, policies, and enabling environments to become more livable.

The Asian Development Bank's (ADB) support to urban development in the Asia-Pacific Region is based on its Urban Sector Strategy approved in 1999 and later the approval of 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP) to address the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. The launch of its Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) in 2009 has helped support innovative solutions in the urban space. Support from the UFPF largely addresses work in ADB's urban development and water divisions, which together constitute the Urban Sector Group (USG). The USG's Secretariat is responsible for managing the UFPF in addition to other trust funds and knowledge activities. Leading through to 2030, the USG will support the strategic targets of ADB's proposed Strategy 2030, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily on Goal 11: Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, and other goals associated with urban development. This includes scaling up previous activities with potential for supporting competitive, green, and inclusive growth, and leveraging climate financing.

This mid-year report covers the period January to June 2017. It describes the activities undertaken by Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) and the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF) in the first half of the year, and a brief overview of the activities under the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) program as it transitions into a trust fund under UFPF. The Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) has been instrumental in seeing through the completion of three initiatives in various states and cities in India. The funding extended under direct charge financing translated into the provision of technical support and capacity building activities aimed at assisting states carry out India's national flagship urban programs. Areas covered include solid waste management, water supply, and wastewater, among others. On the implementation of investment grants, substantial gains have been achieved in terms of the completion of project activities. Although there were some delays experienced, overall implementation progress remains to be on the positive side.

The Asian Development Bank's (ADB) support to urban development in the Asia-Pacific Region is based on its Urban Sector Strategy approved in 1999 and later the approval of 2012–2020 Urban Operational Plan (UOP) to address the vision of ADB's Strategy 2020. The launch of its Urban Financing Partnership Facility (UFPF) in 2009 has helped support innovative solutions in the urban space. Support from the UFPF largely addresses work in ADB's urban development and water divisions, which together constitute the Urban Sector Group (USG). The USG's Secretariat is responsible for managing the UFPF in addition to other trust funds and knowledge activities. Leading through to 2030, the USG will support the strategic targets of ADB's proposed Strategy 2030, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily on Goal 11: Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, and other goals associated with urban development. This includes scaling up previous activities with potential for supporting competitive, green, and inclusive growth, and leveraging climate financing.

This mid-year report covers the period January to June 2016. It describes the activities undertaken by Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) and the Urban Climate Change Resilience Trust Fund (UCCRTF) in the first half of the year, and a brief overview of the activities under the Cities Development Initiative for Asia (CDIA) program as it transitions into a trust fund under UFPF. The Urban Environmental Infrastructure Fund (UEIF) has been instrumental in seeing through the completion of three initiatives in various states and cities in India. The funding extended under direct charge financing translated into the provision of technical support and capacity building activities aimed at assisting states carry out India's national flagship urban programs. Areas covered include solid waste management, water supply, and wastewater, among others. On the implementation of investment grants, substantial gains have been achieved in terms of the completion of project activities. Although there were some delays experienced, overall implementation progress remains to be on the positive side.

This document provides guidance for urban planners on how to use land use management-related tools they have at their disposal—land use planning, development control instruments, greenfield development, and urban redevelopment—to reduce disaster risk and contribute to strengthening urban resilience and sustainable urban development. The guidance provided in the document is further illustrated through case studies showing examples where urban land use management-related tools have been adopted to reduce disaster risk. It is hoped that this document will support urban planners as a professional group to step up and embrace disaster risk reduction.

About 25% of worldwide CO2 emissions are attributed to transport. Although India has the lowest rate of energy consumption per tonne-km for goods transported by rail, growths in population, GDP and electrification plans by the Indian Railways, will raise the figure. 71% of electricity is generated using coal currently, and hence increasing electrification of the railways will also add to the emissions due to Railways. It is envisaged that 80% of rail freight and 60% of passenger traffic will run on electric energy by 2031-32. The Indian Railways have already considered the importance of increasing the share of low-carbon renewable energy sources such as solar and wind in the total energy mix. The internal target is installing 1,000 MW of solar power and 150 MW of wind power by 2020; the Railways are even considering a long-term target of 10,000 MW of renewable energy by 2030. This study is in three phases. In the first, the feasibility of complete decarbonization is examined and attractive pathways under different scenarios examined for achieving this goal. This will be done by, 1) Estimating passenger and freight demand up to 2030-31 and identifying the potential gap in passenger and freight demand-supply, 2) Conversion of passenger and freight demand into energy demand. The CO2 emissions attributed to Indian Railways is also calculated. This report estimates the growth in passenger and freight demand in 2030-31, in three scenarios of GDP growth: optimistic, realistic and pessimistic. A four-step calculation was used to estimate energy required for passenger and freight transport. This involved estimation of in-vehicle electricity consumption, electricity energy consumed for hauling and electrical energy consumed in the hauling of non-suburban and suburban passenger transport. Estimation of future electrical traction in rail passenger and freight transport also included expected use of electric traction in hauling non-suburban passenger and freight transport. Based on these calculations, the electricity requirement of the Indian Railways has been projected till 2030-31: the first step in implementing the decarbonization process.