Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Lakkipur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 342 ha in Gundlupet taluk of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 268 mm during the north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 89 per cent is covered by soils, 26 per cent by forest and 3 per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 21 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 27 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 71 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 27 per cent of soils are shallow (25-50 cm), 26 per cent are moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 2 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm), 4 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) and 30 per cent are very deep (>150 cm).  About 29 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 60 per cent area loamy soil.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils and 38 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) soils.  About 27 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  An area of about 59 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, 12 per cent is gently sloping (3-5% slope), 9 per cent is moderately sloping (5-10%) and 9 per cent is strongly sloping (10-15% slope).  An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 56 per cent soils are moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 14 per cent is strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), 16 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 23 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent has soils that are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and an area of about 3 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 17 per cent of soil are low (23 kg/ha), 36 per cent of the soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 37 per cent are high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 29 per cent are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 60 per cent are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low in available sulphur and 87 per cent are medium (10-20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1.0 kg/ha).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Highly suitable(S1 ) Moderately suitable(S2 ) Sorghum 103 (30) 56 (16) Sapota 46 (13) 20 (6) Maize 53 (15) 48 (14) Guava 60 (18) - Redgram 53 (15) 74 (22) Banana 33 (10) 78 (23) Horsegra m 53 (15) 115 (34) Jackfruit 46 (13) 14 (4) Field bean 33 (10) 126 (37) Jamun 46 (13) 14 (4) Groundnut 20 (6) 81 (24) Musambi 103 (30) 14 (4) Sunflower 25 (7) 86 (25) Lime 103 (30) 14 (4) Cotton 83 (24) 68 (20) Cashew 46 (13) - Onion 33 (10) 126 (37) Custard apple 118 (34) 145 (42) Potato 33 (10) 69 (20) Amla 118 (34) 153 (45) French Beans 33 (10) 126 (37) Tamarind 46 (13) 14 (4) Beetroot 33 (10) 68 (20) Marigold 53 (15) 106 (31) Turmeric 33 (10) 68 (20) Chrysanthemu m 33 (10) 126 (37) Mango 46 (13) 14 (4) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11044' – 11045' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 342 ha, bounded by Channamallipur, Maddinahalli and Lakkipur villages with a length of growing period LGP of 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed (Gopalapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 47.1 to 52.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50.0 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 44.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC)/scheduled tribes (ST) were around 20.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 80.0 per cent.  About 40.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of having all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 8.8 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 47.2 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land account for 67.7 % and irrigated land 32.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 6.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 87.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 11970 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 30383 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers own plough and sprayer (10 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.19625 per household; about 50 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 690.8 grams (1494.1 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.54221 per household. Thirty per cent of sample households on above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1269. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1078 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.328649 per year for the total area of 342.0 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 50726/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in turmeric (Rs.132852) followed by cotton (Rs. 124561), garlic (Rs. 101751), onion (Rs. 63229), maize (Rs. 36649), cowpea (Rs. 35235), sunflower (Rs. 31093), horse gram (Rs. 18747), ragi (Rs. 14441), marigold (Rs.3179) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2286/ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs.3952) followed by maize (Rs. 2653), cowpea (Rs.2506), ragi (Rs.1300) and horse gram (Rs. 1300).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs. 3 274528) followed by turmeric (Rs. 54978), maize (Rs. 54775), sunflower (Rs. 49884), horse gram (Rs. 31878), groundnut (Rs. 27486), onion (Rs. 16796), garlic (Rs. 15587), ragi (Rs. 13238) and cowpea (Rs. 12042). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (27.5 %) followed by maize (27.5 %), horse gram (18.0 %), cowpea (8.4%), groundnut (8.4 %), onion (8.4 %), sunflower (8.4 %), turmeric (5.5 %), ragi (4.8 %), garlic (4.7 %), marigold (4.7 %) and cotton (1.2 %).  In Lakkipur 1 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Kallipura (KLP) series is having deep soil depth cover around 4.2% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing garlic. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) are also having very deep soil depth cover 6.0 % of area, the crops are cotton (7.4 %), maize (7.4 %), onion (51.0 %) and turmeric (34.2 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 17.2 % of areas, crops are maize. Hullipura (HPR) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 12.1 % of area, crops are cowpea (18.2 %), horse gram (31.8 %), maize (18.2 %) and sunflower (31.8 %). Magoonahalli (MGH) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 11.9 % of area; the major crops grown are cowpea (37.9 %), groundnut (18.9 %) and horse gram (21.6 %). Shivapura (SPR) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 14.7 % of area, the major crop grown is maize (64.1%) and marigold (35.9 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.78831/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 27873/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.61).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs 27542/ha in MGH soil (with of 1.51) and Rs. 14192/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 2.65).  In cowpea the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 33083/ha in HPR soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs. 11497/ha in MGH soil (with BCR of 4.3).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in MLR soil is Rs.202501/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  In onion the cost of cultivation in HGH soil is Rs 60271/ha (with BCR of 2.05).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in HPR soil is Rs 28187/ha (with BCR of 2.1).  In ragi the cost of cultivation in MGH soil is Rs 29976/ha (with BCR of 1.53).  In garlic the cultivation in KLP soil is Rs.57035/ha (with BCR of 2.78) and turmeric cultivation in HGH soil is Rs.115992/ha (with BCR of 2.15).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 4 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (42.9 to76 %), cowpea (0 to 53.7%), cotton (26.5 %), ragi (90 %), garlic (71.1%) and turmeric (36.7%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kanekal-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 84 per cent has non-gravelly and 15 per cent are gravelly.  About 6 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 21 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 11 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (18) 259 (47) Sapota 35 (6) 185 (34) Maize 97 (18) 228 (42) Guava 35 (6) 185 (34) Red gram - 251(46) Pomegranate 35 (6) 216 (39) Bajra - 251(46) Jackfruit 31 (6) 168 (31) Ground nut 35 (6) 307 (56) Jamun 31 (6) 95 (17) Sunflower - 234 (43) Musambi 35 (6) 216 (39) Cotton 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 35 (6) 216 (39) Bengalgram 31 (6) 325 (59) Cashew 35 (6) 121 (22) Chilli - 373 (68) Custard apple 132 (24) 224 (41) Tomato 97 (18) 245 (45) Amla 132 (24) 224 (41) Drumstick 35 (6) 216 (39) Tamarind 35 (6) 95 (17) Mulberry 35 (6) 168 (31) Marigold - 373 (68) Mango 35 (6) 47 (9) Chrysanthemum - 373 (68) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the seven identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.22 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Samabara, Kanikal and Balacheda villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 39.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 13.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 39.1per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (26.1 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 17.4 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 39.2 per cent of were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 12.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to large farmers. The dry land account for 91.8 % and irrigated land 5.8 % of total cultivated land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 91.3 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.31009 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.72963 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.20721 per livestock; about 77.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 891.9 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.9 per cent of sample farmers are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 40315 per household. About 8.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 2333.9 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1768.9 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.956979 per year for the total area of 547.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around (Rs 9011/ ha/year). Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 8287) followed by sorghum (Rs. 7408), redgram (Rs.6098), cotton (Rs. 5411), maize (Rs. 2465), green gram (Rs. 2258) and groundnut (Rs.1307).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around (Rs 2961/ ha/year). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4482) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2964), groundnut (Rs.2477) and paddy (Rs.1919).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum green gram (Rs.70127) followed by sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.52576), cotton (Rs.42847), maize (Rs.32384) groundnut (Rs.29424), and onion (Rs.10078). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (50.6%) followed by groundnut (15.5 %), cotton (7.9 %), maize (6.5 %), paddy (9.3 %), green gram (4.6 %), onion (1.8 %) and sorghum (3.7%).  In Kanikal 3 micro watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 13.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (15.4%), maize (46.2 %), groundnut (23.1%) and red gram (15.4 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 12.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (40.7 %), cotton (7.4 %), groundnut (29.6 %), paddy (14.8 %) and green gram (7.4 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 0.6 % of area. Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 8.9% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing. Cotton (10.9 %), groundnut (14.5 %), paddy (7.2 %) and red gram (60.2 %), Pogalapur (PGP) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (25.9%) and red gram (22.2 %), groundnut (29.6 %). Yadgir (YDR) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (28.6%) paddy (21.4%) and red gram (50.0 %). Bhimanahalli (BMN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (70.0%) and sorghum (30.0 %) on Belagundi (BGD) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 0.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (42.9), paddy (28.6%) and red gram (28.6%). Balichakra (BCL) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, Bomraldoddi (BMD) series are having Very deep soil deep cover around 6.3 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Gundedagi (GDG) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Vanakanahalli (VNK) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (25.0 %) and redgram (75.0 %). Duppali (DPL) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (4.8%), onion (4.8 %), paddy (4.8%) and red gram (85.7%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.75191/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.25460ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 52541/ha in SBR soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.24517/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.34). 4  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46066/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 22949/ha in GDG and BMD soil (with BCR of 1.0).  In maize cost of cultivation range between is Rs.53030/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.20504 in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In red gram cost of cultivation range between is Rs 52680/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 9514/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.3).  In paddy cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.53387/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and PGP soil in Rs.30141/ha (with BCR of 1.29) and onion cultivation in DPL soil is Rs 62108/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (34.8 to 72.8%), cotton (32.5to 66.3 %), red gram (2.4 to 79.8 %), groundnut (0 to 7.4 %), paddy (12 to 67.8%) and green gram (0 to 6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Objective To identify the genetic determinants of fracture risk and assess the role of 15 clinical risk factors on osteoporotic fracture risk. DESIGN Meta-analysis of genome wide association studies (GWAS) and a two-sample mendelian randomisation approach. Setting 25 cohorts from Europe, United States, east Asia, and Australia with genome wide genotyping and fracture data. Participants A discovery set of 37 857 fracture cases and 227 116 controls; with replication in up to 147 200 fracture cases and 150 085 controls. Fracture cases were defined as individuals (>18 years old) who had fractures at any skeletal site confirmed by medical, radiological, or questionnaire reports. Instrumental variable analyses were performed to estimate effects of 15 selected clinical risk factors for fracture in a twosample mendelian randomisation framework, using the largest previously published GWAS meta-analysis of each risk factor. Results Of 15 fracture associated loci identified, all were also associated with bone mineral density and mapped to genes clustering in pathways known to be critical to bone biology (eg, SOST, WNT16, and ESR1) or novel pathways (FAM210A, GRB10, and ETS2). Mendelian randomisation analyses showed a clear effect of bone mineral density on fracture risk. One standard deviation decrease in genetically determined bone mineral density of the femoral neck was associated with a 55% increase in fracture risk (odds ratio 1.55 (95% confidence interval 1.48 to 1.63; P=1.5×10?68). Hand grip strength was inversely associated with fracture risk, but this result was not significant after multiple testing correction. The remaining clinical risk factors (including vitamin D levels) showed no evidence for an effect on fracture. Con clusions This large scale GWAS meta-analysis for fracture identified 15 genetic determinants of fracture, all of which also influenced bone mineral density. Among the clinical risk factors for fracture assessed, only bone mineral density showed a major causal effect on fracture. Genetic predisposition to lower levels of vitamin D and estimated calcium intake from dairy sources were not associated with fracture risk. ; Funding: This research and the Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis (GEFOS) consortium have been funded by the European Commission (HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS). AGES: NIH contract N01- AG-12100 and NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). Icelandic Heart Association. Anglo-Australasian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium (AOGC): National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (grant reference 511132). Australian Cancer Research Foundation and Rebecca Cooper Foundation (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Career Development Award (569807). Medical Research Council New Investigator Award (MRC G0800582). Health Research Council of New Zealand. Sanofi-Aventis, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals and Roche. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, MBF Living Well foundation, the Ernst Heine Family Foundation and from untied educational grants from Amgen, Eli Lilly International, GE-Lunar, Merck Australia, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis Australia and Servier. Medical Research Council UK and Arthritis Research UK. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the Geelong Region Medical Research Foundation, and the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (project grant 628582). Action Research UK. DME is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT130101709). This work was supported by a Medical Research Council programme grant (MC_UU_12013/4). B-Vitamins for the PRevention Of Osteoporotic Fractures (BPROOF) study: supported and funded so far by The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant 6130.0031), The Hague; unrestricted grant from NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing (NCHA) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003), The Hague; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VUmc, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS): National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, and R01HL130114 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Ageing (NIA). Genotyping supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center (DRC) grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. deCODE Genetics. EPIC-Norfolk: Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, MAFF AN0523, EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865, The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Estonian Genome Center University of Tartu (EGCUT): This study was supported by EU H2020 grants 692145, 676550, 654248, Estonian Research Council Grant IUT20-60, NIASC and EIT—Health and EU through the European Regional Development Fund (project No 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012 GENTRANSMED). Erasmus Rucphen Family Study (ERF): Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB1 and CMSB2) of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI). Framingham Osteoporosis Study (FOS): National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and National Institute on Ageing (R01 AR41398; DPK and R01 AR 050066; DK National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix for genotyping services (N02-HL-6-4278). The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinan Study (GOOD): Swedish Research Council (K2010-54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832 and K2010-52X-20229-05-3), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk Foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Health Aging and Body Composition Study (HealthABC): the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Health (NIH), National Institute on Ageing. US National Institute of Ageing (NIA) contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. NIA grant 1R01AG032098. The Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). National Institutes of Health contract number HHSN268200782096C. Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study (HKOS): Hong Kong Research Grant Council (HKU 768610M); Bone Health Fund of HKU Foundation; KC Wong Education Foundation; Small Project Funding (201007176237); Matching Grant, Committee on research and conference (CRCG) Grant and Osteoporosis and Endocrine Research Fund; and the Genomics Strategic Research Theme of the University of Hong Kong. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institute on Ageing (NIA), National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), and National Institute of Health (NIH) Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AR45580, U01 AR45614, U01 AR45632, U01 AR45647, U01 AR45654, U01 AR45583, U01 AG18197, U01-AG027810, and UL1 RR024140. Prospective study of pravastatin in the elderly at risk (PROSPER): European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No HEALTH-F2-2009-223004 PHASE. Rotterdam study I, Rotterdam study II, Rotterdam study III: Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) Investments (No 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012); Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2); Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (050-060-810); German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015 G. the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development ZonMw VIDI 016.136.367 (funding FR, CM-G, KT). Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF): supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The National Institute on Ageing (NIA) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, R01 AG027576, and R01 AG026720. TwinsUK1, TwinsUK2: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (grant to Guys' and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London); Chronic Disease Research Foundation; Wellcome Trust; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Fonds de la Recherche en Santé Québec, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, and Ministère du Développement économique, de l'Innovation et de l'Exportation du Quebec. UK Biobank: This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application No 12703). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by a University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959). Access to the UK Biobank study data was funded by University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Grant (2014002959) and University of Western Australia-University of Queensland Bilateral Research Collaboration Award (2014001711). NMW is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship (APP1104818). Women's Genome Health Study (WGHS): HL 043851 and HL69757 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and CA 047988 from the National Cancer Institute, the Donald W Reynolds Foundation, and the Fondation Leducq Amgen. Women's Health Initiative (WHI) program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US. Department of Health and Human Services through contracts N01WH22110, 24152, 32100-2, 32105-6, 32108-9, 32111-13, 32115, 32118-32119, 32122, 42107-26, 42129-32, and 44221. Young Finns study (YFS): has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284 (TL), 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), and 41071 (Skidi); the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere, Turku and Kuopio University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; and Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association; and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS). Barcelona cohort osteoporosis (BARCOS): Red de Envejecimiento y fragilidad RETICEF, CIBERER, Instituto Carlos III. Fondos FEDER. Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS PI13/00116). Spanish MINECO (SAF2014-56562-R), Catalan Government (2014SGR932). Austrios-A, Austrios-B: was supported by BioPersMed (COMET K project 825329), and the Competence Center CBmed (COMET K1 centre 844609), funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour/ the Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth (BMWA/BMWFJ) and the Styrian Business Promotion Agency (SFG). Cantabria-Camargo study (Cabrio-C), Cantabria osteoporosis case-control study (Cabrio-CC): Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias Grants PI 06/34,PI09/539, PI12/615 and PI15/521 (that could be cofunded by European Union-FEDER funds). Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS): Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia, Australasian Menopause Society and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant (254627, 303169 and 572604). Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos): was supported by a grant from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) (grant No MOP111103). JBR and JAM are funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Fonds du Recherche Québec Santé, and Jewish General Hospital. Edinburgh Osteoporosis Study (EDOS): was supported by a grant from Arthritis Research UK (grant number 15389). European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS): EU Biomed 1 (BMHICT920182, CIPDCT925012, ERBC1PDCT 940229, ERBC1PDCT930105), Medical Research Council G9321536 and G9800062, Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Initiative 1995, MAFF AN0523,EU FP5 (QLK6-CT-2002-02629), Food Standards Agency N05046, GEFOS EU FP7 Integrated Project Grant Reference: 201865. The UK's National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Grant to Cambridge contributed to the costs of genotyping. Geelong Osteoporosis Study (GEOS): Canadian Institutes for health research operating grant funding reference #86748. Genetic analysis of osteoporosis in Greece (GROS): University of Athens, Greece (Kapodistrias 2009). Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS): supported by Medical Research Council UK; Arthritis Research UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Musculoskeletal BRU Oxford; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nutrition BRC Southampton. Hong Kong: The projects have been supported by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust, VC discretionary fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Research Grants Council Earmarked Grant CUHK4101/02M. Korean osteoporosis study in Asan Medical Center (KorAMC): a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI14C2258); a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (project No HI15C0377). Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA): largely supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long term Care. MINOS study was supported by a grant from the Merck-Sharp-Dohme Chibret company. Malta osteoporotic fracture study (MOFS): financial support was received from the European Union Strategic Educational Pathways Scholarhip scheme (STEPS). The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Sweden: financial support was received from the Swedish Research Council (K2010- 54X-09894-19-3, 2006-3832), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, Lundberg Foundation, Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Västra Götaland Foundation, Göteborg Medical Society, Novo Nordisk foundation, and European Commission grant HEALTH-F2-2008- 201865-GEFOS. Odense androgen study (OAS): World Anti-Doping Agency, Danish Ministry of Culture, Institute of Clinical Research of the University of Southern Denmark. Prevalence of osteoporosis in Slovenia (Slo-preval): was created as part of projects financially supported by the Slovenian research agency: P3-298 Geni, Hormoni in osebnostne spremembe pri hormonskih motnjah; Z1-3238: Genski in okoljski dejavniki tveganja za razvoj motnje pri remodellaciji kosti; J2-3314 Genetski faktorji in hormoni pri presnovnih boleznih; and J3-2330 Genetski dejavniki pri osteoporozi. TWINGENE: supported in part by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation (E9/11); the National Science Foundation (EArly Concept Grants for Exploratory Research: "Workshop for the Formation of a Social Science Genetic Association Consortium," SES-1064089) as supplemented by the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Office of Behavioural and Social Sciences Research; and the National Institute on Ageing/NIH through Grants P01-AG005842, P01-AG005842-20S2, P30-AG012810, and T32-AG000186-23 to the National Bureau of Economic Research. The Swedish Twin Registry is supported by the Swedish Department of Higher Education, European Commission European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology (ENGAGE: 7th Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/Grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413; and GenomEUtwin: 5th Framework program "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" Grant QLG2-CT-2002-01254); NIH (DK U01-066134); Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112 and 2009-2298); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (ICA08-0047); Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation; and Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research. The Umeå Fracture and Osteoporosis Study (UFO) is supported by the Swedish Research Council (K20006- 72X-20155013), Swedish Sports Research Council (87/06), Swedish Society of Medicine, Kempe-Foundation (JCK-1021), and by grants from the Medical Faculty of Umeå University (ALFVLL:968:22-2005, ALFVL:-937-2006, ALFVLL:223:11-2007, ALFVLL:78151-2009) and county council of Västerbotten (SpjutspetsanslagVLL:159:33-2007). GRW and JHDB were funded by the Wellcome Trust (Strategic Award grant No 101123; Joint Investigator Award No 110141; project grant No 094134). DPK was funded by a grant from the National Institute on Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases R01 AR041398. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, analysis, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

SUMMARY: Étienne François explores the way in which the French project of creating "symbolic history" through studies of memory initiated by Pierre Nora's work can be continued in a different national context. For François, it is the question of whether history of memory can be pursued in the German case. François notes that despite Nora's insistence on the exclusivity of the French case, Germans have not less a "neurotic" attitude to their past.

At the same time, François admits that in Germany attitude to the national past memorial projects is profoundly different from the French case. Among such points of difference François notes that if in France national history is usually perceived as a long-term development rooted in the Middle Ages, in Germany looking at the past usually implies focusing on such topics as Nazism or "the second German dictatorship" in GDR. History of memory is problematic in Germany partly because most well known "places of memory" are concentration camps. It is also that in Germany perceptions of national identity are questioned to a greater extent than in France, which is a result of German history divided for the most part of the second half of the 20 th century.

Despite these profound differences, François insists that France and Germany entered the "memorial period" simultaneously about 20 years ago. The Franco-German rapprochement and the development of mass cultural tourism greatly contributed to that process. This "memorial boom" is reflected in three major developments: the growth of and greater attention to memorial events, such as the celebration of "Luther's year" in 1983; the public fascination with historical exhibitions; and the rise in popularity of historical museums. A development parallel to the growth of "memory" in Germany can be noticed in professional historical studies: in Germany, at the roots of the study of memory were Thomas Nipperdey and Reinhart Koselleck, while today the leading scholars in the field are Jan and Alaida Assman. The unification of Germany and the disappearance of the "German question" combined with dramatic improvements in the relationships between Germany and its neighbors created most favorable conditions for German memorial projects.

François touches upon the work of the conferences on "Nation and Emotion" held in Berlin in October 1993 and May 1995. At these events researchers agreed that the paradigm of "places of memory" that allows to create a symbolic history of a nation can be successfully implemented not only in France but elsewhere. The second conclusion of researchers was that it was impossible to replicate the French case in other national traditions. François notes four major principles that emerged out of the French-German cooperation in the studies of memory: the first is the preservation of a critical attitude to one's own work and resistance to temptations to legitimate the existing political situation; second, the specifics of German history required more attention to conflicts, ruptures, and breaks in the past; third, such research should be open and pluralistic with respect to chronology and geography, without limiting one's project to XIX and XX centuries or to the national level; finally, the pan-European context should be always taken into account, for varieties of national memory are often shaped by or in contact with "foreigners".

In the last paragraphs of his contribution François informs the reader about the seminar on cultural memory that he and Hagen Schulze conducted in Berlin, as well as touches upon the structure and methodology of the project of German "places of memory" study. François explains the decision to structure the project around the list of key memorial terms, such as "Reich", "Leistung", "Schuld", etc. François ends his article by pointing out the importance of German cultural memory in European context and in German national history.
Tony Judt explores the emergence of Pierre Nora's project of describing the French places of memory by locating it in the context of transformations that France was undergoing in the post-World War II period. As Judt argues, in 1956 France still reminded one the France of 1856 in terms of the social composition of its population, the structure of its economy defined by late industrialization and the importance of agriculture, and the authoritarian political regime. In the 1960s, fundamental changes in the economy led to the growth of urbanization. Rising prosperity undermined the position of the French Communist party and the departure of Charles de Gaulle combined with Mitterand's reluctance to pursue radically socialist policies left behind most divisive political distinctions between the conservative France and the left France. At the same time, the decline in importance of the French language combined with the revival of interest in regional identities and the loss of the French dominant position in world and European affairs contributed to the French perception that by 1980s their country was simultaneously undergoing several transformations: France was shrinking, breaking apart, and loosing its traditional identity. Pierre Nora's project was initiated during this period of flux and uncertainty. Thus, Nora's project was a response to the sense of loss of traditional France in public consciousness and an attempt to fixate in historical categories elements of public memory.

Judt notes the contradiction of Nora's project: designed as an attempt to fixate, explore, and repudiate various historical myths, the project itself finally turned into the celebration of the past. Judt sees several reasons for this transformation. First, Pierre Nora is an important figure on the French intellectual landscape, and he attracted best specialists to write articles in the collection. Second, there is no more consensus on the canon of the past and people disagree profoundly on what can or should be included in such a project. Taking possession of past events and places brought together accidentally underscores the break of the historical tradition. Third, despite many genius insights in the articles of the collection, it turned into a text that displays emotional attraction of researchers to the object of their study. The fact that the collection curiously omitted any references to the legacy of Napoleon Bonaparte or his nephew Louis Napoleon underscores how the project reflects French ambiguities about France's past. Judt also critically surveys Nora's claims of the specificity and exclusivity of the French historical experiences, which, allegedly, make France into a "nation of memory" like no any other nation.

Judt also analyses particular contributions to the volume, focusing on such topics as Catholicism and other religions in French memory. He notes that in the collection those studies that are dedicated to Protestants and Jews are characterized by more methodological innovation then the more traditional explorations of the role of Catholicism in French history and serve as a reminder to the editor of the collection, which avoided the memory of St. Bartholomew's Night. Judt also explores the ambiguity of perceptions of the countryside always characterized positively and of the province and the provincial always characterized negatively in the French history. Judt explores the role played in French history by memory of wars.

From Judt's point of view, Nora's project is informed by the fact that today (unlike earlier in French history) French public memory shaped by official representation differs from history as told by historians. As Judt argues, public memory without a foundation in narrative history looses coherence and turns into "places of forgetting".

According to Judt, Nora's project of describing "places of memory" was a response to the loss of the sense of eternal identity experienced by the French society at the juncture when two leading historical schools – the Annales and the (neo)Marxist historiography of the French revolution – lost their predominant position. Nora's story is about that meaning that the French ascribe to France and its identity, and those aspects of French history, such as Bonaparte's legacy of national minorities, were either omitted or pushed to the periphery of the narrative. In that sense, Nora's collection represents an example of a modern mythology and cannot be called a historical study properly, despite high quality contributions by professional historians.

Concerning the applicability of the French project to the Soviet context, Judt argues that it has little to offer to an understanding of a multinational state. In France, history is an established and respected discipline and Nora can offer an alternative approach to the past, while in post-Soviet societies the task is to return to scholarly writing of history. Finally, Nora's project is the product of the Parisian intelligentsia, self-assured and well versed in all details of French history. It has not been repeated elsewhere in Europe. It is a jeu d'esprit that can hardly be replicated elsewhere.
Marina Loskutova points out that "memory" is an imported methodology in Russia. At the same time, as most researchers of memory explain, the studies of memory are related to profound changes in Western societies in the post-war period. Correspondingly, the importation of memory studies will depend on similarity of experiences. In particular, the sense of the local landscape permeated by memorials of the past, the omnipresence of places of memory in Russia is not a given fact. Despite agricultural and peasant roots of most post-Soviet citizens, very few people will seek to uncover their village roots, and if they do, not industry of memorabilia exists for them. The study of memory in Western societies is also related to the communications revolution and to the new generation of mass-media, which brings forth the problem of the visual image as a sign of the past. It is the prevalence of visual culture, according to the author, that informs the upsurge in memory studies.

Loskutova then focuses on the contents of the concept of "memory". According to the author, it implies 1) social cadres that allow an autobio graphical memory to take shape; 2) oral memories circulating in society; 3) collective commemorations; 4) information devices, from newspaper to CD, delivering information about the past to an audience larger than professional historians' community; 5) habits of the body. As the author argues, these aspects are hardly related, and their combination within one research framework obscures rather then helps to solve the problem. At the same time, none of them is specifically related to the nation-state (with the exception of commemorations). It is traditional narrative history that provides the basis for national identity, even if we consider the explosive "memory" of ethnic minorities, which is often based on semi-professional historical accounts popularized by mass media.

Loskutova agrees with Judt's argument concerning the importance of a historical narrative taught at school; at the same time, she takes issue with him concerning the presence of such a narrative in Eastern Europe. She notes that in post-Soviet Russia there is little doubt about historians' right to talk about the past authoritatively and there is little criticism of traditional narrative historical modes.

For Loskutova, the experience of importing oral history methods into the Russian context is telling. On the one hand, the community of professional historians is skeptical about the use of oral histories interviews, pointing to the need to verify data using traditional methods anyway. Historians are also reluctant to accept the possibility that contemporary perceptions of the past should be in their sphere of competence. With respect to the Soviet past seen through oral history two drastically different positions are prevalent: "Soviet history is only possible on the basis of oral data for historians have always lied to us" and "People don't remember much and they do they won't tell". Loskutova notes that many memories of the Siege of Leningrad in World War II are told according to one scenario, which implies likely following prescribed expectations of such a memory. At the same time, research into what was told in families demonstrated significant variations in memories, thus undermining the interview method. Finally, Loskutova argues that it is possible to study "imperial memory" as informal knowledge of imperial social and political mechanisms. Nevertheless, such studies of memory cannot be an alternative to a meta-narrative of imperial history.
Igor Narskii points out that historiography knows works on functions of collective memory in imperial and Soviet Russia (Lotman, Wortman, Plaggenborg). Narskii criticizes approaches to memory in the editorial introduction as too narrow. For Narskii, memory is cultural context and includes not only images of the past but also mechanisms of their formation, circulation, manipulation, etc. Imperial memory is heterogeneous as much as the national memory. Narskii also focuses on varieties of imperial memory that support/maintain supranational unit without being totalitarian. The author refers to particular junctures in history when addressing the past becomes an important societal aspect. He also argues that the Russian scholarly community focuses on such issues as memory belatedly, when the problem has already been discussed in the West and triggers idiosyncratic reactions from Western colleagues.

For Narskii, historical memory is the field for research in the framework of new social and cultural history and it can become a key in interpreting the subjective world of people in the past. Narskii reminds that it is not just the concept itself but the hard work of adapting it to the needs of historical scholarship that matters.

По мнению Матта Мацуды , память империи следует скорее рассматривать не как коллективную (Хольбвакс), но как память "собранную" ( collected ), состоящую из отдельных фрагментов, артефактов, частей мозаики, порождающих "невольное", а не преднамеренно сконструированное значение. Мнемонические качества таких фрагментов гарантируются их разделенностью, фактом невозможности единого нарратива. Соответственно, противопоставление памяти и истории неправомерно: скорее, речь должна идти о памяти как об одном из видов истории, в котором главную роль играют не хроники развития, а моменты значения. По мнению Мацуды, проекты, подобные "Местам памяти" Пьера Нора, не являются оппозицией истории, они даже не являются "антинациональными": скорее, это – варианты национальных историй, в которых собраны различные субъекты. Такие истории выглядят странными только по сравнению с телеологическими историческими нарративами. Специфика исследований памяти состоит в том, что они делают процесс дистанцирования от прошлого предметом рефлексии. Если в 1950-60-е и затем в 1980-е гг. речь шла о распаде грандиозных территориальных империй, в начале ХХI века вопрос стоит о хроно-политической деколонизации субьектов, колонизированных телеологическими нарративами социализма или империализма.

Традиционное понимание империи состоит в представлении о территориальной замкнутости, множественности подданных и наличии центра власти. Можно, тем не менее, последовать примеру "мест памяти" и представить себе империю не как закрытую территорию власти, но как множество локальностей, каждая из которых является пространством соревнования меняющихся императивов. Исследования национализма говорят о нациях как практиках, а не как о реальных сущностях. Такой же подход должен быть применен к империи. Соответственно, в той же мере, в какой империи не суть закрытые историографические доминантные миры, память не является оппозицией истории. В терминах памяти можно говорить об империи как о наррации правил; при этом имперское пространство характеризуется неровным распространением этих правил. Подход к империи как ко множеству локальностей, определяемых и доминируемых политической, экономической или культурной властью, позволяет уйти от противопоставления "модерного" концепта памяти и "архаичного" концепта империи. Именно "архаичность" памяти об империи (Британской или Российской) позволяет глобальным империям XXI века (США) не замечать имперского характера собственного доминирования в мире.

Касаясь вопроса об "имперской памяти", Мацуда замечает, что она, скорее, является ширмой, за которой осуществляется непростое сосуществование разных народов, взаимоисключающих претензий на культурное наследие или различных культур. Освобождение от имперских уз часто ведет к реконституированию национального, причем агенты такого реконституирования предпочитают не помнить о том, что нации сыграли свою роль в создании империй. Касаясь вопроса о моделях памяти, воплощенных в обществах типа "Памяти" и "Мемориала", Мацуда отмечает, что и ностальгия как исторический принцип, и моральное банкротство попыток использования нарративов прогрессивных перемен для исправления исторических несправедливостей одинаково опасны.

В заключении Мацуда обращается к известной теме восстановления исторической справедливости, к требованиям платежей и репараций, выдвигаемым на основе памяти. По сути, вопрос стоит так: может ли память требовать репараций у истории? Вопросы исторической вины и компенсации в огромной степени зависят от факта признания, т.е. от допущения памяти. Это само по себе – вызов имперскому наследию, ведь главной задачей империи является забывание (поскольку сама империя расколота и неоднородна). Обращаясь к проблематике памяти, исследователи невольно напоминают нам об этой характеристике империи.

Old postcards and posters were used as illustrations to the roundtable.

В оформлении круглого стола использовались старые почтовые открытки и плакаты.

XV. JAHRGANG, 1910 Oberösterreichische Bauzeitung (-) XV. Jahrgang, 1910 (XV. JG., 1910) ([1]) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 1. Linz, 1. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 1. 1910.) ([1]) Zum Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umschlagplatz. ([1]) Wie hat die Ausführung von Betonkanälen zu erfolgen? ([1]) Eine wichtige Frage. (2) [Plan]: Illustration zu Artikel: Bau der Lagerhäuser am Linzer Umshlagplatz. (3) Lokale Baunotizen. (4) Im Interesse des heimischen Bildhauergewerbes. (4) Gleichgültigkeit gegen die Fachpresse. (4) Zur Verbauung der Trainkaserngründe. Wohnhausbauten für die Angestellten der Staatsbahn. Städtische Professionistenarbeiten. Bildhauerarbeiten für das Gerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. Villenbau. Baugesellschaft in Enns. (5) Vorsicht bei Gerüstherstellungen. (5) Vortrag über Akustik. (6) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 16. Dezember 1909.) (6) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Taschenbuch Jahrgang 1910. (7) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Dezember 1909. (8) Werbung (9) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 2. Linz, 15. Jänner 1910. (Nr. 2. 1910.) ([11]) Heimische Kunstreformer. ([11]) Hausbauten aus Steinkohlenschlacken. ([11]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (12) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (13) Lokale Baunotizen. (14) Zum Bau des neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. (14) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für Staatsbahnangestellte in Linz. Vergebung von Bauarbeiten bei ärarischen Gebäuden. Umlagenfreiheit für Neubauten. Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Wettbewerbsausschreibung für Entwürfe zu Kleinwohnungsbauten. Anfrage. Der erste weibliche Glaserlehrling. Etablissement für Zentralheizungsanlagen. (15) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (16) Konviktbau. Kirchenrestaurierung. Schulbau. Wasserbehälter. Bahnhofumbau. Elektrizitätswerk. Brücke. (16) Gemeinderatssitzung in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Jänner 1910.) (16) Patentliste. (16) Werbung (17) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 3. Linz, 1. Februar 1910. (Nr. 3. 1910.) ([19]) Was unseren neuen Schulgebäuden noch fehlt! ([19]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. (20) Von untergegangenen Kulturstätten und Kunstwerken. (20) Lokale Baunotizen. (21) Zum Bau der Wohnhäuser für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. (21) Städtische Arbeiten. Vom Neubau des k. k. Bezirksgerichtsgebäudes in Urfahr. Bau eines Kasinogebäudes. Zur Stadtkanalisierung in Ried. Staatliche Arbeiten und Lieferungen. Das Bauwesen auf dem flachen Lande. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. (22) Gegen den Zuzug von Bauarbeitern nach Deutschland. (22) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (23) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (23) Bücherschau. Lehrbilder und Leitsätze für die praktische Zimmerei, Mörteluntersuchungen (24) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Jänner 1910. (24) Werbung (25) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 4. Linz, 15. Februar 1910. (Nr. 4. 1910.) ([27]) Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) [Abb.]: Äußere Ansicht eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. ([27]) Randglossen zur Bauspekulation. ([27]) Die Bedeutung der Statistik für die Technik. (28) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (29) Einiges über Verblendsteine. (30) Lokale Baunotizen. (31) Über das Bauen während der Wintermonate. Schotterlieferung. Trottoirherstellung in der Harrachstraße. (31) Die neue Verordnung bei Vergebung staatlicher Arbeiten und Lieferungen. (31) Richtigstellung. Beu eines kreisrunden Hauses in Wien. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. (32) Patentliste. (32) Werbung (33) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 5. Linz, 1. März 1910. (Nr. 5. 1910.) ([35]) Ein interessantes Werk für Architekten und Bildhauer in Aussicht. ([35]) Die Fortschritte im Desinfektionswesen. (36) Linoleum. (37) Herstellungsweise des Linoleums. (38) Über Schornsteinbauten. (38) Lokale Baunotizen. (39) Über die Bauart der Linzer Wohnhäuser. (39) Zum Umbau des Linzer Bahnhofes. (39) Neupflasterungen in Linz 1910. Parzellierungsänderung. Verkauf von Granitwerken. Untersagungen im Baugewerbe. (40) Errichtung einer Baukreditbank in Wien. (40) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (41) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 28. Februar 1910. (41) Werbung (43) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 6. Linz, 15. März 1910. (Nr. 6. 1910.) ([45]) Errichten wir Bedürfnisanstalten! ([45]) Die Wohnungsfrage und der IX. internationale Wohnungskongreß. ([45]) Über Schornsteinbauten. (46) Über die Behandlung von Linoleumböden. (47) Das Rosten des Eisens und sein Verhütung. (48) Lokale Baunotizen. (49) Über das Projektieren für den Bau eines neuen Statthaltereigebäudes in Linz. Zweigniederlassung einer Wiener Fabrik in Linz. Vom Schulbau in Urfahr. Fabrikszubauten. Neubauten in Ried. (49) Aus einer Versammlung der Baugewerbetreibenden in der Stadt Steyr. (49) Zum Bau des technischen Museum für Industrie und Gewerbe in Wien. (50) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (50) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 2. März 1910.) (50) Vorschriften für Bürgersteige. (50) Das offene Bausystem in der verlängerten Lessinggasse. (50) Patentliste. (51) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (51) Werbung (51) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 7. Linz, 1. April 1910. (Nr. 7. 1910.) ([53]) Verhandlung über das Bahnhofprojekt in Linz. ([53]) Die neue Gebäudesteuer-Vorlage. (54) Lokale Baunotizen. (55) Eine Skizze für den Bahnhofumbau in Linz. (55) Benennung neuer Straßen auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz. Tischlerarbeiten. Bau eines neuen Mädchen-Lyzeums. Projektierter Hausbau. Vergrößerung des Isabellen-Kinderspitales in Linz. Vergebung von Professionisten-Arbeiten für das Bezirksgerichtsgebäude in Urfahr. (56) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 16. März 1910.) (56) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Beton-Kalender 1910. (57) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (57) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. März 1910. (58) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. März 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (59) Werbung (59) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 8. Linz, 15. April 1910. (Nr. 8. 1910.) ([61]) Eine neue Massivdecke. Formsteinbalkendecke "System Seidel". Erzeugt von der Wienerberger Ziegelfabrik- und Baugesellschaft Wien. ([61]) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 1. (2)Fig. 2. (3)Fig. 3. (4)Fig. 4. ([61]) [3 Abb.]: (1)Fig. 5. Lagerplatz der Wienerberger Ziegelei. (2)Fig. 6. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. (3)Fig. 7. Neubau am Rudolf v. Alt-Platz in Wien. Aufziehen der Seidelbalken. (62) Klage eines Baugewerbetreibenden. (63) Das Telephon und die Blitzgefahr. (64) Allgemeine Städtebau-Ausstellung Berlin 1910. (65) Lokale Baunotizen. (65) Ein komischer Bauunfall am Lande. (65) Verhandlungen von Bauangelegenheiten in Straßburg. Richtigstellung. Hausschwamm. Elekrtische Anlagen. Internationaler Wohnungskongreß, Wien 1910. Aufschließung eines Magnesitvorkommens. (66) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (67) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (67) Werbung (67) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 9. Linz, 1. Mai 1910. (Nr. 9. 1910.) ([69]) Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) [Abb.]: Die städtischen Desinfektionsanlagen in Paris. ([69]) Über Poprtlandzement. (70) Asphalt im Baufach. (71) Lokale Baunotizen. (71) Von den Trainkasernengründen. (71) Adaptierungsarbeiten. Bau eines Schutzhauses. Unterlassung von Bewohnbarkeits-Lizenzen. Über Zentralheizungsanlagen (72) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (72) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz (Sitzung vom 12. April 1910.) (73) Patentliste. (74) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. April 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (74) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. April 1910. (75) Werbung (75) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 10. Linz, 15. Mai 1910. (Nr. 10. 1910.) ([77]) Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) [Abb.]: Die in Klagenfurt neu zu erbauende Kavalleriekaserne. ([77]) Der Aschenmörtel. (78) Einführung einer Wertzuwachssteuer für Landes- und Gemeindezwecke. (79) Lokale Baunotizen. (80) Projekt für einen Hausbau auf den Trainkasernengründen. Badehaus-Errichtung. Eine nicht schalldichte Wand. Ausschreibung von Bauarbeiten. (80) Zur dermaligen Wirtschaftslage in Österreich. (80) Wohnungsveränderung. (81) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 4. Mai 1910.) (81) Vermischtes. (81) Aus guter alter Zeit. (81) Eine Reklame zugunsten der Kachelöfen und Kachelherde. (81) Patentliste. Eingesendet. Protestversammlung. (82) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Jänner 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (83) Werbung (83) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 11. Linz, 1. Juni 1910. (Nr. 11. 1910.) ([85]) Über Häuser-Expropriierung. ([85]) Praktische Winke für Brunnenanlagen. (87) Behandlung der Teppiche. (87) Lokale Baunotizen. (88) Zu den Wohnhausbauten für die Staatsbahnangestellten in Linz. Schulbau. Oberösterreichische Baugesellschaft. Zu unserer Notiz "Neubau auf den Trainkasernengründen in Linz". Aufnahme eines Darlehens. (88) Zugluft in freistehenden Häusern. (88) Straßenpflasterungen zu ungeeigneter Zeit. Für Kunstfreunde. (89) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 25. Mai 1910.) Patentliste. (89) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Mai 1910. (90) Bücherschau. Für Interessenten von Gartenanlagen. (91) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Mai 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (91) Werbung (91) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 12. Linz, 15. Juni 1910. (Nr. 12. 1910.) ([93]) Abermals eine Holzpflasterung in Linz. ([93]) Kurzen Prozeß machen. (94) Verleihung einer Baumeisterkonzession an eine Gesellschaft m b. H. (94) Haltbarkeit von Wärmeschutzmassen. (95) Über Straßen in Paris, deren Unterhaltung und Reinigung. (95) [Tabelle]: Zum Schluß möge noch der Reinigungs-Etat für 1910 folgen: (96) Lokale Baunotizen. (97) Ein Wort über baupolizeiliche Aufsicht. Bau eines Lagerhauses. Vom Bau des Postamtsgebäudes in Wels. Bau- und Wohnungsgenossenschaft in Enns. Ankauf einer Kaltwasserheilanstalt. Ein Urteil über den Eternitschiefer. Häuseranstriche. Wie stellt man einen Lawn-Tennis-Platz her? (97) Ein Unfug, der abgestellt werden sollte. (97) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 1. Juni 1910.) Patentliste. (98) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (98) Werbung (99) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 13. Linz, 1. Juli 1910. (Nr. 13. 1910.) ([101]) [Abb.]: Grundrißlösung zum Bau eines Kasinogebäudes in Salzburg. ([101]) Zur Wirtschaftslage in Deutschland. (102) Der Straßen-Reinigungsdienst in Paris. (103) Lokale Baunotizen. (103) Vortrag über das Thema "Straße und Platz". (103) Spitalzubau. Zum Spitalbau in der Stadt Steyr. Bahnhoferweiterung. Villenbau. (104) Bauausführungen im Staatsbudget 1910. (104) Gegen die Errichtung von Staatsgewerbeschulen. Zehn Gebote für Lehrmeister. (105) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (105) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 15. Juni 1910.) (105) Bücherschau. (107) Eisenbetonbau-Selbststudium von F. Michaelis. Mauerwerks-Untersuchungen von Professor Hermann Germer, Jahrbuch der Genossenschaft der Bau- und Steinmetzmeister uralte Bauhütte in Wien. (107) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (107) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. Juni 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (108) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. Juni 1910. (108) Werbung (109) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 14. Linz, 15. Juli 1910. (Nr. 14. 1910.) ([111]) Zur Errichtung einer Fabriksanlage in Oberösterreich. ([111]) Zur bevorstehenden Gebäudesteuer-Erhöhung. ([111]) Ein interessanter Rechtsfall in Bauangelegenheiten. (112) Überwachung der Feuerung bei Dampfkesselanlagen. (113) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (113) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 6. Juni 1910.) (114) Lokale Baunotizen. (115) Zu den Spitalbauprojekten in Stadt Steyr. Linz, eine rein gehaltene Stadt. Erbauung einer Pferdehalle. Besprechung eines Neubaues. (115) Errichtung einer Bauernstube. (115) Zur Erbauung einer Mädchenbürgerschule in Ried. Krankenhaus-Erweiterung. Zum Frauenstudium an den Staatsgewerbeschulen. Der Humor im Setzkasten. (116) Bücherschau. (116) Meistertitel und Meisterprüfung von Rich. Schlegel. Bauinschriften in Schweden und Dänemark von Richard Schlegel. Raffael in seiner Bedeutung als Architekt, von Professor Th. Hofmann, Architekt. (116) Das Veranschlagen von Hochbauten. (116) Zeitschrift des Nordböhmischen Gewerbemuseums. (117) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (117) Werbung (117) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 15. Linz, 1. August 1910. (Nr. 15. 1910.) ([119]) Wie projektiert man Spitalbauten? ([119]) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (121) Lokale Baunotizen. (121) Noch immer Bauschwindel. (121) Errichtung einer Badeanstalt in Linz. Zum Bau der Häuser für die Staatsbahn-Angestellten in Linz. Zum Lagerhausbau am Linzer Umschlagplatze. Bau eines Industriegleises. Schlechte Kachelöfen. Nochmals der Pferdehallenbau in Enns. Submissionsblüten. (122) Offert-Verhandlungen. (122) Bau eines Bretterschupfens. Vergebung von Hochbauarbeiten. (122) Stahlbauten. (122) Bau eines Aufnahmsgebäudes. (123) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 13. Juli 1910.) (123) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Juli 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Juli 1910. (124) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Die moderne Richtung in der Kunst. Von M. Dankler. (125) Werbung (125) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 16. Linz, 15. August 1910. (Nr. 16. 1910.) ([127]) Wiener Bauverhältnisse 1910. ([127]) Beseitigung der Übelstände infolge Heißwerdens der Schornsteinwandungen. ([127]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (128) Befähigungsnachweis im Baugewerbe. (129) Holzzerstörende Insekten. (130) Lokale Baunotizen. (131) Schwindel mit Zement. Erbauung eines Verzehrungssteuer-Linienamtsgebäudes in Linz. Rauchbelästigung. Wehrbau. Bau eines neuen Kurhauses. Geschäfts-Übernahme. (131) Moderne Villenbauten. (131) Ausstellung. Für Architekten. (132) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 20. Juli 1910.) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (132) Bücherschau. Entwurf für ein eingebautes Wohnhaus. (133) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (133) Werbung (133) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 17. Linz, 1. September 1910. (Nr. 17. 1910.) ([135]) Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) [Abb.]: Ein Schlachthaus-Jubiläum. ([135]) Wichtige Erfindungen für Zeichner. Durchsichtigmachung von Vorlagen, Entwürfen oder Zeichnungen für Pausen. ([135]) Der künstliche Schutz des Bauholzes. (136) 1. Wirksamkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Nach sehr sorgfältigen Untersuchungen steht die Wirksamkeit gleicher Salzmengen etwa in folgendem Verhältnis: (136) 2. Wirtschaftlichkeit. (136) [Tabelle]: Hiernach ergibt sich für die Wirtschaftlichkeit der einzelnen Mittel in äquivalenten Mengen folgende Skala. Es kostet pro Einheit der Wirkung: (137) 3. Beständigkeit. 4. Löslichkeit. 5. Unschädlichkeit und Ungiftigkeit. 6. Angemehme Farbe und Geruch. 7. Vor allem aber seine enorme Brennbarkeit. 8. Wasserlöslichkeit. 9. Konstanz in der Wirkung. 10. Bequemlichkeit in der Anwendung. (137) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (137) Lokale Baunotizen. (138) Probepflasterung mit Teerolit in Lint. (138) Zur neuen Badehausanlage. Mauer- und Gastwirtsgewerbe. (139) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Patentliste. (139) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. August 1910. (140) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldung für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. August 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende Grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (141) Werbung (141) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 18. Linz, 15. September 1910. (Nr. 18. 1910.) ([143]) Ein fachmännisches Urteil über den Brand der Brüsseler Weltausstellung. ([143]) Die Verwendung offener Koksfeuer auf Bauten. ([143]) Projekt für ein Kaiserdenkmal in Krems. (144) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (145) Stein-, Erd-, Ton- und Glaswaren. (145) Bruchsteine. (145) Stiegenstufen und Pfeiler. Granitwürfel. Steinmetzarbeiten in Marmor und Granit. (146) Hydraulische Bindemittel. (146) Lokale Baunotizen. (147) Zum Bau des Gerichtsgebäudes in Leonfelden. Ein Probeversuch. Fabriksbau. Ein Urteil über den Eternit-Schiefer. Von den neuen Arbeitshäusern der Staatsbahnangestellten. Zur Nachahmung empfohlen. Im Lunapark. (147) Mittel gegen Ungeziefer in einem Neubau. (147) Offert-Verhandlungen. (148) Frabriksgründung. Elektrische Lichtanlage. Röhren, Fassonstücke, Armaturen. Wohnhäuser. (148) Bücherschau. Verkehrsbücher österreichischer Eisenbahnen. (148) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (148) Werbung (149) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 19. Linz, 1. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 19. 1910.) ([151]) [Abb.]: Aus der Mappe eines Architekten. Projekt für das Gebäude einer freiwilligen Rettungsgesellschaft in Galitzyn. ([151]) Brandprobe. ([151]) Die Heizung unserer Wohnräume. (152) Jahresbericht der Wiener Handelskammer. (152) Kunststeine für Bauzwecke. Öfen und Heizanlagen. Beleuchtungsgegenstände. Spenglerwaren. Holzimprägnierung und Holzpflasterung. (153) Parketten. (153) Der Hausschwamm. (154) Lokale Baunotizen. (154) Was soll eine städtische Badeanstalt bieten. Bau eines Maschinen- und Kesselhauses. (154) Bemalte Hausfassaden. (154) Auskunft über "Eternit". Holzwurm durch Carbolineum zu vertreiben. (155) Offert-Verhandlungen. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 21. September 1910.) (155) Patentliste. (155) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (156) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. September 1910. (156) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 30. September 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (157) Werbung (157) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 20. Linz, 15. Oktober 1910. (Nr. 20. 1910.) ([159]) Glossen über das Konkurrenzverfahren. ([159]) Städtische Bodenpolitik (160) Feuilleton. Der Traum eines Hausmeisters. (160) Lokale Baunotizen. (161) Einiges von unserem Friedhof. (161) Mangel an kleinen Wohnungen in Linz. (161) Zum Bau der Personalhäuser für die Angestellten der k. k. Staatsbahn in Linz. Ein vernachlässigtes Stadtgebiet. (162) Krankenhauserweiterung. Heizwert der Hölzer. (163) Vermischtes. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (163) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 5. Oktober 1910.) (163) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Innen-Dekoration. (164) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (2)Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 15. bis 31. Oktober 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (165) Werbung (165) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 21. Linz, 1. November 1910. (Nr. 21. 1910.) ([167]) Über moderne Badeanlagen. ([167]) Die Wohnungsnot in Wien. ([167]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (168) Lokale Baunotizen. (169) Zur Neupflasterung der Urfahrer Hauptstraße. (169) Brandprobe. Für angehende Baufachleute. Bau einer Möbelfabrik. Unvorsichtigkeiten bei Bauten. Schutz der oberösterreichischen Ziegelfabrikation. Ankauf einer Dampfstraßenwalze. (170) Strohmänner im Baugewerbe. (170) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. Offert-Verhandlungen. (171) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 12. Oktober 1910.) (171) Vermischtes. (172) Das Verhalten verschiedener Baumaterialien in Bezug auf das Fortleiten des Schalles. (172) Eine Kirche, die von Frauen gemauert wird. (173) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 31. Oktober 1910. (172) Werbung (173) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 22. Linz, 15. November 1910. (Nr. 22. 1910.) ([175]) Zum Schlusse der Bausaison 1910. ([175]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein? ([175]) Städtische Bodenpolitik. (177) Lokale Baunotizen. (178) Brandprobe mit Dachdeckungsmaterialien. Ernennungen. Bau eines Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Gebührennachlaß für Verkauf von Neubauten. (178) Merkwürdige Brandursachen. (179) Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (179) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 26. Otkober 1910.) (179) Vermischtes. (180) Patentliste. (180) Bücherschau. "Im eigenen Hause nicht teurer als zur Miete." (181) [Tabelle]: Anmeldungen für Wasserbezug aus dem städtischen Wasserwerke. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. November 1910 haben beim städtischen Wasserbauamte folgende grundbesitzer den Wunsch des Wasserbezuges aus dem Wasserwerke angemeldet: (181) Werbung (181) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 23. Linz, 1. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 23. 1910.) ([183]) Etwas über Baupoliere. ([183]) Wie soll die Baugrube beschaffen sein. ([183]) Die hygienischen Mängel der jetzigen Bauart. (184) Wie erzielt man Trockenheit, günstige Wärmeverhältnisse und Luftwechsel? (184) Der rheinische Schwemmstein beseitigt die Mängel. Im Sommer kühl, im Winter warm. (185) Rascher Luftwechsel. (185) Lokale Baunotizen. (186) Projekt für ein Musterhaus. (186) Vom Schicksal des Steinernen Saales im Landhause. (186) Betonbauunternehmung in Linz. Zubau zur Landes-Irrenanstalt. Errichtung eines Eislaufplatzes. Eelkrische Anlage. Brückenbau. Zum Bau des Amtsgebäudes in Schärding. Spitalerweiterung. (187) Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. (Sitzung vom 23. November 1910.) Offert-Verhandlungen. Baunachrichten aus Salzburg, Tirol und Vorarlberg. (187) [Tabelle]: Ausweis über die Umschreibung von Immobilien in Linz. Vom 1. bis 30. November 1910. (188) Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerbeschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (189) Werbung (189) XV. Jahrgang, Nr. 24. Linz, 15. Dezember 1910. (Nr. 24. 1910.) ([191]) Ueber das moderne Bestechungssystem. ([191]) Wichtiges über die Unterböden des Linoleums. (192) Der neue Gesetzentwurf betreffend die Gebäudesteuer. (192) Herstellung gebrannter Ziegel oder Kunststeine unter Verwendung von Ton als Bindemittel. (193) Lokale Baunotizen. (194) Rücktritt. Ein Klagebrief vom Lande. Ambulante Speisehütten in Linz. Aus den Gemeinderatssitzungen in Linz. Entwässerungsarbeiten in St. Florian. (194) Armenhaus. Nachahmenswert. Elektrizitätswerk. Uebernahme eines Elektrizitätswerkes und der Straßenbahn. Badhauserweiterung. Bahnprojekt. Wasserleitung. Landhaus. Straßenbauarbeiten. (195) Offert-Verhandlungen. Patentliste. Bücherschau. Statik für Baugewerksschulen und Baugewerksmeister von Karl Zillich, (195) Inhalts-Verzeichnis. (196) [Tabelle]: Angesuchte Baulizenzen in Linz. In der Zeit vom 1. bis 15. Dezember 1910 wurde um folgende Baulizenzen angesucht: (197) Werbung (197)

Carla Vogel, October 1, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Carla Vogel. The interview was conducted on October 1, 2013, by Caroline Olmstead. Carla discusses her memories of Ogden and 25th Street. ; 31p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Carla Vogel Interviewed by Caroline Olmstead 1 October 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Carla Vogel Interviewed by Caroline Olmstead 1 October 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Vogel, Carla, an oral history by Caroline Olmstead, 1 October 2013 , WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Carla Vogel October 1, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Carla Vogel. The interview was conducted on October 1, 2013, by Caroline Olmstead. Carla discusses her memories of Ogden and 25th Street. CO: Today is October 1, 2013 we are giving an interview to Carla Vogel pertaining to the Mount Ogden area. I'm the interviewer, Caroline Olmstead, and my assistant is Lorrie Rands. So, Carla first of all where and when were you born? CV: In Ogden Utah, 1932. CO: Where did you grow up? CV: In Ogden on Darling Street just below Harrison. Then we moved to 32nd and Iowa when I was about twelve, lived there until I got married in 1953. CO: How many people were in your family? CV: My parents and my brother and myself. CO: Your father, what was his occupation? CV: He was a dentist. CO: The Vogel's Drive Inn in Ogden, he was the owner to that? CV: Yes we built that. CO: So how did, why was that started? What made your father want to own a drive inn if he was a dentist? CV: Oh he always was interested in everything. He had that little piece of land, it was a garden at that time with apple trees. He thought that would be nice to have a drive inn and four little apartments upstairs. We had car hops, that was my first job. 1 CO: So if your dad was a dentist who managed the drive inn? CV: My uncle Ken Burrows. CO: On the drive inn there's a really big sign, how did you guys end up being able to get that… CV: Oh, because Tom Young the man that started Young Electric Sign Company that has done most of the signs in Las Vegas. He's one of my dad's very best friends so he said George I'm going to fix you a really nice big sign. That's how we got that. CO: Where did you go to high school? CV: Ogden High School CO: And did you play any sports or anything? CV: Yes, yes I was involved in all the sports they offered. CO: Did you break any records? School records? CV: Oh well in junior high I did for the pole vault, the high jump, and the long jump. Unfortunately I didn't keep the newspaper article. CO: Did you have any pets? CV: Always had a cat and a dog. One time we even had a little goat. CO: What about your horses? CV: Yes started out with a Shetland pony that had a colt. So I had two Shetland Ponies and from there all of the horses I got were because some of my dad's patients couldn't pay for their dental work. If they had a horse I would get another horse. CO: How many horses do you think you had throughout your childhood? 2 CV: Oh, well I worked up to about five. Pretty much all the time, I had two mares that would have a colt each year so the previous colts you know I'd train them and break them and sell them and then get new ones. So I usually had four or five horses all the time, but over the years the total I don't know. I may have had twenty that might be. I did have a great grandson of Sea biscuit one time. The government sent a stallion out to Syracuse and I got a colt from him. So he's a great grandson of Man of War and a grandson of Sea biscuit. CO: And you said that you broke the horses by yourself and you sold them? CV: Yes I'd train them then sell them. CO: Would you get to keep all the money even though your dad helped care for them. CV: Even though it wasn't a lot. I don't really remember if I kept the money or not. I know I sold that particular colt for two hundred dollars and I probably used it for school. CO: Did you have a favorite horse that was your horse that you wouldn't sell? CV: Well pretty much Goldie. She was a thoroughbred race horse from Roosevelt and her father couldn't pay for his false teeth so he gave us this horse and yeah. She was fast. CO: So she was a race horse, did you ever take her out, did you ever race her? CV: No there was really no place big enough for her to run full-out. I would race her with neighbor kids once in a while, but that was all. There were no race tracks around here. CO: Can you tell us about the time when you took her to Hill Field Road? 3 CV: Oh yes. I was probably in junior high last part of junior high and she never was able to run as far as she wanted. Once she started running she never wanted to stop and it was kind of a problem around here on 32nd street. So one day I just was a little bit cool so I didn't put a saddle on and I just rode her out from 32nd out up the hill to the Hill Field Road. There used to be great big huge hayfield, just huge. So I let her just run as fast and as far as she wanted and by the time we got clear down to the end she was pretty much was satisfied. Then I rode on home and never told a soul. 40 years later I mentioned it to my mother when we were on that road and I told her and she just, she started shaking she says good grief I can't believe you did that, but it was pretty fun. CO: Did you ever take Goldie on night rides? CV: Yes, sometimes. Not a lot, but two or three that I remember. If it was a full moon and clear, I had a friend out that lived by 37th and Harrison. Well, her house got torn down when they built the college. We would meet after my folks were asleep I would go out. We would meet and ride around in the hills. CO: So you never told your parents that you were going out? CV: No, no. CO: So right next to your house was the Mount Ogden Park? CV: Well this present house, yes. CO: Do you remember when Mount Ogden Park was built or has it been around forever? CV: No because I think it was built probably when we were away. We were away for 23 years, from 72 to 95. So it was built sometime in that period. 4 CO: Just a little bit farther down from the Ogden Park is Wagon Wheel Road. Did you ever hang out around there? CV: Oh yes, yeah one of my good friend Beverly lived on that road and I remember once in a while picking her up early in the morning and just putting her on the back of my horse. We'd just go riding around up in the hills. CO: You mentioned one day you found a distillery? CV: Yes it was all underground. I would say a couple hundred feet up from 32nd. We just kind of dug around a little bit and here was this great big underground room with all these old wood stoves and barrels and buckets and yeah even though we were young we knew what it was. CO: Did you guys ever try to light it up? CV: Oh no. We never told anybody about it either. If we had told some adults they probably would've come and caved it in. That was probably really dangerous to be under there. CO: Do, so you never told anybody. Do you think that there would be a chance it would still be there or probably not? CV: I think it is. I could show you where it was. I imagine you know there's grass over it now. It's part of the playing field of Mt. Ogden Junior High School. CO: So you wouldn't know where it is unless you had seen it before? CV: Right, yeah. My friend Penelope Dovenspike lived right close to it too. So we went to Polk School together. CO: So skipping forward quite a few years, did you attend Weber College? CV: Yes 5 CO: What was your major? What were you studying? CV: Psychology and secretarial. CO: How would you get to school each morning? CV: Well I had access to a little old 1937 Ford Coup and that's pretty much what I drove. By then a cousin was living with us her mother had died so she would go too. She took cosmetology so she only went for one year. CO: So you got to drive to school? Was that common for most students? CV: Actually I drove to Ogden High School in that little car because it was my brother's and he was away on a mission. So I think I was practically the only student that drove a car to Ogden High School. I parked right in front of the south door on 29th street. CO: So after your college education you said you were trying to study being a secretary. Did you ever get a job with that? CV: Oh I got a very good job for Makesson Robins Drug Wholesale Company. CO: Where was that? CV: Down on 24th and Lincoln. It's been torn down since, but it was national drug wholesale and I was the secretary to the manager, Mr. Tinney. CO: Do you know about what year that was that you were a secretary about what time? CV: 52 CO: Just out of curiosity do you know about how much you were making as a secretary for them? CV: Yeah I think I got about 65 dollars every other week. 6 CO: How many hours were you working? CV: Oh full CO: Full time? CV: Probably either 8-5 or 9-5. CO: So speaking of that part of Ogden, so you were a secretary on 24th street right next to that was 25th street. Did you ever spend a lot of time there? CV: Not in those days, it was very run down and there were so many men around that were drinking and sitting on the gutter. So we drove by, in fact my cousin more than once saw her father down there because he was an alcoholic. So she would say there's Frank Taylor. My dad became her dad. CO: Are you familiar with electric alley? CV: Oh yes CO: Can you tell us a little bit about that? CV: Yes, it started on Wall just a little north of 25th street in the back of the buildings. There would be lights burning in some of the windows, upstairs windows. So one day I picked up my two friends and their mother came with us, she was very worried when I turned up electric alley because she said I don't have my girdle on I shouldn't be down here. She was a very proper lady, but we survived the little two or three block trip. We wouldn't have ever thought of getting out of our car down on 25th street back in those days, no not at all. It was just bars and saloons and yeah. Later yes, when they had nice restaurants years later we would yes. CO: But not during that time? 7 CV: No. CO: I would like to know how you met your husband. What was the story with him? CV: Okay, well like I mentioned my brother who was three years older than me was up in Oregon serving a mission for the church. He left a book of Mormon next door to the boarding house where my husband was living, he was about 19 or 20. The lady didn't want to keep the book so she asked bob if he would keep it for a week which he did. He's always read everything he could ever get his hands on so he had it nearly half read when they came back a week later to pick it up. So they said, "Well did you read the book?" "Yeah I read some." "Would you like to know more about it?" He says, "Yes I really would." That's where it started, they taught him all about the church and he joined the church and then not too long after that one of the missionaries was finished with his mission and came home to Salt Lake. My brother was still in Oregon, but this other got a job at Sear's and also got a job for Bob. So Sear's called Bob one day and said you're to report to Sear's store in Salt Lake on such and such a day. It was a surprise to him, but every time he applied for a job he applied for Bob too. He got a job, he packed his little suitcase and took the bus to Salt Lake and started working at Sear's. I think it's on about 7th and State or Main. Anyway once he was there, now he not only didn't have a car he'd never driven a car. He was 19 or 20 and so I basically taught him how to drive. So Cliff brought him up to dinner and then you know I thought he was cute and Lola didn't care for Cliff too much unfortunately because he really liked her. 8 Then they went home and I don't know if we'd have ever seen him again except that mother and dad went to Salt Lake, seemed like it might have been a few months later to a missionary farewell and there was Bob. They said to him and Cliff well why don't you come up next Sunday for dinner? So that's really where it all started. CO: Then it's interesting I noticed that your husband's last name was Ellis. CV: Yes he was Bob Ellis. CO: So can you explain how Vogel became your married name as well? Can you explain the situation behind that? CV: Yes we did start going together, but then Uncle Sam called. He had to go in the army and he's been blind in one eye from birth, but when they gave him the eye exam and I have to say that's one of the only two times I've ever been mad at him. When he covered up the good eye he said he couldn't see anything. They said well look harder, he says well I guess there's an E up there. So they said okay you're in the army. Oh when I heard about that I just about went through the ceiling. CO: Were you already married to him at this time? CV: Oh no, we had been going together but I didn't know if he was the one or not. He went to Fort Lee Virginia for boot camp and while he was there my brother came home. He married his sweetheart that had waited for him, Gwen Fronk. She went to Weber too. So he wanted Bob to be his best man and he told mother that you know that there's no one else I want to be my best man. Well he's back in boot camp. Mother says I'll see what I can do and she did, she was quite the lady. 9 She could pretty much do anything. The next thing Bob knew his orders were changed and he was to go to this private airport and was going to be picked up by a private plane and flown to Ogden the day before the wedding. So he was at the wedding. They were going to go to Sun Valley for their honeymoon. Anyway, the next morning Bob was at our home, that three level home over on 32nd, he was in the basement. He came up the next morning and here was the whole family there including the newlyweds and he wondered what was going on. Mother said, "Bob would you like a family?" He says, "I don't know what you mean." "Would you like us for your family?" He grew up in an orphanage and many foster homes. That was the only prayer he ever had was for a family. So he says, "Well usually you adopt little kids and raise them." Mother said again, "We would like to adopt you." So anyway, half an hour later we were down in the judge's quarters and got him adopted. The next day he had to leave for Seattle to take the troop ship. Probably what saved his life is he could type. So he was over there typing throughout the Korean War and he would accompany the dead bodies to Japan where they could be shipped home, that was his job. So the fact that he could type probably saved his life because not many of them came back. So he came back April 15, 1953 and we were married May 15, 1953. CO: Didn't waste any time then CV: So the second time I got mad at him I didn't see where he needed to change his name because I kind of wanted to change my name when I got married. So he 10 was good to write nearly every week. Private Ellis was on the envelope and pretty soon it was Sergeant Ellis, but then the date came it said Sergeant Vogel. I just about went through the ceiling again. Years and years later I found the adoption papers where it said that he was required to change his name and I didn't know that all those years ago. He did the right thing because Ellis to him meant all these broken marriages, all these drunken fathers, it was nothing good. My mother and dad was the first happy marriage he ever saw in his life, my mother and dad. He was very determined to be a good father, more so I think than most people. CO: After he got home and you guys got married. What did he do for a career? CV: Well something he was afraid to tell me that he didn't have a high school diploma. He was afraid if he told me I would kick him to the side. Well I didn't care, but he just took some odds and ends jobs. He worked for a T.V. repairman for a while. He took the GED test? He took that, he did so well he got a scholarship to the U, but we had just moved into little duplex in Ogden and we didn't want to move down there. So he turned it down. He started at Weber and he went days, nights, and summers. Graduated fairly early and then he worked at Baker's Shoes on Washington Boulevard and helped the folks with those four little apartments where Vogel's Drive Inn was. Bob was their handyman and their painter. He became a good painter so he would clean and paint the apartments and work at the shoe store. Kind of barely got us through. CO: You also mentioned that later on he would go around and he would speak to people and tell his story. 11 CV: Yes he did get his master's. He had to go up to Logan to get it in Elementary Education. So his first teaching job was at Polk School, that was in the early 60s. He taught some pretty famous people like Rocky Anderson, Doug Felt, the Frishneck, and a lot. He taught with Edna Hardy, she was quite a fixture at Polk school for many many years. I think she taught until she was about 72. Then he went on to, he became a principal down at Washington which has been torn down, but it was on Washington. His secretary Elaine Richins, I believe it was her, one day brought in an article about Charles Mansen. Bob said, "Well I know him quite well. He was in the next bed to mine in the orphanage." She said, "Oh my gosh." He had never told people much about it, but he told her a little. She said, "Oh would you come and speak in my ward?" So he did and every time he spoke a couple of people would come up after and ask him to speak in their ward. It just grew really big. He was pretty soon speaking every Sunday, well it lasted for years until eventually we decided that we would just ask them if it was out of town if they would come and get him and bring him back after. They were happy too, even somebody in Blanding they wanted him. So they came up and got him, took him to Blanding, got a place for him to stay and brought him home the next day. People would take him to Provo and bring him home. One time they flew us both down to California for him to speak to a big group in La Canyada California. People just kept telling him you need to write your story, you need to write a book. He started several times over the years to write his story and he just couldn't seem too. So I don't know if you want me to mention a little bit more about that or not. 12 CO: Yeah feel free CV: Well one of our friends when we lived in Price just before we moved back here. She was good on the computer and you know this was back in like1989, not many people were. She really wanted to write his story and so she would call him, get together with him, take notes, record his stories until she had, she actually wrote his story. She would call him, she moved to Texas we moved here. She would call him to get all the details so she finally did finish it. She mailed it to us and he set it aside, wouldn't even look at it. I know why now because I found that manuscript last Friday. So it gives his story in his own words up until the day he was adopted in 1951—61 pages actually—telling about the vision of him, his sister, and his brother. The mother bathing them, putting clothes on and telling them this lady is going to take you for a ride in her car. These three little kids being taken to the orphanage it was a huge big building called The Widows and Orphans Asylum. That little detail I had never heard, I knew he went to the orphanage, but I didn't realize it was like that. The mother never even said goodbye. She was very mentally ill so maybe you have to be happy she knew she couldn't take care of them. Anyway this friend also made another manuscript, same story but changing all the names because they thought in case they made it into a novel they would call it a novel based on fact. Fiction based on fact and all the names were changed. So that was kind of what we thought, but she had a couple of different people read it and they both said this can't be true. This can't be true, all these coincidences. How he finally left the orphanage at 18 and went to Mesa, 13 how he got to Oregon when my brother was there. They just said all this can't be true. She did submit a small version of it to the New Era Magazine, but the editor says, "I find it very fascinating, but I don't know what to tell you. Maybe you need to find a professional writer." Well I have a granddaughter just graduating from Weber College that has specialized in writing so I found this 63 pages Friday. Saturday I read it, it took two hours and I gave her a copy. She said she will write it and I think we'll use the version with all the right names because everybody in it is dead except for me. So I guess I think that as a family we need to self-publish the book. Anyway guess I'll be putting it together over the winter. LR: That's quite a coincidence having a granddaughter that writes. CV: Yes and I didn't know it. I was telling my one boy about it yesterday and he says well you know Amy graduated in writing. She was there last night, we had us a great big family night here at the park last night. I made root beer and they brought treats. So yeah Amy will help me do it and I have a friend that's a printer, has his own printing company here in Ogden. You know what? It kind of had to happen after he died. He didn't like dealing with it and you can just see why. How horrible, he says Charles Manson would cry himself to sleep every night. His mother was alive too. Anyway I think finally it's going to be a book and I think everyone that knows him is going to want a copy. Won't be a big book. LR: That's great thank you for sharing that. I think it's fantastic. His story will finally be not just something that's told, but you can read about it. CV: It will be in print and I know it's all true because over the years he's told me all. See he wouldn't tell me some of the little details that he did with his friend when 14 she would just have him talk. It's not full of extra wordage at all, no. It's pretty much fairly precise. It's not overly wordy. I visualize it being in the neighborhood of maybe 85/90 pages, something like that. Some of the people that read the one manuscript where they changed the names wrote to Ann later said whatever happened to Bill and Connie? Did they get married? She made him Bill and me Connie. So I don't know where it might lead, but I have friends that think it should be made into a movie. It would be one of the LDS movies I know because it's a fabulous story, but it's all true. One little thing I didn't know at one point after he'd been in the orphanage for a couple of years they brought him home. He was so happy but guess why they brought him home? His mother remarried another man named Ellis and had a little child so they took Bob out of school—the orphanage—and brought him home to tend the little boy, his little half-brother. That was bitter sweet because he had grown to love him. He felt like he was the only person that loved him. He didn't ever know his brother loved him so here was this little half-brother, but he really missed school. He did love school. So I don't know long that lasted, maybe a year or two. That was what he never mentioned, but it was in the 61 pages. He ran away a couple of times, but he'd end up back in the orphanage so he was going on 18 before he actually got away. Anyway I guess the recording's stopped. LR: No it's still going. CO: There was only one other question that I was going to ask that I forgot about. You mentioned that you had a Korean brother. 15 CV: Korean? CO: Yes CV: Oh yes, Sun Chu. That's his picture, he's my age. CO: How did you become acquainted? How did he become part of your family? CV: Okay there were a bunch of young Koreans that wanted to learn English really bad and the young men really wanted to go to American universities so they got permission to teach them English. Bob a couple of other soldiers would teach them English. The only book they had was the Book of Mormon so some of these, I don't remember how many. It seemed like five maybe five or six, I have the picture up there. See they all had to have their heavy coats on—it was winter. Some of these kids wanted to join the church and when Bob baptized Sun Chu in the China Sea, they kind of had to sweep away the ice. Bob and Sun Chu became very close, like brothers. They were refugees from Seoul, they had had to run and leave everything behind and there they were just living in Puson in very shabby conditions, but his family would have Bob over for rice and fish. So then later when three or four of these young men wanted to come to America so bad they each had to find a sponsor. Well of course my folks sponsored Sun Chu so by the time he came over Bob and I had been married three or four months so he lived here. Lola got married a month after us, but they had taken another girl in, Betty. She was still living with them so Sun Chu and Betty were there and he went to Weber for two years, then he went down to University of Utah. Got his engineering degree and when the Korean government knew that, the minute he got his degree they whisked him back. We didn't get a 16 forwarding address or anything. It was just kind of so fast, didn't get to say goodbye. He maybe didn't even, well anyway he went but he was just here part of the family. I mean he would tend our first little baby and he was very close with my brother and their two little babies too. We trusted him completely to tend our little baby. So then all these years went by and in October of 2010 fortunately it was 2010 and not 2011. He came over to the U.S. and picked up his son in San Francisco, came from Seoul. His son Don who's an architect in San Francisco. They drove up to Salt Lake for general conference and a little while after it ended the phone rang. It was our boy George that lives in my family home now. He says, "Sun Chu is here." I just couldn't believe it, he had to keep repeating it. He says, "He's here at our house I'm going to bring him up." So I started down the stairs and halfway down the stairs I just started to bawl. It was just so unreal, I mean happy. I just started to bawl so bad I couldn't talk. Poor Bob he knew the phone had just rang he thought surely somebody had been killed. Finally I was able to get it out, "Sun Chu is here he's coming to our house." The whole evening was like a dream. I'd never had one like that. It just kept feeling like I'll wake up in the morning and none of this happened. All of the grandkids that were available that could come came and they all sat in a big circle around on the floor here. Bob and Sun Chu sitting here reminiscing and talking. It was so special, so special. He wanted us to come to Seoul the next summer. I wish we had, but we had all these grandkids getting married that summer. We were kind of a little bit tied down. We've been in contact ever since 17 and it's just been a wonderful friendship. He married Dr. Kim's daughter, she was one of the other ones that was baptized. Beautiful woman, I have their colored family picture when they had their 50th wedding anniversary. They were all in their Korean clothes, it's a beautiful family. So I e-mail him, I never hear from him unless I e-mail him first then he'll message right back. He won't ever take the first step, but very sweet lovely man. He was a handsome young man, now he's just a sweet older man. LR: So you mentioned the name Lola. CV: Yes, my grandmother and her grandfather were brother and sister so we're second cousins. When her father (well her mother died) had these two little girls her and her sister he just gave them away to a lady. I think her name was Mrs. Moon out in Roosevelt and they were just doing all the work for her. Herding the sheep and doing the gardening and all that. Lola was about 12, I was 12. The little sister was about 9. Well the dad needed false teeth, didn't have any money so he said he had a thoroughbred race horse so we hooked up our trailer and went to Roosevelt. It was such a long ride in those days that we had to get a hotel. The next day we met Lola and Dorothy. Two little rag muffins you know. So what I really don't remember now is how we went home and mother said I can't leave those girls there. She asked me if they could bring Lola home I said, "Yes," so we went back out. I'll have to ask Lola how long it was, I just don't remember that at all. She felt like she went from rags to riches. She had appreciated that so much and she's had a wonderful life. Her sister went back to New York to live with the older 18 sister that was married and my mother regretted that the rest of her life because she led a pretty bad life. They weren't religious at all and just very sad. They're both still alive too, but one's paralyzed in a wheelchair for many years and the younger one is divorced and poor, very sad. Lola has had a very good life in California. LR: The last time we were here you talked about over where Mount Ogden Park is now. The little shack that had that little family in it. CV: Oh the stone house? LR: Yes CV: The rock house, yeah. It's where the club house is. It's just barely a stone's throw east from that. It was just square inside, probably about the size of half of this room and they had either three or four children. The Crosley's, the Crosley family and they were feeble minded. So the state automatically sterilized their children even though I have a friend that went to school with a couple of them at Polk School and she said they were totally normal. Kind of sad so yeah they were just so poor. I guess most poor people I ever knew. LR: Oh the house that is down on 32nd. Now didn't your father build that? CV: Yes, but Art Grix did the place LR: My question is, it's kind of a new art deco home. Was that one of the first art deco homes in Ogden? CV: Yes I could show you about eight of them that Art Grix did. There's another architect that did a couple, but Art Grix mainly did most of the art deco in Ogden. LR: He's the one that designed that home? 19 CV: Yeah and all of them are white except for ours. Mother said no I have to have yellow brick. So it was yellow brick and the upper part was yellow stucco. Self-cleaning stucco and to this day it's beautiful stucco. The people we sold it to in the 70s while we were in Louisiana put a pitched roof on it, kind of ruined the look oh dear, so sad. They didn't need to make it quite such pitched because they had to cut into the windows and make the windows little, it's very sad. The only improvement inside they did was in the kitchen and they made it so you couldn't have a kitchen table and chairs in the kitchen anymore. So the one improvement they made was not very much of an improvement. So they had to eat in the dining room for all their meals. We ate in the kitchen when Bob and I lived there. We had five boys, we had room. Then Sundays we ate in the dining room. They have to eat there every day so kind of sad, but it's still a lovely home. LR: So you mentioned that in 72 you moved to Louisiana. When you came back how had things changed? CV: Well we came back every summer so it wasn't like a big change. LR: Wasn't a big CV: Every single summer we came to Ogden because in Louisiana it was so miserable in the summer. The humidity just killed you so the minute school was out and if Bob wasn't through university we came and he would fly home. So we would spend the full summer here and in the basement of the home because it had its own kitchen and bath and living room and all that. It was kind of run down, you know renters they wouldn't mow the lawn. So it was kind of sad so that's why in a few summers I put it up for sale. Bob wasn't real thrilled with the idea, but he 20 knew we had too. An older couple bought it. When they died, this was about in 1999, I think, 2000, right around there. We went by one day and there was a for sale sign out in the yard so man we stopped. The realtor was inside so we didn't tell him it had been our home and we knew every nook and cranny we just let him show us around. Anyway we told mother about it and she helped George get a down payment to get it as he needed a bigger house. She was thrilled to have it back in the family. LR: I just kind of have one more question. Having been up here the majority of your life, up here meaning in the Mount Ogden area, all but those 20 years in Louisiana. Well you were in Price too right? I'm thinking of someone else. CV: 6 in Louisiana, 17 in Price LR: So you were in Price okay. CV: When we first got married we lived in Salt Lake for three or four years. LR: For the most part I mean the majority of your life has been spent up here in Mount Ogden. You've watched it go from a really rural area to more of an urban area. Has the change been something that you've liked or is it been more of a you wish it would go back to the old ways? CV: Oh dear. Well like I say, we were here every summer all those years. We noticed changes every year. Yes I remember like in Salt Lake we wouldn't see much change, but up here we would see year to year quite a bit of change all around town. Of course like I told you I have a photograph taken from our house on 32nd to St. Benedict's and Ogden High without one single house in between. I may have to get those printed, that was on slides. I was very happy that dad didn't sell 21 any lots over there between Iowa and Tyler, between 32nd and 30th until after I was married. I had all my horses until I got married and sold them. I had to sell them, but people over the years were always begging for building lots. All those little houses on Harrison, 48 I watched all those 48 houses get built. They sold for like 6,000 dollars, cute little homes. Some of them have fixed them up nice and some of them have let them go. We were kind of sad when they built those because I was still at home, didn't seem right to have all those houses so close together. Then finally dad relented and started selling a few lots and then a developer/builder George Stettler I believe his name was, Mr. Stettler. He pretty much bought all of them and built all those homes. Those are nicer homes, but the city has a master plan to take all those little houses on Harrison down and put up high density housing. I hope they don't, those are cute little homes. That is in their master plan for someday. You can go anywhere like out in Clinton where one of our boys live. Every time I go out to visit there's 50 more homes and over the winter there's a 1,000 more homes. I mean it's incredible, but once you get past Harrison Boulevard life just kind of slows down, traffic slows down. So I really appreciate living up here and especially having Mt. Ogden park there. There will never be homes right in front of me like most people have. So I'm very fortunate. Two of my boys live within walking distance and two are ten miles away and one is in Price. All the grandkids, everyone is in Utah. I don't think I have a friend that doesn't have kids all over the country. 22 LR: I lied, I have one more question. Where St. Benedict's is now, last time we were here you mentioned that the LDS Church was thinking of putting their temple there? CV: Yes at one time. They debated whether to put it there or downtown. LR: Do you know why they chose not to put it up here? CV: No, but I heard that they thought it would kind of help the downtown area. LR: If they built it down there? CV: Yeah LR: I just think it's interesting, it's a perfect spot. St. Benedict's is huge, you can see it CV: From all over, the freeway. It would've been nice for me, very nice for me. LR: That was it. CO: Thank you Carla for your interview LR: Unless you have anything else you'd like to add. Sorry I forgot to say that. CV: Oh, well other than you know the two years I had at Weber gave me wonderful jobs. A secretary job here because of the shorthand and typing that they don't need that anymore, but it was wonderful back through those years. Then in Price I got a good job. In Louisiana, I got a good secretarial job. In Price I worked as a law secretary for a number of years. So you know the training I got at Weber look how valuable it turned out to be for me. Plus I took all the psychology classes I could get for two years and I couldn't put a price tag on how valuable that has been, especially in raising five boys. Knowing how to interact with them that has positive outcomes, I mean you just can't put a value on that. So I really am very grateful for Weber and especially Dr. Stratford, William Stratford. He lived up into 23 his 90s I believe. Yes Weber's been a big part of our whole family and still is. I've got a lot more grandkids that will be going there. I have a 30 year old grandchild that just started there last year and he's found out he's so good in math that he just got a scholarship. So he may meet Mrs.Right there. LR: You never know. CO: Thank you Carla for your time CV: You're welcome. 24

Funding for this study was provided by the Aase and Ejner Danielsens Foundation; Academy of Finland (41071, 77299, 102318, 110413, 117787, 121584, 123885, 124243, 124282, 126925, 129378, 134309, 286284); Accare Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Action on Hearing Loss (G51); Agence Nationale de la 359 Recherche; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg; ALFEDIAM; ALK-Abello´ A/S; Althingi; American Heart Association (13POST16500011); Amgen; Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies; Ardix Medical; Arthritis Research UK; Association Diabe`te Risque Vasculaire; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (241944, 339462, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389927, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496739, 552485, 552498); Avera Institute; Bayer Diagnostics; Becton Dickinson; BHF (RG/14/5/30893); Boston Obesity Nutrition Research Center (DK46200), Bristol-Myers Squibb; British Heart Foundation (RG/10/12/ 28456, RG2008/08, RG2008/014, SP/04/002); Medical Research Council of Canada; Canadian Institutes for Health Research (FRCN-CCT-83028); Cancer Research UK; Cardionics; Cavadis B.V., Center for Medical Systems Biology; Center of Excellence in Genomics; CFI; CIHR; City of Kuopio; CNAMTS; Cohortes Sante´ TGIR; Contrat de Projets E´tat-Re´gion; Croatian Science Foundation (8875); Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF-1333- 00124, DFF-1331-00730B); County Council of Dalarna; Dalarna University; Danish Council for Strategic Research; Danish Diabetes Academy; Danish Medical Research Council; Department of Health, UK; Development Fund from the University of Tartu (SP1GVARENG); Diabetes Hilfs- und Forschungsfonds Deutschland; Diabetes UK; Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation Fellowship; Donald W. Reynolds Foundation; Dr Robert Pfleger-Stiftung; Dutch Brain Foundation; Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation; Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute; Dutch Kidney Foundation (E033); Dutch Ministry of Justice; the DynaHEALTH action No. 633595, Economic Structure Enhancing Fund of the Dutch Government; Else Kro¨ner-Fresenius-Stiftung (2012_A147, P48/08//A11/08); Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam; Erasmus MC and Erasmus University Rotterdam; the Municipality of Rotterdam; Estonian Government (IUT20-60, IUT24-6); Estonian Research Roadmap through the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (3.2.0304.11-0312); European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant and 323195:SZ-245 50371-GLUCOSEGENESFP7-IDEAS-ERC); European Regional Development Fund; European Science Foundation (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Commission (018947, 018996, 201668, 223004, 230374, 279143, 284167, 305739, BBMRI-LPC-313010, HEALTH-2011.2.4.2-2-EUMASCARA, HEALTH-2011-278913, HEALTH-2011-294713-EPLORE, HEALTH-F2- 2008-201865-GEFOS, HEALTH-F2-2013-601456, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, HEALTH-F4-2007-201550-HYPERGENES, HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE, IMI/ 115006, LSHG-CT-2006-018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, LSHM-CT-2004-005272, LSHM-CT-2006-037697, LSHM-CT-2007-037273, QLG1-CT-2002-00896, QLG2-CT2002-01254); Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne; Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403, 01ZZ9603, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012); Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Fe´de´ration Franc¸aise de Cardiologie; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Finnish Diabetes Association; Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research; Finnish Heart Association; Fondation Leducq; Food Standards Agency; Foundation for Strategic Research; French Ministry of Research; FRSQ; Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the NIH; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, 01ER1206, 01ER1507); GlaxoSmithKline; Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; Go¨teborg Medical Society; Health and Safety Executive; Healthcare NHS Trust; Healthway; Western Australia; Heart Foundation of Northern Sweden; Helmholtz Zentrum Mu¨nchen—German Research Center for Environmental Health; Hjartavernd; Ingrid Thurings Foundation; INSERM; InterOmics (PB05 MIUR-CNR); INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (A28); Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN, 09.001); Italian Ministry of Health (ICS110.1/RF97.71); Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance (FaReBio di Qualita`); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sports, the Netherlands; J.D.E. and Catherine T, MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health; Juho Vainio Foundation; Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International; KfH Stiftung Pra¨ventivmedizin e.V.; King's College London; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds (X51001); La Fondation de France; Leenaards Foundation; Lilly; LMUinnovativ; Lundberg Foundation; Magnus Bergvall Foundation; MDEIE; Medical Research Council UK (G0000934, G0601966, G0700931, MC_U106179471, MC_UU_12019/1); MEKOS Laboratories; Merck Sante´; Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, The Netherlands; Ministry of Cultural Affairs of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Ministry of Economic Affairs, The Netherlands; Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011); Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Netherlands; Ministry of Science, Education and Sport in the Republic of Croatia (108-1080315-0302); MRC centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology; MRC Human Genetics Unit; MRC-GlaxoSmithKline pilot programme (G0701863); MSD Stipend Diabetes; National Institute for Health Research; Netherlands Brain Foundation (F2013(1)-28); Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative (CVON2011-19); Netherlands Genomics Initiative (050-060-810); Netherlands Heart Foundation (2001 D 032, NHS2010B280); Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) (56-464- 14192, 60-60600-97-118, 100-001-004, 261-98-710, 400-05-717, 480-04-004, 480-05-003, 481-08-013, 904-61-090, 904-61-193, 911-11-025, 985-10-002, Addiction-31160008, BBMRI–NL 184.021.007, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, GB-MaGW 452-06-004, GB-MaGW 480-01-006, GB-MaGW 480-07-001, GB-MW 940-38-011, Middelgroot-911-09-032, NBIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024, Spinozapremie 175.010.2003.005, 175.010.2007.006); NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI:10.1038/ncomms14977 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 8:14977 | DOI:10.1038/ncomms14977 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 13 Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam; NHS Foundation Trust; National Institutes of Health (1RC2MH089951, 1Z01HG000024, 24152, 263MD9164, 263MD821336, 2R01LM010098, 32100-2, 32122, 32108, 5K99HL130580-02, AA07535, AA10248, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, AA17688, AG13196, CA047988, DA12854, DK56350, DK063491, DK078150, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616, ES10126, HG004790, HHSN268200625226C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268201500001I, HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, HHSN271201100004C, HL043851, HL45670, HL080467, HL085144, HL087660, HL054457, HL119443, HL118305, HL071981, HL034594, HL126024, HL130114, KL2TR001109, MH66206, MH081802, N01AG12100, N01HC55015, N01HC55016, N01C55018, N01HC55019, N01HC55020, N01HC55021, N01HC55022, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC95159, N01HC95160, N01HC95161, N01HC95162, N01HC95163, N01HC95164, N01HC95165, N01HC95166, N01HC95167, N01HC95168, N01HC95169, N01HG65403, N01WH22110, N02HL6-4278, N01-HC-25195, P01CA33619, R01HD057194, R01HD057194, R01AG023629, R01CA63, R01D004215701A, R01DK075787, R01DK062370, R01DK072193, R01DK075787, R01DK089256, R01HL53353, R01HL59367, R01HL086694, R01HL087641, R01HL087652, R01HL103612, R01HL105756, R01HL117078, R01HL120393, R03 AG046389, R37CA54281, RC2AG036495, RC4AG039029, RPPG040710371, RR20649, TW008288, TW05596, U01AG009740, U01CA98758, U01CA136792, U01DK062418, U01HG004402, U01HG004802, U01HG007376, U01HL080295, UL1RR025005, UL1TR000040, UL1TR000124, UL1TR001079, 2T32HL007055-36, T32GM074905, HG002651, HL084729, N01-HC25195, UM1CA182913); NIH, National Institute on Aging (Intramural funding, NO1-AG-1-2109); Northern Netherlands Collaboration of Provinces; Novartis Pharma; Novo Nordisk; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Nutricia Research Foundation (2016-T1); ONIVINS; Parnassia Bavo group; Pierre Fabre; Province of Groningen; Pa¨ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Påhlssons Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark; the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly; Research into Ageing; Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center; Roche; Royal Society; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Sanofi-Aventis; Scottish Government Health Directorates, Chief Scientist Office (CZD/16/6); Siemens Healthcare; Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010); Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania; Socie´te´ Francophone du 358 Diabe`te; State of Bavaria; Stiftelsen fo¨r Gamla Tja¨narinnor; Stockholm County Council (560183, 592229); Strategic Cardiovascular and Diabetes Programmes of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council; Stroke Association; Swedish Diabetes Association; Swedish Diabetes Foundation (2013-024); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197, 20150711); Swedish Research Council (0593, 8691, 2012-1397, 2012-1727, and 2012-2215); Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Swiss National Science Foundation (3100AO-116323/1, 31003A-143914, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 51RTP0_151019); Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Technology Foundation STW (11679); The Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen, Ministry of the Flemish Community (G.0880.13, G.0881.13); The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River Region of Western Australia; Timber Merchant Vilhelm Bangs Foundation; Topcon; Tore Nilsson Foundation; Torsten and Ragnar So¨derberg's Foundation; United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant 2011036), Umeå University; University Hospital of Regensburg; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Michigan; University of Utrecht; Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) (b2011036); Velux Foundation; VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research; Va¨stra Go¨taland Foundation; Wellcome Trust (068545, 076113, 079895, 084723, 088869, WT064890, WT086596, WT098017, WT090532, WT098051, 098381); Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO; Yrjo¨ Jahnsson Foundation; and Åke Wiberg Foundation

ENIGMA-CNV working group. ; Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers—the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function. ; 1000BRAINS: The 1000BRAINS study was funded by the Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Germany. We thank the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany) for the generous support of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study on which 1000BRAINS is based. We also thank the scientists and the study staff of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study and 1000BRAINS. Funding was also granted by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (Caspers) and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3; Amunts, Caspers, Cichon). Brainscale: The Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480-04-004 (Dorret I. Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Dorret I. Boomsma and Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56-464-14192 (Dorret I. Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC-230374) (Dorret I. Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol) and NWO Brain and Cognition 433-09-220 (Hilleke E.Hulshoff Pol). Betula: The Betula study was funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) foundation (Nyberg). The Freesurfer segmentations on the Betula sample were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at HPC2N (in Umeå, Sweden), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG): This work makes use of the BIG database, first established in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics (www.cognomics.nl), a joint initiative by researchers from the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud University Medical Centre and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. The Cognomics Initiative has received support from the participating departments and centres and from external grants, that is, the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). The research leading to these results also receives funding from the NWO Gravitation grant 'Language in Interaction', the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement nos. 602450 (IMAGEMEND), 278948 (TACTICS) and 602805 (Aggressotype), as well as from the European Community's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement no. 643051 (MiND) and from ERC-2010-AdG 268800-NEUROSCHEMA. In addition, the work was supported by a grant for the ENIGMA Consortium (grant number U54 EB020403) from the BD2K Initiative of a cross-NIH partnership. deCODE genetics: deCODE genetics acknowledges support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement nos. 115008 (NEWMEDS) and 115300 (EUAIMS), of which resources are composed of EFPIA in-kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU-FP7/2007-2013), EU-FP7-funded grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND) and EU-funded FP7-People-2011-IAPP grant agreement no. 286213 (PsychDPC). Dublin: This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI grant 12/IP/1359 to Gary Donohoe and grant SFI08/IN.1/B1916-Corvin to Aidan C. Corvin). ECHO-DEFINE: The ECHO study acknowledges funding from a Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre Grant to Michael J. Owen (G0801418), the Wellcome Trust (Institutional Strategic Support Fund (ISSF) to van den Bree and Clinical Research Training Fellowship to Joanne L. Doherty), the Waterloo Foundation (WF 918-1234 to van den Bree), the Baily Thomas Charitable Fund (2315/1 to van den Bree), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH 5UO1MH101724 to van den Bree and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-2 study (funded by the MRC (MR/T033045/1) to van den Bree, Jeremy Hall and Michael J. Owen), the IMAGINE-ID study (funded by MRC (MR/N022572/1) to Jeremy Hall, van den Bree and Owen). The DEFINE study was supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (100202/Z/12/Z) to Michael J. Owen. ENIGMA: ENIGMA is supported in part by NIH grants U54 EB20403, R01MH116147 and R56AG058854. NIA T32AG058507; NIH/NIMH 5T32MH073526. EPIGEN-Dublin: The EPIGEN-Dublin cohort was supported by a Science Foundation Ireland Research Frontiers Programme award (08/RFP/GEN1538). EPIGEN-UK (Sisodiya): The work was partly undertaken at UCLH/UCL, which received a proportion of funding from the UK Department of Health's NIHR Biomedical Research Centres funding scheme. We are grateful to the Wolfson Trust and the Epilepsy Society for supporting the Epilepsy Society MRI scanner. GAP: This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. GOBS: The GOBS study data collection was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: R01 MH078143, R01 MH078111 and R01 MH083824, with work conducted in part in facilities constructed under the support of NIH grant C06 RR020547. GSP: Data were in part provided by the Brain Genomics Superstruct Project (GSP) of Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (Principal Investigators: Randy Buckner, Jordan Smoller and Joshua Roffman), with support from the Center for Brain Science Neuroinformatics Research Group, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Center for Genomic Medicine and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. Twenty individual investigators at Harvard and MGH generously contributed data to the overall project. We would like to thank Randy Buckner for insightful comments and feedback on this work. HUBIN: The HUBIN study was financed by the Swedish Research Council (K2010-62X-15078-07-2, K2012-61X-15078-09-3, 521-2014-3487 K2015-62X-15077-12-3, 2017-00949), the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research between Stockholm County Council and the Karolinska Institutet. HUNT: The HUNT study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Movement Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord-Trøndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT-MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. IMAGEN: This work received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant 'STRATIFY' (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: BRain Imaging, cognition Dementia and next generation GEnomics) (MR/N027558/1), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907),the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND(602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EUAIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA' (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152, 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/2), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1). Further support was provided by grants from: ANR (project AF12-NEUR0008-01—WM2NA, ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Eranet Neuron (ANR-18-NEUR00002-01), the Fondation de France (00081242), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DPA20140629802), the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, the Fondation de l'Avenir (grant AP-RM-17-013), the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), USA (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1) and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. Lifespan: The study is funded by the Research Council of Norway (230345, 288083 and 223273). NCNG: NCNG sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the Research Council of Norway, to le Hellard, Steen and Espeseth. The Bergen group was supported by grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (Grant 911593 to Arvid Lundervold, Grant 911397 and 911687 to Astri Johansen Lundervold). NTR: The NTR cohort was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) grants 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 912-10-020, 904-61-193, 480-04-004,463-06-001, 451-04-034, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, 016-115-035, 481-08-011, 056-32-010, Middelgroot-911-09-032, OCW_NWO Gravity programme—024.001.003, NWO-Groot 480-15-001/674, Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007 and 184.033.111); Spinozapremie (NWO-56-464-14192), KNAW Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635) and University Research Fellow grant (URF) to Dorret I. Boomsma; Amsterdam Public Health research institute (former EMGO+), Neuroscience Amsterdam research institute (former NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7- HEALTH-F4-2007-2013, grant 01413: ENGAGE and grant 602768: ACTION); the European Research Council (ERC Starting 284167, ERC Consolidator 771057, ERC Advanced 230374), Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the National Institutes of Health (NIH, R01D0042157-01A1, R01MH58799-03, MH081802, DA018673, R01 DK092127-04, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. Computing was supported by NWO through grant 2018/EW/00408559, BiG Grid, the Dutch e-Science Grid and SURFSARA. OATS: The OATS study has been funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award Grant of the Ageing Well, Ageing Productively Programme (ID No. 401162) and NHMRC Project Grants (ID Nos. 1045325 and 1085606). This research was facilitated through Twins Research Australia, a national resource in part supported by an NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence Grant (ID No.: 1079102). We thank the participants for their time and generosity in contributing to this research. We acknowledge the contribution of the OATS research team (https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study) to this study. OATS genotyping was partly funded by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. Osaka: Osaka study was supported by the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS: Grant Number JP18dm0207006), Brain/MINDS& beyond studies (Grant Number JP20dm0307002) and Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for Comprehensive Research on Persons with Disabilities (Grant Number JP20dk0307081) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; Grant Numbers JP25293250 and JP16H05375). Some computations were performed at the Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan. PAFIP: The PAFIP study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499, PI060507, PI10/00183, the SENY Fundació Research Grant CI2005-0308007 and the FundaciónMarqués de Valdecilla API07/011. Biological samples from our cohort were stored at the Valdecilla Biobank and genotyping services were conducted at the Spanish 'Centro Nacional de Genotipado' (CEGEN-ISCIII). MCIC/COBRE: The study is funded by the National Institutes of Health studies R01EB006841, P20GM103472 and P30GM122734 and Department of Energy DE-FG02-99ER62764. PING: Data collection and sharing for the Paediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) Study (National Institutes of Health Grant RC2DA029475) were funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. A full list of PING investigators is at http://pingstudy.ucsd.edu/investigators.html. QTIM: The QTIM study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD050735) and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC 486682, 1009064), Australia. Genotyping was supported by NHMRC (389875). Medland is supported in part by an NHMRC fellowship (APP1103623). SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism typing in SHIP and MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. StrokeMRI: StrokeMRI was supported by the Norwegian ExtraFoundation for Health and Rehabilitation(2015/FO5146), the Research Council of Norway (249795, 262372), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2014097, 2015044, 2015073) and the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo. Sydney MAS: The Sydney Memory and Aging Study (Sydney MAS) is funded by National and HealthMedical Research Council (NHMRC) Programme and Project Grants (ID350833, ID568969 and ID109308). We also thank the Sydney MAS participants and the Research Team. SYS: The SYS Study is supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research. TOP: Centre of Excellence: RCN #23273 and RCN #226971. Part of this work was performed on the TSD (Tjeneste for Sensitive Data) facilities, owned by the University of Oslo, operated and developed by the TSD service group at the University of Oslo, IT-Department (USIT) (tsd-drift@usit.uio.no). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-COFUND) under grant agreement no. 609020—Scientia Fellows; the Research Council of Norway (RCN) #276082—A lifespan perspective on mental illness: toward precision medicine using multimodal brain imaging and genetics. Ida E. Sønderby and Rune Bøen are supported by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (#2020060). Ida E. Sønderby and Ole A. Andreassen have received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant agreement no. 847776 (CoMorMent project) and the KG Jebsen Foundation (SKGJ-MED-021). UCLA_UMCU: The UCLA_UMCU cohort comprises of six studies which were supported by National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders (NARSAD) (20244 to Prof. Hillegers), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) (908-02-123 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol), and Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO 9120818 and NWO-VIDI 917-46-370 to Prof. Hulshoff Pol). The GROUP study was funded through the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (ZonMw, grant number 10-000-1001), and matching funds from participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Janssen Cilag) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical Centre, GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia Psycho-medical Center, The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent van Gogh, voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenzeriagg, Zuyderland GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-JozefKortenberg, CAPRI University of Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt, OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions: Altrecht, GGZ Centraal and Delta.). UK Biobank: This work made use of data sharing from UK Biobank (under project code 27412). Others: Work by Pierre Vanderhaeghen was funded by Grants of the European Research Council (ERC Adv Grant GENDEVOCORTEX), the EOS Programme, the Belgian FWO, the AXA Research Fund and the Belgian Queen Elizabeth Foundation. Ikuo K. Suzuki was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the FRS/FNRS. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed.Findings: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27-0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14-0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide

Recently, a petition was offered to the European Commission calling for an immediate ban on animal testing. Although a Europe-wide moratorium on the use of animals in science is not yet possible, there has been a push by the non-scientific community and politicians for a rapid transition to animal-free innovations. Although there are benefits for both animal welfare and researchers, advances on alternate methods have not progressed enough to be able to replace animal research in the foreseeable future. This trend has led first and foremost to a substantial increase in the administrative burden and hurdles required to make timely advances in research and treatments for human and animal diseases. The current COVID-19 pandemic clearly highlights how much we actually rely on animal research. COVID-19 affects several organs and systems, and various animal-free alternatives currently available do not even come close to this complexity. In this Essay we therefore argue that the use of animals is essential for the advancement of human and veterinary health.

Common risk factors for psychiatric and other brain disorders are likely to converge on biological pathways influencing the development and maintenance of brain structure and function across life. Using structural MRI data from 45,615 individuals aged 3–96 years, we demonstrate distinct patterns of apparent brain aging in several brain disorders and reveal genetic pleiotropy between apparent brain aging in healthy individuals and common brain disorders. ; The author list between I.A. and M.Z. is in alphabetic order. The authors were funded by the Research Council of Norway (276082 LifespanHealth (T.K.), 213837 (O.A.A), 223273 NORMENT (O.A.A.), 204966 (L.T.W.), 229129 (O.A.A.), 249795 (L.T.W.), 273345 (L.T.W.) and 283798 SYNSCHIZ (O.A.A.)), the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2013-123 (O.A.A.), 2014-097 (L.T.W.), 2015-073 (L.T.W.) and 2016083 (L.T.W.)), Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen (SKGJ-MED-008), the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Starting Grant, Grant agreement No. 802998 BRAINMINT (L.T.W.)), NVIDIA Corporation GPU Grant (T.K.), and the European Commission 7th Framework Programme (602450, IMAGEMEND (A.M.-L.)). ; acceptedVersion

Background: DNA methylation at the GFI1-locus has been repeatedly associated with exposure to smoking from the foetal period onwards. We explored whether DNA methylation may be a mechanism that links exposure to maternal prenatal smoking with offspring's adult cardio-metabolic health. Methods: We meta-analysed the association between DNA methylation at GFI1-locus with maternal prenatal smoking, adult own smoking, and cardio-metabolic phenotypes in 22 population-based studies from Europe, Australia, and USA (n = 18,212). DNA methylation at the GFI1-locus was measured in whole-blood. Multivariable regression models were fitted to examine its association with exposure to prenatal and own adult smoking. DNA methylation levels were analysed in relation to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose (FG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL—C), triglycerides (TG), diastolic, and systolic blood pressure (BP). Findings: Lower DNA methylation at three out of eight GFI1-CpGs was associated with exposure to maternal prenatal smoking, whereas, all eight CpGs were associated with adult own smoking. Lower DNA methylation at cg14179389, the strongest maternal prenatal smoking locus, was associated with increased WC and BP when adjusted for sex, age, and adult smoking with Bonferroni-corrected P < 0·012. In contrast, lower DNA methylation at cg09935388, the strongest adult own smoking locus, was associated with decreased BMI, WC, and BP (adjusted 1 × 10−7 < P < 0.01). Similarly, lower DNA methylation at cg12876356, cg18316974, cg09662411, and cg18146737 was associated with decreased BMI and WC (5 × 10−8 < P < 0.001). Lower DNA methylation at all the CpGs was consistently associated with higher TG levels. Interpretation: Epigenetic changes at the GFI1 were linked to smoking exposure in-utero/in-adulthood and robustly associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors. Fund: European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 633595 DynaHEALTH.

The ecosystem service (ES) concept is becoming mainstream in policy and planning, but operational influence on practice is seldom reported. Here, we report the practitioners' perspectives on the practical implementation of the ES concept in 27 case studies. A standardised anonymous survey (n = 246), was used, focusing on the science-practice interaction process, perceived impact and expected use of the case study assessments. Operationalisation of the concept was shown to achieve a gradual change in practices: 13% of the case studies reported a change in action (e.g. management or policy change), and a further 40% anticipated that a change would result from the work. To a large extent the impact was attributed to a well conducted science-practice interaction process (>70%). The main reported advantages of the concept included: increased concept awareness and communication; enhanced participation and collaboration; production of comprehensive science-based knowledge; and production of spatially referenced knowledge for input to planning (91% indicated they had acquired new knowledge). The limitations were mostly case-specific and centred on methodology, data, and challenges with result implementation. The survey highlighted the crucial role of communication, participation and collaboration across different stakeholders, to implement the ES concept and enhance the democratisation of nature and landscape planning. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. ; Peer reviewed

The ecosystem service (ES) concept is becoming mainstream in policy and planning, but operational influence on practice is seldom reported. Here, we report the practitioners' perspectives on the practical implementation of the ES concept in 27 case studies. A standardised anonymous survey (n = 246), was used, focusing on the science-practice interaction process, perceived impact and expected use of the case study assessments. Operationalisation of the concept was shown to achieve a gradual change in practices: 13% of the case studies reported a change in action (e.g. management or policy change), and a further 40% anticipated that a change would result from the work. To a large extent the impact was attributed to a well conducted science-practice interaction process (>70%). The main reported advantages of the concept included: increased concept awareness and communication; enhanced participation and collaboration; production of comprehensive science-based knowledge; and production of spatially referenced knowledge for input to planning (91% indicated they had acquired new knowledge). The limitations were mostly case-specific and centred on methodology, data, and challenges with result implementation. The survey highlighted the crucial role of communication, participation and collaboration across different stakeholders, to implement the ES concept and enhance the democratisation of nature and landscape planning.

24 páginas, 2 figuras, 1 tabla. ; The protection, preservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and their functions are of global importance. For European states it became legally binding mainly through the EUWater Framework Directive (WFD). In order to assess the ecological status of a given water body, aquatic biodiversity data are obtained and compared to a reference water body. The quantified mismatch obtained determines the extent of potential management actions. The current approach to biodiversity assessment is based on morpho-taxonomy. This approach has many drawbacks such as being time consuming, limited in temporal and spatial resolution, and error-prone due to the varying individual taxonomic expertise of the analysts. Novel genomic tools can overcome many of the aforementioned problems and could complement or even replace traditional bioassessment. Yet, a plethora of approaches are independently developed in different institutions, thereby hampering any concerted routine application. The goal of this Action is to nucleate a group of researchers across disciplines with the task to identify gold-standard genomic tools and novel ecogenomic indices for routine application in biodiversity assessments of European fresh- and marine water bodies. Furthermore, DNAqua-Net will provide a platform for training of the next generation of European researchers preparing them for the new technologies. Jointly with water managers, politicians, and other stakeholders, the group will develop a conceptual framework for the standard application of eco-genomic tools as part of legally binding assessments. ; Peer reviewed