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In modern humanitarian studies and research in a number of social sciences, interpretation of visual data is often used. However, in some cases, it is able to make a negative adjustment in the methodology and research methods, which is a consequence of the terminological and theoretical underdevelopment of the theory of visuality itself, including within the framework of political science. The development of a general visual paradigm is currently in its infancy and is being carried out through the formation of the corresponding categorical apparatus, adequate to the real processes that it signifies.In political science studies, the theory of visibility is an innovation, since they lack the basic conceptual principles of the theory of visual political communication, which are not in demand due to the textual orientation of political science, which has for a long time linguistic-political bias, obscuring the whole complex of images in politics. However, the transformation of existing formats of rapidly developing political communication processes and technologies in the modern information society and the creation of new ones is carried out in the direction of increasing the amount of visual information that not only complements verbal forms, but also dominates the processes of political practices. The communication processes that ensure the functioning of political institutions are, in most situations, visually attributed and focused not so much on speech and audio as on visual techniques, which suggests that they are the main tool of political communication and a means of constituting political reality.

The oil industry in the United States has been the subject of innumerable histories. But books on the development of the natural gas industry and the electricity industry in the U.S. are scarce. Edison to Enron is a readable flowing history of two of America's largest and most colorful industries. It begins with the story of Samuel Insull, a poor boy from England, who started his career as Thomas Edison's right-hand man, then went on his own and became one of America's top industrialists. But when Insull's General Electric's energy empire collapsed during the Great Depression, the hitherto Great Man was denounced and prosecuted and died a pauper. Against that backdrop, the book introduces Ken Lay, a poor boy from Missouri who began his career as an aide to the head of Humble oil, now part of Exxon Mobil. Lay went on to become a Washington bureaucrat and energy regulator and then became the wunderkind of the natural gas industry in the 1980s with Enron. To connect the lives of these two energy giants, Edison to Enron takes the reader through the flamboyant history of the American energy industry, from Texas wildcatters to the great pipeline builders to the Washington wheeler-dealers. From the Reviews ... "This scholarly work fills in much missing history about two of America's most important industries, electricity and natural gas."--Joseph A. Pratt, NEH-Cullen Professor of History and Business, University of Houston " ... a remarkable book on the political inner workings of the U.S. energy industry."--Robert Peltier, PE, Editor-in-Chief, POWER Magazine "This is a powerful story, brilliantly told."--Forrest McDonald, Historian

The Second World War represented the most sustained challenge to the British party system during the twentieth century. Parties at War explores how the main political parties responded to this challenge, showing that struggles over organization had significance for the long-term development of 'party' in modern British politics.

Debate about the quantity of political information often tends to evaluate television negatively since it became a widely used mass medium. Systematic data on the supply and proportion of political information on television, however, are scarce. This research fills this gap by presenting a longitudinal analysis of broadcast time for political information. The authors examine specifically how time spent on the broad categories of information, infotainment and entertainment on television in the Netherlands has evolved from 1957 to 2006. Results show that over time both public and commercial broadcasters have dedicated more time to information programming, but these programmes have moved out of prime time, especially on commercial channels. Overall, time spent on entertainment has gone down, contrary to expectations, while time for infotainment programmes has gone up, in concordance with existing beliefs.

Preliminary findings are reported from a study of municipal councils, employing methods of direct observation under field conditions, that explored the effects of dominance status, age and relative age in groups involved in group decision-making processes. Findings show that old age was associated with greater participation in the group by actors and greater responsiveness by the group toward actors; while with regard to relative age, younger members received higher responsiveness from groups and participated at grand mean levels. Overall, being old was associated with status and involvement in small-group political interactions, but the ascriptive prerogatives of older age did not close out the opportunities for achievement by the relatively young.

The relevance of the formulated problems and proposed solutions in the report and further discussion is manifested by the assignment of the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin to design implementation arrangement tools for the long-term Strategy for Russia's Science and Technology Development by autumn 2016. In addition to the tool for implementation of research in priority areas of Russian Scientiic and Technological Complex development it is necessary to design relevant infrastructure. This brings forth a problem of eficient engagement of existing infrastructure assets into research activities and their capacity development in accordance with the existing scientiic tasks. Core facilities (abbreviated in Russian as CKP), which provide multiple access to scientiic equipment, research methods and expertise of employees of research and educational institutions for a wide range of interested parties, is one of infrastructure classes actively supported by the government. Effective public support of CKP and their orientation to external users allow to consider them as the second level infrastructure support to the research in priority areas of Russian Scientiic and Technological Complex development. As the irst level infrastructural support we consider infrastructure of a Centre of Excellence – the leading research institution in a priority area. To involve resources of research institutions into innovation processes by means of establishing CKP at their premises it is suggested to compensate CKP costs of servicing external users from the budget of Centre of Excellence, which is formed mainly from public funds. That is how the principle of multichannel funding is realized in connection with CKP, which is a strong incentive for research institutions to contribute to infrastructural support of research initiated by a Centre of Excellence. Implementation of the proposed 2-level system of infrastructural support to research means a wider understanding of CKP role in innovation processes, evolutionary ...