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Data collection is one of the main operations performed in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Even if several interesting approaches on data collection have been proposed during the last decade, it remains a research focus in full swing with a number of important challenges. Indeed, the continuous reduction in sensor size and cost, the variety of sensors available on the market, and the tremendous advances in wireless communication technology have potentially broadened the impact of WSNs. The range of application of WSNs now extends from health to the military field through home automation, environmental monitoring and tracking, as well as other areas of human activity. Moreover, the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has resulted in an important amount of heterogeneous data that are produced at an exponential rate. Furthermore, these data are of interest to both industry and in research. This fact makes their collection and analysis imperative for many purposes. In view of the characteristics of these data, we believe that very large-scale and heterogeneous WSNs can be very useful for collecting and processing these Big Data. However, the scaling up of WSNs presents several challenges that are of interest in both network architecture to be proposed, and the design of data-routing protocols. This paper reviews the background and state of the art of Big Data collection in Large-Scale WSNs (LS-WSNs), compares and discusses on challenges of Big Data collection in LS-WSNs, and proposes possible directions for the future.

The following is extracted by the FMR editors from Methods and Systems for the Assessment and Monitoring of Sexual Violence and Exploitation in Conflict Situations - the report of a technical consultation held in December 200 in New York by the Social Science Research Council, UNFPA & WHO. Adapted from the source document.

The following is extracted by the FMR editors from Methods and Systems for the Assessment and Monitoring of Sexual Violence and Exploitation in Conflict Situations - the report of a technical consultation held in December 200 in New York by the Social Science Research Council, UNFPA & WHO. Adapted from the source document.

This paper investigated the challenges that researchers in a health sciences university can experience, and ways to counterbalance the negative effects of these challenges. Focus was on the extent to which gatekeepers on higher education institutions (HEIs) can restrict research, and the way natural sciences researchers often experience gatekeeper biasness on denying them access as compared to the way health sciences researchers are treated. The method compared experiences of researchers for Master of Science (MSc) degrees in selected science subjects, and the projects undertaken by health sciences students. All the studies were based on students on campus as research subjects. The MSc ones were for students who were already academics teaching on campus. All the proposals received clearance certificates from the same ethics committee. Upon requiring the HEI registrar to grant permission to use the student as study participants, the health sciences were granted permission and the names of the students. For the science academics, they were denied permission to the student numbers, which were needed to request individual students to make on decisions whether they wanted to participate in the studies or not. Gatekeeping weaknesses were explored, and lawful interventions were used to collect research data. It was observed that in the science academic divisions of HEIs that are dominated by the health sciences, gatekeeper unfairness and power could offset creativities and innovations initiated by researchers. Recommendations have been made to limit this power.

SolPop is a socio-political survey that entails data about a number of political and sociological aspects for a Greek random sample. Topics are among others the European Union and its legitimacy as well as opinions on cross-national redistribution in the light of different crises.
The target population of the SolPop survey consisted of adults living in private households in Greece. 1200 respondents were asked a total of 64 questions.

The judicial statistics, as collected and represented in annual reports by the Law and Justice Commission of Pakistan (LJCP), require presentation in a more analytical form. The current focus on raw numerical figures merely leads to repetition of an exercise on an annual basis that does not effectively contribute in policymaking for improvement of the legal and judicial system of Pakistan. Analyzing that the court structure in the country is divided into different tiers, a rudimentary framework for presentation of judicial data is proposed for further periodical reporting of judicial statistics. The paper looks at the judicial data and statistics in Pakistan, with a view to reform and improve it. Using qualitative method, various academic reports and papers from different jurisdictions have been consulted in order to suggest a basic framework for presentation of judicial data in Pakistan.