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Abstract
Changes to access to credit can potentially cause changes to the returns to various factors—general equilibrium (GE) effects. This paper considers changes in wages, prices of goods and services, interest rates, and in the returns to forming or maintaining social ties. Such GE effects can lead to positive and/or negative indirect effects on economic agents, including those who are not directly affected by a given credit policy. Thus such effects matter for the average level and distribution of impacts resulting from credit access. In addition, GE effects have implications for research design, in that those who are indirectly affected via GE channels are generally not a valid counterfactual for those who are directly affected.

In May 2001 Senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party and tipped control of the U.S. Senate to the Democrats. This paper uses the surprise event to demonstrate what I term the "Jeffords effect": changes in the political landscape have large effects on the market value of firms. I use a firm's soft money donations to the national parties as the measure of how the firm aligns itself politically. In this event study of large public firms, a firm lost 0.8% of market capitalization the week of Jeffords' switch for every $250,000 it gave to the Republicans in the previous election cycle. Based on the point estimates, the stock price gain associated with Democratic donations is smaller than the loss associated with Republican donations, but the estimates are consistent with the coefficients being equal and opposite. The results withstand several robustness checks, and the effects appear to persist long after the event. The relationship between soft money and stock returns may or may not be causal: Soft money could be a proxy for how well each party's policies suit a firm, or donations might affect how much help politicians give to a firm.

Les entreprises, les gouvernements et les particuliers ont eu à faire face à la mise à l'échelle de leurs idées, parfois avec succès, mais trop souvent sans succès. Le passage à l'échelle est au cœur de mon livre The Voltage Effect (2022). Dans ce livre et dans cet article, je cherche à expliciter ce que j'ai appris en utilisant l'économie pour comprendre le monde. L'article commence par décrire les origines de mon travail sur la mise à l'échelle et de The Voltage Effect. La mise à l'échelle a longtemps été considérée comme un art, mais il y avait clairement un besoin de compréhension scientifique. Après les origines, on trouvera un aperçu de certains des principaux enseignements de The Voltage Effect : l'identification des idées susceptibles d'être transposées à plus grande échelle et les outils permettant de transposer ces idées à plus grande échelle .

"News Framing Effects is a guide to framing effects theory, one of the most prominent theories in media and communication science. Rooted in both psychology and sociology, framing effects theory describes the ability of news media to influence peoples' attitudes and behaviours by subtle changes to how they report on an issue. The book gives expert commentary on this complex theoretical notion alongside practical instruction on how to apply it to research. The book's structure mirrors the steps a scholar might take to design a framing study. The first chapter establishes a working definition of news framing effects theory. The following chapters focuses on how to identify the independent variable (i.e., the "news frame") and the dependent variable (i.e., the "framing effect"). The book then considers the potential limits or enhancements of the proposed effects (i.e., the "moderators") and how framing effects might emerge (i.e., the "mediators"). Finally, it asks how strong these effects are likely to be. The final chapter considers news framing research in the light of a rapidly and fundamentally changing news and information market, in which technologies, platforms, and changing consumption patterns are forcing assumptions at the core of framing effects theory to be re-evaluated"--

The term hysteresis effect refers to the shape of a performance curve when plotted against increasing and then decreasing demand. Performance during increasing demand reaches a maximum point and begins to deteriorate at high demand levels, whereas performance during decreasing demand is significantly degraded. The Short-Term Memory, expectancy, and other hypotheses have attempted to explain the hysteresis effect. In this paper it is argued that the hysteresis effect could be described by three phases of cognitive processing: an ideal transmission phase, a varying reaction time phase, and a sampling strategy phase. A mathematical model of human information processing was developed to explore the hypothesis. The model was simulated using the Model Human Processor parameters (S. K. Card, T. P. Moran, & A. Newell, 1983). Experimental results demonstrated each processing phase in reproducing the hysteresis effect. Implications for human-machine systems are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include air traffic control, flight deck procedures, and interface design

The study of political campaigns / Henry E. Brady, Richard Johnston, and John Sides -- Voter decision making and campaign effects -- The paradox of minimal effects / Stephen Ansolabehere -- The impact of campaigns on discrepancies, errors, and biases in voting behavior / Patrick Fournier -- Priming and persuasion in presidential campaigns / Larry M. Bartels -- Research designs and statistical methods for studying campaign effects -- Campaigns as experiments / Stephen Ansolabehere -- Three virtues of panel data for the analysis of campaign effects / Larry M. Bartels -- The rolling cross-section and causal attribution / Henry E. Brady and Richard Johnston -- Campaign effects in congressional and senatorial races : information and issues -- Measuring campaign spending effects in U.S. House elections / Gary C. Jacobson -- Informational rhythms of incumbent-dominated congressional elections / Laurel Elms and Paul M. Sniderman -- Alternative tests for the effects of campaigns and candidates on voting behavior / Benjamin Highton -- The rules of the game and election results -- Do polls influence the vote? / André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Neil Nevitte -- Strategic learning in campaigns with proportional representation : evidence from New Zealand / Richard Johnston and Jack Vowles -- The role of the mass media -- Studying statewide political campaigns / R. Michael Alvarez and Alexandra Shankster -- Gender, media coverage, and the dynamics of leader evaluations : the case of the 1993 Canadian election / Elisabeth Gidengil and Joanna Everitt -- Mass media and third-party insurgency / Richard Jenkins

"No advertisers to please, no censors to placate, no commercial interruptions every eleven minutes, demanding cliffhangers to draw viewers back after the commercial breaks: HBO has re-written the rules of television; and the result has been nothing short of a cultural ground shift. The HBO Effect details how the fingerprints of HBO are all over contemporary film and television. Their capability to focus on smaller markets made shows like Sex and the City, The Sopranos, The Wire, and even the more recent True Blood, trigger shows on basic cable networks to follow suit. HBO pioneered the use of HDTV and the widescreen format, production and distribution deals leading to market presence, and the promotion of greater diversity on T.V.(discussing issues of class and race). The HBO Effect examines this rich and unique history for clues to its remarkable impact upon television and popular culture. It's time to take a wide-angle look at HBO as a producer of American culture"--

The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the case Verein KlimaSeniorinnen v. Switzerland is a striking example of the Paris effect: the influence of the non-binding collective goals of the Paris Agreement (PA) on the interpretation of domestic constitutional law or international human rights law in climate litigation. The Court's decision proves to be an essential element in triggering the necessary democratic debates on which the PA relies "from the bottom up". Reinforcing the procedural limb of Art. 8 ECHR will be an essential step towards further strengthening democratic decision-making in the societal transition to climate neutrality.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ; The study of political campaigns / Henry E. Brady, Richard Johnston, and John Sides -- Voter decision making and campaign effects -- The paradox of minimal effects / Stephen Ansolabehere -- The impact of campaigns on discrepancies, errors, and biases in voting behavior / Patrick Fournier -- Priming and persuasion in presidential campaigns / Larry M. Bartels -- Research designs and statistical methods for studying campaign effects -- Campaigns as experiments / Stephen Ansolabehere -- Three virtues of panel data for the analysis of campaign effects / Larry M. Bartels -- The rolling cross-section and causal attribution / Henry E. Brady and Richard Johnston -- Campaign effects in congressional and senatorial races : information and issues -- Measuring campaign spending effects in U.S. House elections / Gary C. Jacobson -- Informational rhythms of incumbent-dominated congressional elections / Laurel Elms and Paul M. Sniderman -- Alternative tests for the effects of campaigns and candidates on voting behavior / Benjamin Highton -- The rules of the game and election results -- Do polls influence the vote? / André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Neil Nevitte -- Strategic learning in campaigns with proportional representation : evidence from New Zealand / Richard Johnston and Jack Vowles -- The role of the mass media -- Studying statewide political campaigns / R. Michael Alvarez and Alexandra Shankster -- Gender, media coverage, and the dynamics of leader evaluations : the case of the 1993 Canadian election / Elisabeth Gidengil and Joanna Everitt -- Mass media and third-party insurgency / Richard Jenkins. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The legislature of the State of New Jersey appointed a Commission to Effect the Sale of the Stevens Iron Clad Battery. ; Mode of access: Internet.