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Theoretical considerations suggest that secrecy reduces spillovers almost completely through non-disclosure, while the disclosure requirement of patents generates some spillover and at the same time allows firms to appropriate knowledge. In this paper we empirically analyze whether protection by secrecy or protection by patents is associated with lower knowledge spillovers. Since the amount of knowledge spillovers is hard to measure directly, we look at the impact of the usage of protection methods in an industry on the innovation activities of firms using external knowledge. One goal is to assess if firms have moved to a more open innovation business model, i.e. allow more knowledge spillovers to occur despite using protection methods. Our estimations show that the usage of both, patents and secrecy, hinders the innovation activities of firms through the reduction of spillovers to firms in their own industry. We conclude that the appropriability effect of patents outweighs the disclosure effect. We also find some evidence that the open innovation business model has not been implemented widely.

As scientists and policymakers tend to interpret changes in the economy as a trend towards an increasingly knowledge-based economy, their recommendations and strategies for regional economic development frequently contain elements how to intensify the knowledge flows in the region concerned. Knowledge flows come into existence from intentional action, but also in an unintended way as externalities or knowledge spillovers. This paper reviews the ways regional and urban economics has dealt with the concept of knowledge spillovers. Knowledge spillovers are defined within a conceptual framework that points out different uses of knowledge in economics. The concept's operationalisations in diverse empirical studies are systematised and discussed. After a critical review of the current state of research, policy strategies aiming to intensify knowledge spillovers are classified. The paper concludes with an outlook on promising new approaches to research knowledge spillovers and on the elaboration of more efficient policy strategies. -- knowledge spillovers ; tacit knowledge ; codified knowledge ; transfer mechanisms ; related variety

PurposeThis paper explores critical failure factors (CFFs) in the context of knowledge sharing. It provides further insights into what can cause knowledge- sharing failures, inflexible knowledge-sharing strategies and ineffective knowledge- sharing mechanisms. It also examines how practitioners can reduce or even mitigate such dysfunctions.Design/methodology/approachA case-based inductive approach was conducted. Data were collected from two studies applying mixed methods. The first data set included nine in-depth, semi-structured interviews with highly skilled personnel from an aerospace and defense organization. The second data source included 375 successfully completed questionnaires from participants employed at the same organization.FindingsThe paper identifies six CFFs with an impact on knowledge sharing. It also reveals that managing organizational ignorance can play a key role in generating new knowledge and averting failure. Study findings provide insights into the importance of identifying these failures when sharing knowledge and propose relevant mitigation strategies.Originality/valueThis paper identifies a range of empirically validated CFFs that complement the extant work on the complexity of knowledge sharing and have hitherto not been seen in the literature. It also provides a more nuanced understanding of why both organizations and their people often fail to share knowledge by exploring the role of organizational ignorance.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how family firms execute open innovation strategies by managing internal and external knowledge flows (KF) to provide a deeper understanding of family firms' ability to innovate through traditions and create value across generations.


Design/methodology/approach
Empirical evidence was collected using an online survey of a sample of 208 Apulian entrepreneurs, who were members of the association of young entrepreneurs of Confindustria in the Apulia region (southern Italy).


Findings
The study derives a model that explains the most relevant factors behind the innovation processes developed by young entrepreneurs in family firms: network membership benefits; KF; track record of innovation; and the entrepreneurial attitude of employees.


Research limitations/implications
By integrating insights from different research streams, namely, innovation management, open innovation and family firms, the study provides a novel contribution to the open innovation process in family firms.


Practical implications
The study offers interpretative lenses for entrepreneurs and managers to understand the most suitable knowledge transfer process for encouraging open innovation in family firms, taking into consideration young entrepreneurs' traditions and interpersonal skills, the KF in local ecosystems and network benefits as the main variables supporting the innovation process.


Originality/value
This study creates a link between open innovation and family firm research by providing an empirically grounded model illustrating how the innovation process is realized in family firms.

In order to analyze the empirical instabilities and adopt new validation procedures for the Organizational Citizenship Behavior—Knowledge Workers (OCB-KW) Scale this study was organized in two stages. In the first stage, studies were read for a general characterization of the production of works that used the OCB-KW and from these data, it was possible to characterize applications of the scale and assess their possible instabilities. In the second stage of analysis, a secondary database was used and subjected to the parallel analysis, and then to the exploratory factor analysis for the initial estimation and validation of the constructs, and in a third moment, the confirmatory estimation of the constructs and the comparison of different models. From the comparison indices between models, it can be concluded that the best structure for the Organizational Citizenship Behavior—Knowledge Workers Scale is built from five dimensions correlated with each other.

AbstractThis paper begins with the story that systems science, born of modern Western civilization, began to pay attention to traditional Eastern wisdom to deal with management issues. The consequence of the story is that we should complementarily utilize quantitative and rational analysis results and qualitative and intuitive empirical knowledge to solve problems. As a methodology for implementing knowledge synthesis, this paper presents the knowledge construction systems methodology that promotes knowledge management enhanced by systems thinking. Based on this methodology, it introduces the concept of knowledge synthesis enablers, which are conditions or activities that facilitate knowledge synthesis when promoting research and businesses. This paper shows some results of covariance structure analysis using the evaluation data of applied systems research projects and examines the validity of the assumed enabler candidates.

The question of global justice is among the most salient and controversial issues of our day. In the popular press it inspires a constant stream of books, articles, and film documentaries. It serves as the calling card for a major new social movement in rich and poor countries throughout the world (sometimes referred to as the "anti-globalization" movement). And it is an increasingly prominent issue in mainstream politics in Europe and the developing world (though not yet in the United States). If present trends continue, debates over global justice may become as ubiquitous in the 21st century as debates over socialism were in the previous century. For comments and suggestions on various versions of this manuscript I thank Wendy Hunter, Jim McGuire, Michael Ross, Strom Thacker, and the anonymous reviewers for this journal. For research assistance I am indebted to Hernan Roman. For financial support, I am grateful to Fred Pardee and the Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future at Boston University.