Suchergebnisse

The Modern Jewish Community in Afghanistan was Shaped by the Exigencies of long-distance trade. Jewish merchants along with their Hindu and Muslim counterparts provided goods to remote regions and tribes. Often these traders would be the only ones allowed into disputed areas, as they were considered neutral. Jewish merchants in particular also acted as intermediaries to help nomadic groups settle conflicts peaceably. In order to fill this economic role, unusual domestic arrangements developed. Men would depart alone for long periods of time from Herat, the center of the Jewish community in Afghanistan, as the journey was generally too risky for an entire family to undertake. After traveling the long caravan routes, they would live in Jewish caravanserais for much of the year, generally returning for the holidays of the month of Tishri and for Passover.

One of the least-studied eras of Iranian history is that between the invasion of Changiz Khan (Genghis Khan) in the early 13th century and the establishment of the Safavid Empire early in the 16th. This was a time of unprecedented political upheaval when much of the Iranian world became subject to rule by Mongols and Turks. The period between the collapse of the (Mongol) Il-Khan dynasty in 1335, however, and the consolidation of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) in the 1380s was an age of regionalism par excellence and one of cultural florescence. The most important of the minor dynasties that flourished at this time were the Muzaffarids in Fars, Iraq-i 'Ajam and Kirman (1314-93), the Jalayirids in Iraq, Kurdistan and Azarbaijan (1336-1432), and, in Khurasan, the Karts at Herat (1245-1389) and the Sarbidars at Sabzavar (1336-81).

The Persian world history "Ḥabīb al-siyar" is one of the most copied historiographical works in Islamic intellectual history. Written by the Iranian historian Khvāndamīr in Herat during the rule of the Shiʿi Safavids in the 1520s, the book was subsequently adapted to the religious and political expectations of his later patrons, the Sunni Mughals in India, and circulated through hundreds of copies spread across the entire eastern Islamic world. In "Ein Bestseller der islamischen Vormoderne" ("An Early Modern Bestseller"), Philip Bockholt analyses copies of the work and offers new insights into their readership at various locations in the premodern Islamic world. Taking cues from reception, provenance, and historical readership studies, he examines ownership and readership notes, endowment seals and illustrations in order to shed light on the owners and readers of the work between the 16th and early 20th centuries. By giving an in-depth analysis of marginal notes found in the extant copies, he situates the "Ḥabīb al-siyar" within the broader framework of Islamic book culture and shows that the chronicle was part of a larger canon of texts. This canon was read within a greater Persianate world including not only the Safavid court in Iran and the Mughal court in India, but also places on the Deccan as well as in Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire. This study thus offers comprehensive insights into the transregional transmission of Persian historiography as well as regionally specific readership practices. - Die persische Weltchronik "Ḥabīb as-siyar" ist eines der am häufigsten kopierten Geschichtswerke der islamischen Geistesgeschichte. Das vom iranischen Historiker Ḫvāndamīr im safavidischen Herat der 1520er-Jahre verfasste Werk wurde für verschiedene Herrscher nach ihrer jeweiligen konfessionellen Präferenz mit einem schiitischen bzw. sunnitischen Schwerpunkt ausgerichtet und zirkulierte in den Jahrhunderten nach seiner Entstehung in Hunderten von Abschriften in der gesamten östlichen islamischen Welt. Philip Bockholt untersucht in seinem Buch "Ein Bestseller der islamischen Vormoderne" die Wege dieser Abschriften durch die Hände unterschiedlicher Besitzer und Bibliotheken und analysiert anhand von Besitz- und Stiftungsstempeln, Lesevermerken und Illustrationen die Leserschaft des Werkes vom 16. bis ins beginnende 20. Jahrhundert. Hierbei werden Fragen der Rezeptions-, Provenienz- und historischen Leserforschung aufgegriffen und das "Ḥabīb as-siyar" als persisches Geschichtswerk im Kontext der islamischen Buchkultur verortet. Wie die Analyse der ausgewerteten paratextuellen Elemente der Handschriftentradition zeigt, war das "Ḥabīb as-siyar" Teil eines weitreichenden Kanons von Texten an Herrscher- bzw. Fürstenhöfen einer persophonen Großregion, die nicht nur den Safavidenhof in Iran und den Mogulhof in Indien, sondern auch Knotenpunkte auf dem Dekkan und in Zentralasien sowie die Hauptstadt des Osmanischen Reiches umfasste. Die Studie bietet daher Einblicke in die transregionale Rezeptionsgeschichte persischsprachiger Geschichtsschreibung und Dynamiken regionaler Lesepraxis.

Twelve years after 'Operation Enduring Freedom' was launched in Afghanistan, the situation in the region is more volatile than ever. The Taliban have increased bombings throughout 2013: killing seven women and children during a Muslim holiday (August 8), a district governor and seven others attending a funeral (August 30), the female author Sushmita Banerjee (September 5) who wrote a book about the Taliban's repression, seven civilian passengers on a bus (September 10), four Afghans at the U.S. Consulate in Herat (September 13), and six Afghan charity workers (November 27). The Afghan President Hamid Karzai has repeatedly stalled in signing the bilateral security agreement, which would allow some U.S. and coalition security forces to remain after the main troop withdrawal at the end of 2014. The Karzai administration has even proposed resuming public stoning to death as a punishment for adultery. Adapted from the source document.

Ibn al-Fāriḍ (d. 632/1235) is arguably the greatest mystical poet in the history of Arabic literature. Born in Cairo and a student of Shāfiʿī law and ḥadīth in his younger years, he turned to mysticism, living a solitary existence on Cairoʾs Muqaṭṭam hills, in the desert, and in the Hijaz. After his return to Cairo, people worshipped him as a saint and even today, admirers still visit his tomb in that city. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī (d. 898/1492) is one of Persiaʾs great medieval poets. As a young man, he joined the followers of Saʿd al-Dīn Kāshgharī (d. 860/1456), leader of the mystical Naqshbandiyya order in Herat. His combined output in poetry (39.000 lines of verse) and prose (over 30 works) is quite overwhelming. Besides a commentary on Ibn al-Fāriḍʾs Khamriyya mīmiyya , he also made the first and only Persian translation of his seminal al-Tāʾiyya al-kubrā , published here for the very first time

Afghanistan experienced an extraordinary situation in 2021, marked by intensified conflict, the Covid-19 pandemic, and prolonged drought. This article reflects on the research method and approaches employed to investigate these overlapping crises, and the applications of this approach to assess the livelihoods impacts of the pandemic in the context of conflict and climate change in Afghanistan. It relies primarily on field qualitative data collection and analysis from Kandahar and Herat provinces supported by further insights from the quantitative analysis of household survey data in 2019/20, part of which overlaps with the onset of the pandemic. Reflections on the methodology reveal the importance of longitudinal qualitative methods of analysis to understand the pathways through which layered crises can affect people's lives and livelihoods. These research findings are used to develop implications for coherent development of policies and programming to better support poor and vulnerable Afghan people in the context of overlapping crises.

AbstractBackgroundRural Afghan populations have low skilled birth attendance rates and high maternal and infant mortality. Insecurity and armed conflict, geographic barriers, and cultural norms often hinder women's access to facility-based reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) services. Community health workers (CHWs) are critical agents for behavioral change in this and similarly fragile settings, where RMNCH information exposure is limited by low literacy and mass media access. We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a computer tablet-based health video library (HVL) to enhance CHW counseling on RMNCH topics in three rural Afghan districts.MethodsThe HVL was introduced by trained CHWs in 10 pilot communities within one rural district in each of Balkh, Herat, and Kandahar provinces. We used a mixed-methods study design to assess exposure to and perception of the HVL 6 months post-introduction. We surveyed married women (n = 473) and men (n = 468) with at least one child under 5 years and conducted in-depth interviews with CHWs and community leaders (shurasand Family Health Action groups) within pilot communities (n = 80). Program improvement needs were summarized using quantitative and qualitative data.ResultsHigher proportions of women in Balkh (60.3%) and Herat (67.3%) reported viewing at least one HVL video compared to women in Kandahar (15%), while male HVL exposure was low (8–17%) across all districts. Most HVL-exposed clients (85–93% of women and 74–92% of men) reported post-video counseling by CHWs. Nearly all (94–96% of women and 85–92% of men) were very interested in watching videos on other health topics in the future. Participants recommended increasing the number of videos and range of topics, using tablets with larger screens, and translating videos into additional local languages to improve the HVL program.ConclusionThe HVL was a highly acceptable tool for relaying health information, but coverage of female audiences in Kandahar and male audiences broadly was low. The HVL should better engage men and other key influencers to engineer local solutions that directly facilitate male HVL exposure, indirectly improve women's HVL access, and support collaborative spousal health decision-making. A larger efficacy trial is warranted to measure the HVL's effect on knowledge and health-related behavioral outcomes.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface: Historian, Interrupted -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Montrose -- 2 A Rape in Herat -- 3 Scottish Patronage, Indian Career -- 4 A Griffin in India -- 5 Dawn of the North-West Frontier -- 6 The Indus Scheme -- 7 The Shipwreck of Young Hopes -- 8 The Dray Horse Mission -- 9 The Dazzling Sikhs -- 10 Rupar, The Field of the Cloth of Cashmere -- 11 Journey through Afghanistan -- 12 To Bokhara and Back -- 13 The Object of Adulation -- 14 Castles - and Knights Templar - in the Air -- 15 To Meet upon the Level -- 16 Imperial Rivalry in Asia -- 17 While Alex was Away -- 18 Return to the Indus -- 19 The Gathering Storm -- 20 Peshawar Perverted -- 21 The Kabul Negotiations -- 22 Stand-off -- 23 'Izzat wa Ikram' -- 24 Regime Change -- 25 Securing Sind 254 -- 26 The Dodgy Dossier -- 27 Kelat -- 28 A King in Kandahar -- 29 Death in St Petersburg -- 30 Ghazni -- 31 Mission Accomplished -- 32 Kabul in Winter -- 33 Dost Mohammed -- 34 Discontent -- 35 Dissent and Dysfunction -- 36 Death in Kabul -- 37 Aftermath -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Illustrations

1. Beiträge zu Politik und Zeitgeschichte -- Afghanistans schwerer Weg in die moderne Welt — ein Bericht über die letzten 15 Jahre politischer Entwicklung des Landes -- Bericht über die publizierte afghanische Historiographie -- 2. Beiträge zur Wirtschaft des Landes -- Die Probleme der Mitarbeiterführung in den afghanischen Unternehmen -- Wesen und Ausmaß der ländlichen Unterbeschäftigung in Afghanistan -- Wirtschafts- und sozialgeographische Untersuchungen zum ländlichen Heimgewerbe in Nord-Afghanistan -- 3. Beiträge der Naturwissenschaften -- Zum Stand der Erforschung von Flora und Vegetation Afghanistans -- Die zoologischen Forschungen der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte in Afghanistan -- Neuere geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten in Afghanistan -- Quartärgeologische Forschungen in Seistan -- Recherche sur les Vertèbres fossiles en Afghanistan -- Exploration Pamir 75: Zielsetzung des Unternehmens, Allgemeiner Überblick über die Ergebnisse, das Kartenprogramm -- 4. Beiträge von Geographie und Ethnologie -- Fragestellungen und Ergebnisse geographischer Afghanistan-Forschung in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten -- Probleme stadtgeographischer Forschung in Afghanistan — Wandel und Beharrung afghanischer Provinzstädte -- Reflexion d'un géographe sur une décomie de recherches francaises en Afghanistan -- Recent Swiss Researches in Afghanistan -- Ethnologisch-biologische Forschungen bei nomadischen und seßhaften Paschtunen in Westafghanistan -- 5. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Kunstgeschichte -- Archäologische Forschungen in Afghanistan 1974–1978 -- Herat und sein näheres Umland im 15. Jahrhundert nach literarischen und archäologischen Quellen -- Neue Forschungen zur Baugeschichte von Ghor -- Motivwanderungen vom Mittelmeerraum nach Baktrien-Gandhara — das Metopen-Motiv in der Gandhara-Kunst — mit möglichen Spuren in der recenten Volkskunst Afghanistans -- 6. Dokumentation -- Die Bibliotheka Afghanica und ihre Zielsetzungen -- Adressen der Autoren.

Taliban adalah satu dari dua entitas politik yang sama-sama mengklaim sebagai pemerintah yang sah atas Afganistan di samping pihak Republik. Taliban telah menguasai sepuluh wilayah Afganistan dalam kurun waktu enam hari. Kota-kota utama seperti Kandahar, Herat dan Jalalabad telah jatuh ke tangan Taliban. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk jelaskan alasan taliban merebut wilayah ibu kota afghanistan pada tahun 2021. Metode penelitian menggunakan jenis penelitian eksplanatif dengan sumber data yang diperoleh dari buku, jurnal, website dan berita valid. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan konsep Kepentingan Nasional dan Aneksasi (perspektif hukum internasional). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perebutan suatu wilayah oleh taliban ke afghanistan adalah menguatkan keraguan atas perubahan sikap Taliban untuk mau berkompromi berbagi kekuasaan secara damai dengan menggunakan mekanisme demokrasi, yang tidak pernah mereka dukung selama ini. Pemerintahan Taliban digulingkan oleh Amerika Serikat karena dituduh melindungi pemimpin Al Qaeda Osama Bin Laden yang juga dituduh Washington mendalangi serangan terhadap menara kembar WTC, New York pada tanggal 11 September 2001 bekerja sama dengan kubu Aliansi Utara.

During the medieval period iran produced one of the richest repertoires of local histories in the Islamic world. Ibn Funduq, the author of the local history of Bayhaq studied here, enumerates 15 local histories of Khurasan alone. These include three local histories of Marv by al-ᶜAbbas b. Musᶜab b. Bishr, Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad b. Sayyar (198-268/814-881), and Abu'l-ᶜAbbas b. Saᶜid al-Maᶜdani (d. 375/986). (al-Sakhawi calls Musᶜab b. Bishr's work a "history of (the city).") To these Ibn Funduq adds two local histories of Herat by Abu Ishaq Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Yunis (?) al-Bazzaz and Abu Ishaq Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Saᶜid al-Haddad. (Sakhawi, apparently confused, attributes both histories to Abu Ishaq Muhammad b. Yasin al-Harawi al-Haddad); aTārīkh-i Bukhārā va Samarqandby Saᶜd b. Janah; two histories of Khwarazm by al-Sari b. Dalwiya and Abu ᶜAbdallah Muhammad b. Saᶜid respectively; a history of Balkh by Abu ᶜAbdallah Muhammad b. ᶜAqil al-Faqih;

The use of information and communications technology (ICT) is increasing every day and organizations have to adopt their services with it. E-Government is one of the recent trends in using ICT in developed and developing countries which refers to the use of ICT by the governments to deliver online governmental services to the citizens as well as industries. This article explores the challenges and opportunities of information technology in governmental organizations and discusses the challenges of implementing e-Government in developing countries such as Afghanistan. Using e-Government, citizens are able to have access to the government services 24/7, which makes government services more transparent, decrease costs, higher quality, and more time-efficient. Therefore, the citizens have easier access to their services. In this article, the authors argue that the public administration processes have to be adopted with the new technologies to ensure reliability and transparency. The research was based on Herat Municipality organization which needed an information system to facilitate the process of property registration and tax payment for the citizens. Challenges and opportunities discussed and the best solution as an information system was provided.

This paper investigates elections as the construction of a two-faceted field in a semi-urban area in Herat, western Afghanistan. Looking at Afghanistan's 2014 presidential and provincial council elections, the paper first surveys the elections as a discursive field. It tries to understand what the local people, given their historical and social contexts, said about the elections. The second facet examines the elections as a performative field, attempting to unpack how local actors enacted the elections. The paper shows that an election's discursive and performative framing needs to be situated in the wider historical and social contexts of a place. It also shows that in a place where there is greater freedom immediately following an oppressive era (for instance, that of the Taliban) and where there is egalitarianism among elites, the election is turned into a lively and unpredictable process where the discourse is marked by polyphony and instability, and the performance is characterized by mobilization of ties on various fronts and by shifting differentiation of local actors on political, generational, gender, and other grounds.

This paper examines how attitudes toward violence against women (VAW)—in terms of justification—influence the behavioral intentions of Afghan police officers when dealing with a case of intimate partner violence (IPV). An experimental study was carried out with 108 Afghan police officers who took part in a training course at the NATO Training Mission in Afghanistan (NTM-A) bases in Herat and Kandahar. Participants read an extract of a police intervention for an IPV case. They were faced with honor-related attitudes and possible actions to be taken to help victims and arrest perpetrators. In the experimental condition, in the questionnaire provided to police officers, there was reference to the victim admitting to an affair with another man. No such reference was present in the control condition. Results showed that admitting an infidelity produced more lenient attitudes toward the violence against the woman, which in turn reduced police officers' intention to intervene by arresting the man and providing support to the victim. Results are discussed in terms of the role and function of the so-called culture of (masculine) honor and the rule of law and its implications.