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Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 COVID-19: Epidemiology -- Origin -- Animal Host -- Infectivity and Incubation -- Modes of Transmission -- Overview -- Respiratory Droplets -- Aerosolization -- Direct Surface Contact and Fomites -- Fecal-Oral -- Bloodborne -- Semen and Vaginal Secretions -- Asymptomatic Transmission -- Virulence and Mortality -- Case Fatality Rate -- Serial Interval -- Reproduction Number/Reproduction Ratio -- Excess Mortality -- Demographics -- Overview -- Age -- Sex -- Race and Ethnicity -- Disease Prevention -- Vaccinations -- Personal Protective Equipment: Respirators and Masks -- Physical Distancing -- Hand and Surface Sanitation -- Adequate Ventilation of Indoor Spaces -- Use of Outdoor Spaces -- Global Impacts -- Distribution -- International Response -- Future Outbreaks -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 COVID-19: Virology -- Coronaviruses -- Taxonomy -- Morphology -- Nucleic Acid -- Antigenicity -- SARS-CoV-2 -- Morphology and Nucleic Acid -- Spike Protein -- Origin -- Viral Transmission -- Variants -- References -- Chapter 3 COVID-19: Laboratory/Serologic Diagnostics -- Molecular Diagnostics for COVID-19 -- Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing -- RT-qPCR -- RT-LAMP -- CRISPR-Based Techniques -- Sequencing Techniques -- Antigen Testing -- Viral Culture -- Antibody Testing for COVID-19 -- Principles of Antibody Testing -- Antibody Assays for SARS-CoV-2 -- Assay Target Selection -- Binding Assays -- Neutralization Assays -- Antibody Assay Sensitivity and Specificity -- Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection -- Kinetics of Antibody Response -- Antibody Response and Disease Severity -- Duration of Immunity -- Current and Potential Applications of Antibody-Based Tests in SARS-CoV-2 -- Management of Individual Disease and Sequelae Monitoring.

Incidences of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, an infection caused predominantly by Aspergillus fumigatus, have increased due to the growing number of immunocompromised individuals. While A. fumigatus is reliant upon deficiencies in the host to facilitate invasive disease, the distinct mechanisms that govern the host-pathogen interaction remain enigmatic, particularly in the context of distinct immune modulating therapies. To gain insights into these mechanisms, RNA-Seq technology was utilized to sequence RNA derived from lungs of 2 clinically relevant, but immunologically distinct murine models of IPA on days 2 and 3 post inoculation when infection is established and active disease present. Our findings identify notable differences in host gene expression between the chemotherapeutic and steroid models at the interface of immunity and metabolism. RT-qPCR verified model specific and nonspecific expression of 23 immune-associated genes. Deep sequencing facilitated identification of highly expressed fungal genes. We utilized sequence similarity and gene expression to categorize the A. fumigatus putative in vivo secretome. RT-qPCR suggests model specific gene expression for nine putative fungal secreted proteins. Our analysis identifies contrasting responses by the host and fungus from day 2 to 3 between the two models. These differences may help tailor the identification, development, and deployment of host-and/or fungal-targeted therapeutics. ; Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech; Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI); Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), via the Army Research Office (ARO) [W911NF-17-2-0105]; HHS \ NIH \ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [R01 AI081838]; Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF) ; A portion of this study was funded through internal funding from the Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech to SDK. This study is also based upon work supported by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), via the Army Research Office (ARO) under cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-17-2-0105. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the ODNI, IARPA, ARO, or the U.S. Government. The efforts of Robert A Cramer were funded by HHS vertical bar NIH vertical bar National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (R01 AI081838). RAC holds an Investigators in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases Award from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF).

The opportunistic multidrug resistance pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa has one or several flagella, and the numbers of these sophisticated machines are regulated by the flagellar regulator gene FleN. The flagellar hook gene FlgE is important for its synthesis, motility and tolerance to antibiotics. Bacteriahave resistance to antibiotics, especially to cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotics. For the current study, 102 clinical specimens were collected and identified using routine laboratory tests and confirmed by Vitek-2 compact system. A total of 33 isolates of P. aeruginosa were identified. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the Vitek 2 Compact system. Flagellar gene detected by conventional PCR revealed that the FleN gene existed in 26 (78.8%), of which fifteen isolates were MDR. Whereas the FlgE gene existed in 20 (60.6%), of which fourteen isolates were MDR bacteria. The FleN gene expression in five isolates done by RT-qPCR revealed that four isolates were down regulated, and one isolate was up regulated in FleN gene expression when treated with ceftazidime at sub-MIC. While all isolates were downregulated when treated with amikacin at sub-MIC.

In civilian and military settings, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common consequence of impacts to the head, sudden blows to the body, and exposure to high-energy atmospheric shockwaves from blast. In some cases, mTBI from blast exposure results in long-term emotional and cognitive deficits and an elevated risk for certain neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we tested the effects of mTBI on various forms of auditory-cued fear learning and other measures of cognition in male C57BL/6J mice after single or repeated blast exposure (blast TBI; bTBI). bTBI produced an abnormality in the temporal organization of cue-induced freezing behavior in a conditioned trace fear test. Spatial working memory, evaluated by the Y-maze task performance, was also deleteriously affected by bTBI. Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis for glial markers indicated an alteration in the expression of myelin-related genes in the hippocampus and corpus callosum 1–8 weeks after bTBI. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses detected bTBI-related myelin and axonal damage in the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Together, these data suggest a possible link between blast-induced mTBI, myelin/axonal injury, and cognitive dysfunction.

Plant samples were collected from the main apple growing provinces of Turkey in order to evaluate the incidence of 4 important apple virus diseases during spring 2004. Collected leaves and shoots were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Since no commercial antiserum is available, Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) was tested only using RT-PCR and the results were compared. A total of 174 apple samples were collected from varietal collections belonging to governmental and university institutions and also from commercial orchards. Out of 174 plants, 126 were infected by at least one virus disease. The incidence of the 4 viruses in varietal collections was 70.21%, while it was 75.00% in commercial orchards. The results obtained from the comparison of ELISA and RT-PCR in this study showed that with the RT-PCR technique 8.6% more samples were positive for ACLSV, ASGV and ASPV. Mixed infections were also very common in both varietal and commercial orchards. Among the mixed infections, the most common one was ASPV + ACLSV (84.21%), followed by ASPV + ASGV (36.84%), ACLSV + ASGV (26.32%) and ASPV + ApMV (5.26%). The incidence of the ASPV + ASGV + ACLSV combination was 26.32%. The number of plants infected with any viruses was higher when tested using RT-PCR comparing to ELISA. This study showed that apple virus diseases, especially on symptomless trees, were very common in different provinces of Turkey and RT-PCR can be successfully applied in certification programs of pome fruit trees.

RT (formerly, Russia Today) is one of the most important organizations in the global political economy of disinformation. It is the most richly funded, well-staffed, formal organization in the world producing, disseminating, and marketing news in the service of the Kremlin. It is an agency accused of many things, but little is known about all the creative work involved in financing, governing, training, and motivating RT's activities. To understand more about the production of political news and information by RT, we investigate its organizational behavior through in-depth interviews of current and former staff. Our data show that RT is an opportunist channel that is used as an instrument of state defense policy to meddle in the politics of other states. The channel has been established in the shadows of the Soviet media system and its organizational behavior is characterized by Soviet-style controls.

This study aims to describe the implementation or implementation of regulations on RT / RW as a Village Community Institution in Sukorejo Village, Sumber Wringin District, Bondowoso Regency in accordance with Regional Regulation Bondowoso No. 13 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for the Establishment of Village Community Institutions. The locations of focus of attention in this study were the Office of Community and Village Empowerment of Bondowoso Regency, and Sekorejo Village, Sumber Wringin Subdistrict, Bondowoso Regency in charge of the Neighborhood and Neighborhood Unit (RT / RW) within the Regional and Village Governments. This research method uses a qualitative approach. The technique of determining the sample of this study using Purposive Sampling is the sample taken based on certain priorities and considerations. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data used are primary data and secondary data. This study refers to a theory based on the opinion of Edwads III (1980: 10) that the implementation includes communication factors, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structures. The results of research or data findings, both primary and secondary data, it can be stated that the Implementation of the RT / RW Formation Policy as a Social Institution in Bondowoso Regency especially the Community Empowerment Office and Bondowoso Regency and Sukorejo Village Sumber Wringin District Bondowoso Regency is still less than the maximum, due to the Government Regional and Village Governments have not been able to fully carry out well the four aspects used as benchmarks in the Implementation of the Policy on the Establishment of RT / RW as Village Community Institutions. Keywords: Implementation, Policy, Village Community Institutions, RT / RW.

It is a well-known fact both among scholars of propaganda and disinformation, and among political leaders that Sputnik and RT are using their news coverage for disinformation purposes to harm Western and European societies. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which enhanced the security threat by disinformation, the EU decided to ban these two media. Against this backdrop, the study asks what the disinformation about Sweden in Sputnik and RT looked like prior to the ban (It should be noted that both channels still publish news for a European audience by way of VPN and other pathways.) It is done by way of a narrative approach, which means that the analyses seek to trace what stories that were told and how. The study thus analyzes the narrative logic of propaganda and disinformation narratives promulgated by Russian state-sponsored media platforms Sputnik and RT, and aim to show how these media have sought to denigrate Sweden. This is an open access book.

Abstract. Indonesia has been facing a hard time accelerating the number of laboratory capacity. This study provides an overview of the data on daily tests, confirmed cases, and the challenge of Covid-19 control associated with government policy. This study utilizes data reported from 2 March to 29 April 2020 by online official sources and regulations. Initially, the government only trusted one lab for the Covid-19 test. As the number of cases increased, referral labs were increased, until 29 April 2020, there were 89 officially appointed laboratories. The daily number of testing results fluctuated and unstable, although the number of reference labs increases. This reflects implementation challenges from different factors: readiness and capacity between labs; availability of swab collection officers; availability of reagents in the lab; rules for lab officers and swab collection officers; and transportation for a specimen from health facility to the referral lab. This study recommends to ensure the lab readiness in terms of human resources, tools, and reagents when appointed; ensure the adequacy and quality of qualified laboratory staff & swab collectors; ensure adequate reagents for RT-PCR, and rearrangement of shift rules for lab & swab collection officers, and improve handling procedures and transport specimen delivery mechanisms. Abstrak. Indonesia kesulitan melakukan percepatan jumlah kapasitas laboratorium (Lab). Tujuan studi mereview hasil testing harian, kasus terkonfirmasi, dan tantangan imlementasi penanganan Covid-19 dikaitkan dengan kebijakan pemerintah. Analisis studi memanfaatkan data sekunder, periode 2 Maret sampai 29 April 2020, yang dilaporkan berbagai website resmi dan kajian regulasi. Awalnya pemerintah hanya percaya satu lab untuk testing Covid-19. Seiring bertambahnya kasus, jumlah lab rujukan ditambah, sampai tanggal 29 April 2020 sudah 89 lab yang ditunjuk resmi. Hasil testing harian memperlihatkan angka yang berfluktuasi. Ini mencerminkan tantangan implementasi dari berbagai faktor: kesiapan dan kapasitas antar laboratorium; ketersediaan & kemampuan petugas pengumpul swab; ketersediaan reagen di laboratorium; aturan untuk petugas lab dan petugas pengumpul swab; dan transportasi untuk spesimen dari fasilitas kesehatan ke laboratorium rujukan. Studi ini merekomendasikan untuk memastikan kesiapan laboratorium dalam hal sumber daya manusia, alat, dan reagen ketika ditunjuk; memastikan kecukupan dan kualitas petugas lab & pengambil swab mumpuni; memastikan kecukupan logistik reagen untuk RT-PCR; dan penataan ulang aturan shift untuk petugas lab & pengumpul swab, dan meningkatkan prosedur penanganan dan mekanisme transportasi pengiriman specimen.