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AbstractLittle is known about the development of higher‐level areas of visual cortex during infancy, and even less is known about how the development of visually guided behavior is related to the different levels of the cortical processing hierarchy. As a first step toward filling these gaps, we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) to assess links between gaze patterns and a neural network model that captures key properties of the ventral visual processing stream. We recorded the eye movements of 4‐ to 12‐month‐old infants (N = 54) as they viewed photographs of scenes. For each infant, we calculated the similarity of the gaze patterns for each pair of photographs. We also analyzed the images using a convolutional neural network model in which the successive layers correspond approximately to the sequence of areas along the ventral stream. For each layer of the network, we calculated the similarity of the activation patterns for each pair of photographs, which was then compared with the infant gaze data. We found that the network layers corresponding to lower‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in younger infants than in older infants, whereas the network layers corresponding to higher‐level areas of visual cortex accounted for gaze patterns better in older infants than in younger infants. Thus, between 4 and 12 months, gaze becomes increasingly controlled by more abstract, higher‐level representations. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of using RSA to link infant gaze behavior to neural network models. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/K5mF2Rw98Is

Background: Residing in greener areas is increasingly linked to beneficial health outcomes, but little is known about its effect on respiratory health. Objective: We examined associations between residential greenness and nearby green spaces with lung function up to 24 years in the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort. Methods: Lung function was measured by spirometry at eight, 15 and 24 years of age. Greenness levels within circular buffers (100-1000 m) around the birth, eight-, 15- and 24-year home addresses were calculated using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and averaged (lifetime greenness). The presence and proportion of green spaces (urban green spaces, forests and agricultural land) within a 300 m buffer was determined. First, associations between repeated greenness and green space variables and repeated lung function parameters were assessed using generalized estimation equations (N = 7094, 47.9% male). Second, associations between lifetime average greenness and lifetime average proportion of green spaces with lung function at 24-years were assessed using linear regression models (N = 1763, 39.6% male). All models were adjusted for individual and environmental covariates. Results: Using repeated greenspace and lung function data at eight, 15 and 24 years, greenness in a 100 m buffer was associated with higher FEV1 and FVC (11.4 ml [2.6, 20.3] and 12.2 ml [1.8, 22.7], respectively, per interquartile range increase), as was the presence of urban green spaces in a 300 m buffer (20.3 ml [-0.1, 40.7] and 23.1 ml [-0.3, 46.5] for FEV1 and FVC, respectively). These associations were independent of air pollution, urbanicity and socio-economic status. Lifetime average greenness within a 100 m buffer and proportion of agricultural land within a 300 m buffer were associated with better lung function at 24 years but adjusting for asthma attenuated these associations. Discussion: This study provides suggestive evidence that children whose homes are in more vegetated places or are in close proximity of green spaces have better lung function up to 24 years of age. ; The present analyses are part of the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts (ALEC) study (www.alecstudy.org), which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 633212. Célina Roda is the recipient of a European Respiratory Society Fellowship [RESPIRE3-201703-00127], under H2020 - Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions COFUND]. The funding sources were not involved in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Background Socioeconomic experiences are recognized determinants of health, and recent work has shown that social disadvantages in early life may induce sustained biological changes at molecular level that are detectable later in life. However, the dynamics and persistence of biological embedding of socioeconomic position (SEP) remains vastly unexplored. Methods Using the data from the ALSPAC birth cohort, we performed epigenome-wide association studies of DNA methylation changes at three life stages (birth, n = 914; childhood at mean age 7.5 years, n = 973; and adolescence at mean age 15.5 years, n = 974), measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Beadchip, in relation to pregnancy SEP indicators (maternal and paternal education and occupation). Results Across the four early life SEP metrics investigated, only maternal education was associated with methylation levels at birth, and four CpGs mapped to SULF1, GLB1L2 and RPUSD1 genes were identified [false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P-value <0.05]. No epigenetic signature was found associated with maternal education in child samples, but methylation levels at 20 CpG loci were found significantly associated with maternal education in adolescence. Although no overlap was found between the differentially methylated CpG sites at different ages, we identified two CpG sites at birth and during adolescence which are 219 bp apart in the SULF1 gene that encodes an heparan sulphatase involved in modulation of signalling pathways. Using data from an independent birth cohort, the ENVIRONAGE cohort, we were not able to replicate these findings. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that parental SEP, and particularly maternal education, may influence the offspring's methylome at birth and adolescence. ; This work was supported by the UK Medical Research Council and theWellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), the University of Bristol, the UK BBSRC (BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1), the UK ESRC (ES/N000498/1), the Erasmus Plus Programme (to R.A.), the COLT foundation (to F.G.), the 'Lifepath' grant (European Commission H2020 grant number 633666 to P.V.), and the People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013/(under REA grant agreement 628858 to M.P.).

Preface dated: Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 23, 1901. ; Preface by John M. Henderson; introduction by W.S. Scarborough. ; "Entertaining and instructive to young and old." ; Application -- Ambition -- Africa, redemption -- Afro-Americans dying out -- Age discounted -- Beauty -- Books -- Celibacy -- Charity -- Christian liberty -- Church politics -- Courage -- Courtesy -- Cross and crown -- Criticism -- Decision -- Devotion -- Education -- God's poor -- Gratitude -- Humility -- Ingratitude -- Life -- Literary thieving -- Long suffering -- Love -- Mars -- Negro cursed -- Negro emigration -- Negro triumphant -- Prayers -- Preachers and politics -- Preacher's library -- Preachers' dress -- Pride -- Pulpit and press -- Religious jealousy -- Sympathy -- The image of Christ -- The Lord's prayer -- The times -- Tobacco -- Truth -- Watchmen. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; digitized ; Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library copy has autograph: R.W. Mance; from the collection of Charles Simpson Butcher. ; The online edition of this book in the public domain, i.e., not protected by copyright, has been produced by the Emory University Digital Library Publications Program

This volume explores one of the most complex, multifaceted and momentous of all western cultural transformations: the refashioning of the Roman principate under the emperor Constantine in the early fourth century AD. It does so through the kaleidoscopic lens of one of antiquity's most fascinating (and maligned) artists, Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius. Optatian's experiments with word and image are little known among classicists. But, as contributors to this volume argue, his 'morphogrammatic' creations uniquely reflect, figure and shape the cultural dynamics of the fourth century. This is the first edited book dedicated to Optatian's picture-poems and their various historical contexts. By bringing together different disciplinary perspectives (including ancient history, classical philology, art history, theology, philosophy and media studies), the volume demonstrates how Optatian gave form to the various political, intellectual and cultural currents of his age. At the same time, contributors champion Optatian as a uniquely creative artist – and one who anticipated some of our most pressing literary critical, art historical and philosophical concerns today.

To access publisher's full text version of this article click on the hyperlink below ; Very few studies have examined whether a long-term beneficial effect of physical activity on lung function can be influenced by living in polluted urban areas. We assessed whether annual average residential concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO Associations between repeated assessments (at 27-57 and 39-67 years) of being physically active (physical activity: ≥2 times and ≥1 h per week) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV Among current smokers, physical activity and lung function were positively associated regardless of air pollution levels. Among never-smokers, physical activity was associated with lung function in areas with low/medium NO ; European Union