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"This book offers a comprehensive and engaging introduction to the criminal justice system of England and Wales. Starting with an overview of the main theories of the causes of crime, this book explores and discusses the operation of the main criminal justice agencies including the police, probation and prison services and the legal and youth justice systems. The fourth edition has been revised, updated, expanded, and features a new expert co-author. This book offers a lively and critical discussion of some of the main themes in criminal justice, from policy-making and crime control, to diversity and discrimination, to the global dimensions of criminal justice, including organized crime and the role performed by transnational policing organisations to combat it. Key updates to this new edition include: increased discussion of the measurement, prevention and detection of crime; a revised chapter on the police which discusses the principle of policing by consent, police methods, power and governance, as well as the abuse of power; further discussion of pressing contemporary issues in criminal justice, such as privatization, multi-agency working, community-based criminal justice policy and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the delivery of criminal justice policy; a revised chapter that deals in detail with new and emerging forms of criminality and the response of the UK and global criminal justice system to these developments. This accessible text is essential reading for students taking introductory courses in criminology and criminal justice. A wide range of useful features includes review questions, lists of further reading, timelines of key events and a glossary of key terms"--

part PART I: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES -- chapter 1 Daubing the Drudges of Fury: Men, Violence and the Piety of the -- chapter 2 Subordinating Hegemonic Masculinity -- chapter 3 On Hegemonic Masculinity and Violence: Response to Jefferson and Hall -- chapter 4 Making Bodies Matter: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Varieties of Violence -- chapter 5 After Dunblane: Crime, Corporeality, and the (Hetero-) Sexing of the Bodies of Men -- part PART II: THE SPECTRUM OF MASCULINE CRIME -- chapter 6 Culture, Masculinities and Violence against Women -- chapter 7 Assault on Men: Masculinity and Male Victimization -- chapter 8 Enacting Masculinity: Antigay Violence and Group Rape as Participatory Theater -- chapter 9 Situational Construction of Masculinity among Male Street Thieves -- chapter 10 Managing to Kill: Masculinities and the Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion -- chapter 11 Criminal Careers, Desistance and Subjectivity: Interpreting Men's Narratives of Change -- part PART III: CULTURAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSES -- chapter 12 Masculinity and Heroism in the Hollywood -- chapter 13 In Search ofthe High Life: Drugs, Crime, Masculinities and Consumption -- chapter 14 In Search of Masculinity: Violence, Respect and Sexuality among Puerto Rican Crack Dealers in East Harlem -- chapter 15 -- chapter 16 Hard Men, Shop Boys and Others: Embodying Competence in a Masculinist Occupation -- chapter 17 'Ducktails, Flick-knives and Pugnacity': Subcultural and Hegemonic Masculinities in South Africa, 1948-1960 -- part PART IV: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SETTINGS -- chapter 18 -- chapter 19 Men Behind Bars: -- chapter 20 Snakes and Ladders: Upper-Middle Class Male Offenders Talk About Economic Crime -- chapter 21 Managing Marginalised Masculinities: Men and Probation -- chapter 22 Towards Safer Societies: Punishment, Masculinities and Violence Against Women.

There are many controversial aspects of our criminal justice system, and this encyclopedia examines the most significant controversies throughout American history with emphasis on current debates, trends, and issues. Arranged alphabetically, approximately 100 entries cover background, explanations, notable cases and events, various sides of an issue, and what to expect in the future. Entries are objective and factual, allowing readers to formulate their own conclusions. Sidebars and case examples help to illustrate each entry, and sources for further reading point readers to other important ma

Questions of legitimacy and issues of compliance lie at the heart of criminal justice systems and policies. Recent years have seen greater recognition and awareness of the essential role of legitimacy, trust and public confidence in underpinning the effectiveness of criminal justice practices and institutions. As such, experiences and perceptions of legitimacy have direct implications for compliance, whilst securing public compliance remains a pivotal challenge for systems of crime control. Exploring the hitherto neglected links between legitimacy and compliance raises crucial questions abo.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations List -- List of Tables -- 1: Introduction -- Privacy -- Information Privacy -- Present Approaches -- 2: A Brief History of Privacy -- Introduction -- Early Days -- The Tudors to the Early Hanoverians -- The Victorians -- After the Victorians -- Modern Times -- 1975-2000 -- 2000 Onwards -- 3: Police (1): Interventions -- Introduction -- Stop and Question: Police Powers -- Stop and Search: Police Powers -- Removal of Clothing -- Strip Searches -- Intimate Searches -- Extensions of the Search Process -- Drug Detection Dogs or 'Sniffer Dogs' -- Police Metal Detectors -- Metal Detectors in Airports -- The Police and the Mental Health Act 1983 -- Powers of Entry, Search and Seizure -- With a Warrant -- Special Procedures -- Special Groups -- Without a Warrant -- At the Police Station: Detention, Treatment and Questioning -- DNA, Fingerprints and Photographs -- Buildings and Custody -- CCTV in the Police Station -- Questioning and Inferences from Silence -- The Investigation Anonymity Order -- Disclosing a Suspect's Identity -- Summary -- 4: Police (2): Techniques of Investigation -- Introduction -- The Interception of Public Communications -- Letters -- Telephones -- The Interception of Communications Act 1985 -- The Interception of Non-public Communications -- Property Interference -- The Rise of the Internet, Mobile Phones and Social Media -- The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 -- The Retention of Communications Data -- The Snowden Files -- The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 -- Covert Policing: Covert Human Intelligence Sources -- The Special Demonstration Squad -- The National Public Order Intelligence Unit -- Recent Events -- Informants: Covert Human Intelligence Sources -- Summary -- 5: Police (3): Data Collection and Retention -- Introduction -- Police Data Collection: Personal Information