The article presents the results of a study of the history of the Catherine Harbor, the city of Alexandrovsk-on-Murmansk (Polyarny), and the creation of the Main Hospital of the Northern Fleet. The biographical data of the first county and marine doctors of the Kola Bay are given. ; В статье представлены результаты исследования истории Екатерининской гавани, г. Александровск-на-Мурмане (г. Полярный) и создания Главного госпиталя Северного Флота. Приведены биографические данные первых уездных и морских врачей Кольского залива.
7 pages, 2 figures, 4 tables ; The viability of Mediterranean marine fisheries is increasingly under threat due to the low biological productivity of overexploited stocks, low economic performance of the fishing units, and offer of unattractive jobs, among other. This has resulted in a decrease of 30% in the number of fishing units active in European Union Mediterranean fisheries over the period 1995–2016. The detailed causes for this decline are investigated here based on an analysis of the entry/exit dynamics of the entire fleet having operated in Catalonia (NW Mediterranean) as a case study. The decision made by owner-operators, in terms of entering, remaining or exiting the fishery, of 1195 fishing units in the period 2000–2018 was analysed. The results show that fishing vessels have a high probability (95%) of remaining in the fishery and very low probability of entering (<1%). The exit rate was estimated at 4.5% annually, resulting in a reduction of 42% of the fleet size over the study period, from 894 active vessels at the beginning of 2000 to 518 at the end of 2018. A statistical analysis of the factors conditioning the entry/exit dynamics by means of a multinomial choice model showed that the age of the vessel, the value of landings, the amount of decommission aid offered by the local fisheries management administration and a proxy variable for fuel costs were significant explanatory variables. The study concludes that the fleet is likely to continue to shrink, without immediate stock or ecosystem conservation benefits, unless bold steps to reformulate fisheries management in the Mediterranean are taken ; The European Union H2020 research programme contributed funds to this research through contract grant nº 773713 (project Pandora)
The COVID pandemic has caused a major exodus of passengers who chose urban and suburban transport. In many countries, especially in the European Union, there is a tendency to choose individual means of transport, causing damage to the environment and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. One method to promote urban transport is replacing bus fleets with newer ones, thus making public transport more attractive and reducing the emission of harmful exhaust fume components into the atmosphere. The aim of this study was to show a methodology for calculating CO2e for bus fleets. When determining CO2e, the principal greenhouse gases, such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, are usually considered. However, CO emissions also have indirect effects on climate through enhanced levels of tropospheric O3 and increased lifetime of CH4; therefore, CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO emissions were determined for CO2e emission calculations. Two bus fleet variant scenarios were analysed; the first non-investment variant assumed passenger transport using the old fleet without any P&R parking zones. The second scenario was based on the current state, which includes the purchase of new low-emission buses and the construction of P&R infrastructure. The calculations were performed using the COPERT emission model with real data from 52 buses running on 13 lines. For the analysed case study of the Rzeszow agglomeration and neighbouring communes, implementing the urban and suburban transport modernisation project resulted in a reduction in estimated CO2e emissions of about 450 t. The methodology presented, which also considers the impact of CO emissions on the greenhouse effect, is a new element of the study that has not been presented in previous works and may serve as a model for other areas in the field of greenhouse gas emission analyses. The future research scope includes investigation of other fuels and powertrain supplies, such as hydrogen and hybrid vehicles.
The Royal Navy experienced many unpleasant surprises in the opening months of the First World War. Too many preconceptions were based upon the expectation of a short war, an outlook encouraged by the relative brevity of pre-war manoeuvres and a desire to avoid risk. The absence of a fleet-onfleet encounter in the opening days of the conflict soon created significant pressures on ships and people. The navy was not used to continuous high-speed steaming and the unremitting demands placed upon seagoing personnel, including the heavy labour of repeated coaling. For a fleet poorly provided with bases and repair facilities in the North Sea, the reality of the submarine threat was also very different to what had been expected. This paper analyses both the situation in which the British found themselves and the reasons behind it.
In 1990 Seahawk Deep Ocean Technology of Tampa, Florida, commenced the world's first robotic archaeological excavation of a deep-sea shipwreck south of the Tortugas Islands in the Straits of Florida. At a depth of 405 meters, 16,903 artefacts were recovered using a Remotely-Operated Vehicle. The wreck is interpreted as the Buen Jesús y Nuestra Señora del Rosario, a small Portuguese-built and Spanish-operated merchant vessel from the 1622 Tierra Firme fleet returning to Seville from Venezuela's Pearl Coast when lost in a hurricane. Oceans Odyssey 3 introduces the shipwreck and its artefact coll.
NPS NRP Executive Summary ; Project Summary: This research project examined Combined, Joint and Coalition Warfare at Sea in a future Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) environment for US Fleet Forces Command (USFF). It focused on Fleet Design capabilities and capacities, including a rigorous assessment of Joint and Coalition enabler's key elements of Fleet Design. It includes USFF stretch goals, experimentation hypothesis, identified Joint Capability Area capability, select multi-domain capability and identified leap-ahead technology. The Winter NPS Joint Campaign Analysis (JCA) class' mini-study of a Western Pacific scenario conducted exploratory employment of technologies under the Fleet Design concept as identified by the USFF sponsor, and provided a gross quantitative assessment of military utility as options for the warfighter against a growing maritime power. The second phase introduced Fleet Design into the Spring OA4604 Wargaming Applications course. A faculty-advised student wargaming team designed, developed, conducted, and analyzed a wargame that leveraged the factors and parameters, measures of effectiveness and scenarios that were identified by the Joint Campaign Analysis effort. The third phase of the effort conducted a second look at Fleet Design technologies from phases 1 and 2, along with additional technologies as designated by USFF sponsor. This phase included emerging Fleet Design updates and updated Fleet Design "Stretch" goals. The fourth phase of this research will be to conduct a second Fleet Design wargame in the Fall (FY19) OA4604 Wargaming Applications course. Using feedback from the first two JCA courses and the first Fleet Design wargame in the spring, this wargame will provide a more in depth examination of emerging Fleet concepts and provide an assessment of Future Fleet Design Attributes and provide an assessment of future Navy capabilities through the lens of integration, distribution and maneuver. ; USFF N8/N9 ; NPS-18-N378-A ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
In this paper, I re-turn to the event of colonisation in New South Wales. I draw on the journal of my ancestor, David Collins, who came to New South Wales on the First Fleet in 1788 to take up the position of the colony's Judge Advocate and Secretary to Governor Phillip. Drawing on Collins' account of the first years of the colony, I contemplate the difficult interface between the Indigenous civilisation that existed in New South Wales prior to the event of colonisation, and the British newcomers' civilisation as it was thought and practiced in those first years of the colony. That im/possible interface still reverberates in the present, implicating me as a 6th-generation newcomer.
International audience ; The formation of a squadron of galleys operating in the war in the Mediterranean often clashed with financial needs. The papacy and the Apostolic Camera had limited resources for equipping galleys, and the path of direct taxation of the Papal State's communities was not always practicable. The creation of monti by the Apostolic Camera was undoubtedly an instrument that enabled the popes to finance war expenditure with greater continuity. The Camera's first monte, Monte della Fede, was founded in 1526 by Clement VII Medici to raise 200,000 gold scudi to cover military expenses against the Turks. The Pope considered an imminent collapse of Christianity against the infidels to be possible, and in April 1542 decided to equip three galleys, in addition to the three already in service. Pope Paul III was aware of the financial problems that might ensue from increased military expenditure, in particular the doubling of the fleet of galleys. Therefore, he ordered the cities and lands under his rule, both mediate and immediate subiectae, to pay, for a period of six months, the amount required to maintain the galleys, crews, provisions and weapons. The greatest effort to equip war galleys in the sixteenth century came under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who dismantled the ancient consistory system with his bull Immensa Aeterni Dei, 1588, and replaced it with a complex system of fifteen permanent congregations, nine to deal with the spiritual matters of the Church and six with the temporal affairs of the State. In 1588 the Pope enacted a tax of 102,500 scudi per year for a permanent squadron of ten galleys, which patrolled the State's coasts and took part in naval operations against the Sultan together with allied Catholic fleets.
International audience ; The formation of a squadron of galleys operating in the war in the Mediterranean often clashed with financial needs. The papacy and the Apostolic Camera had limited resources for equipping galleys, and the path of direct taxation of the Papal State's communities was not always practicable. The creation of monti by the Apostolic Camera was undoubtedly an instrument that enabled the popes to finance war expenditure with greater continuity. The Camera's first monte, Monte della Fede, was founded in 1526 by Clement VII Medici to raise 200,000 gold scudi to cover military expenses against the Turks. The Pope considered an imminent collapse of Christianity against the infidels to be possible, and in April 1542 decided to equip three galleys, in addition to the three already in service. Pope Paul III was aware of the financial problems that might ensue from increased military expenditure, in particular the doubling of the fleet of galleys. Therefore, he ordered the cities and lands under his rule, both mediate and immediate subiectae, to pay, for a period of six months, the amount required to maintain the galleys, crews, provisions and weapons. The greatest effort to equip war galleys in the sixteenth century came under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who dismantled the ancient consistory system with his bull Immensa Aeterni Dei, 1588, and replaced it with a complex system of fifteen permanent congregations, nine to deal with the spiritual matters of the Church and six with the temporal affairs of the State. In 1588 the Pope enacted a tax of 102,500 scudi per year for a permanent squadron of ten galleys, which patrolled the State's coasts and took part in naval operations against the Sultan together with allied Catholic fleets.
International audience ; The formation of a squadron of galleys operating in the war in the Mediterranean often clashed with financial needs. The papacy and the Apostolic Camera had limited resources for equipping galleys, and the path of direct taxation of the Papal State's communities was not always practicable. The creation of monti by the Apostolic Camera was undoubtedly an instrument that enabled the popes to finance war expenditure with greater continuity. The Camera's first monte, Monte della Fede, was founded in 1526 by Clement VII Medici to raise 200,000 gold scudi to cover military expenses against the Turks. The Pope considered an imminent collapse of Christianity against the infidels to be possible, and in April 1542 decided to equip three galleys, in addition to the three already in service. Pope Paul III was aware of the financial problems that might ensue from increased military expenditure, in particular the doubling of the fleet of galleys. Therefore, he ordered the cities and lands under his rule, both mediate and immediate subiectae, to pay, for a period of six months, the amount required to maintain the galleys, crews, provisions and weapons. The greatest effort to equip war galleys in the sixteenth century came under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who dismantled the ancient consistory system with his bull Immensa Aeterni Dei, 1588, and replaced it with a complex system of fifteen permanent congregations, nine to deal with the spiritual matters of the Church and six with the temporal affairs of the State. In 1588 the Pope enacted a tax of 102,500 scudi per year for a permanent squadron of ten galleys, which patrolled the State's coasts and took part in naval operations against the Sultan together with allied Catholic fleets.
International audience ; The formation of a squadron of galleys operating in the war in the Mediterranean often clashed with financial needs. The papacy and the Apostolic Camera had limited resources for equipping galleys, and the path of direct taxation of the Papal State's communities was not always practicable. The creation of monti by the Apostolic Camera was undoubtedly an instrument that enabled the popes to finance war expenditure with greater continuity. The Camera's first monte, Monte della Fede, was founded in 1526 by Clement VII Medici to raise 200,000 gold scudi to cover military expenses against the Turks. The Pope considered an imminent collapse of Christianity against the infidels to be possible, and in April 1542 decided to equip three galleys, in addition to the three already in service. Pope Paul III was aware of the financial problems that might ensue from increased military expenditure, in particular the doubling of the fleet of galleys. Therefore, he ordered the cities and lands under his rule, both mediate and immediate subiectae, to pay, for a period of six months, the amount required to maintain the galleys, crews, provisions and weapons. The greatest effort to equip war galleys in the sixteenth century came under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who dismantled the ancient consistory system with his bull Immensa Aeterni Dei, 1588, and replaced it with a complex system of fifteen permanent congregations, nine to deal with the spiritual matters of the Church and six with the temporal affairs of the State. In 1588 the Pope enacted a tax of 102,500 scudi per year for a permanent squadron of ten galleys, which patrolled the State's coasts and took part in naval operations against the Sultan together with allied Catholic fleets.
International audience ; The formation of a squadron of galleys operating in the war in the Mediterranean often clashed with financial needs. The papacy and the Apostolic Camera had limited resources for equipping galleys, and the path of direct taxation of the Papal State's communities was not always practicable. The creation of monti by the Apostolic Camera was undoubtedly an instrument that enabled the popes to finance war expenditure with greater continuity. The Camera's first monte, Monte della Fede, was founded in 1526 by Clement VII Medici to raise 200,000 gold scudi to cover military expenses against the Turks. The Pope considered an imminent collapse of Christianity against the infidels to be possible, and in April 1542 decided to equip three galleys, in addition to the three already in service. Pope Paul III was aware of the financial problems that might ensue from increased military expenditure, in particular the doubling of the fleet of galleys. Therefore, he ordered the cities and lands under his rule, both mediate and immediate subiectae, to pay, for a period of six months, the amount required to maintain the galleys, crews, provisions and weapons. The greatest effort to equip war galleys in the sixteenth century came under Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who dismantled the ancient consistory system with his bull Immensa Aeterni Dei, 1588, and replaced it with a complex system of fifteen permanent congregations, nine to deal with the spiritual matters of the Church and six with the temporal affairs of the State. In 1588 the Pope enacted a tax of 102,500 scudi per year for a permanent squadron of ten galleys, which patrolled the State's coasts and took part in naval operations against the Sultan together with allied Catholic fleets.
In 1967, Taiwan began dispatching a portion of its navy, the ROC "Fleet of Friendship," on goodwill missions to allied nations to strengthen diplomatic friendships. Since that time, one of the major areas of focus for fleet visits has been Taiwan's allies in the Pacific. In an attempt to move beyond emphasis on the China–Taiwan rivalry in the Pacific, this paper examines firsthand sources to advance three modes of contextualizing the Fleet of Friendship and reveals various layers of historical, pragmatic, and symbolic meaning that exist beyond simple competition with China. First, with specific focus on the performances presented during the fleet's goodwill visits, this paper contextualizes fleet performances within Taiwan's unique history, including an extended Martial Law period and tensions regarding the concept of "multiculturalism." Second, the paper more broadly examines the fleet as a holistic entity on three levels: a hard-power superstructure in which the fleet serves as a reminder of military power; soft-power content in which the activities of the fleet run at cross-purposes with its symbolic military nature; and a hard-power underbelly, in which Taiwanese embassy descriptions of fleet performances and Pacific reporting evince concepts of frenzy, threat, and potential violence. Finally, the paper highlights ulterior motives interlaced within the fleet's goodwill tours and contextualizes these motives based on other aspects of Taiwan's diplomacy in the Pacific that demonstrate similar trends. The article evinces the importance of situating analysis of Taiwan's cultural diplomacy and soft power within a variety of contexts and demonstrates the nuance inherent within Taiwan's Pacific diplomacy.
Created especially for the Australian customer! The simple and easy way to get your mind around Australia's military history More people are visiting Gallipoli and walking the Kokoda Trail each year — now find out why. This complete guide helps you trace the story of Australia's involvement in war, from the colonial conflicts with the Indigenous population, through the World Wars to peacekeeping initiatives in East Timor and the controversial conflict in Afghanistan. Find out the origins of Australia's military history — go all the way back to the arrival of the First Fleet and
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