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ABSTRACTWe analyse how product line rivalry by multi‐product oligopolists is affected by market size and product substitutability. We show that the width and degree of overlap in competing product lines is determined by the tension between two effects: the drive to 'be where the demand is' and the desire to weaken competition and intra‐firm product cannibalization. Product lines are shown to be wider and more overlapped in large markets and when product substitutability is weak. Our analysis suggests that firms can increase their profits by agreeing not to overlap their product lines.

Art Line Thought discusses the main issues that beset our time and philosophy by locating these same issues in artworks and describing closely what is shown there. While respecting their differences, art and philosophy are thus made to cross back and forth into one another, delineating in fresh ways our concerns about nature, the human and non-human, the body, femininity, ecology, technology, textism, the end of history, community, postmodernism, relativism and non-Eurocentric ethics. A `philosophy of line' gathers these issues, opposing the current dominance of `word' and linguistic analyses. Art has long been aware that the line communicates meaning at least as well as the word. The volume is divided between contemporary and prehistoric art in order to reveal the presumptions of `Western' culture and how we might move beyond it. Since the book is a critique of Eurocentric thinking and prose, it works at finding new styles of both. Its philosophical meditation is directed equally to those who are intellectually interested in contemporary and prehistoric art, in theories of postmodern culture and criticism, and in anthropology

[Extract] The cost of electricity charged to consumers in Australia is predominantly set by state governments and does not vary depending on the actual cost that the electricity retailer has to pay the generators. This does not encourage users to reduce power at times of peak demand and the ratio between the peak demand and the average demand is growing. In the long term, user pays principle must apply and the cost of electricity charged will need to vary depending on the actual cost of production. This requires a communication system to be produced firstly to determine the date and time electricity is used, so that the usage and actual cost can be matched, and secondly to inform the consumer of the actual cost of electricity, so that appropriate actions can be taken, like turning off air conditioners when the cost per kW becomes high.

For centuries, new sailors from European and North American countries have embraced often brutal hazing in an elaborate ceremony at sea called 'crossing the line' (British-American) and 'Neptunusfeest' (Dutch). Typically enacted upon crossing the equator, the beatings, dunks, sexual play, mock baptisms, mythological dramas, crude shavings and haircuts, and drinking and swallowing displays have attracted a number of protests and even bans as well as staunch defenses and fond reminiscences. The custom has especially drawn criticism since the late twentieth century with the integration of women into the military and the questioning of its hierarchical codes of manliness. In this study, the persistent ceremony's changing meaning into the twenty-first century is examined with considerations of development, structure, symbolism, performance, and function. A timely study revising previous assumptions about the custom's origins, diffusion, and functions.

After a century of working to solve the "Indian problem" through assimilation, the United States shifted toward the ultimate policy of absorption: citizenship. In the early 20th century, this became the primary issue between the American settler-state and Native nations. As the former demonstrated its commitment to settler-colonialism by eliminating Indigenousness as a distinct sociopolitical and ethnic identification, Native people repudiated this erasure through Indigeneity. This assertion of sociopolitical Otherness, rooted in land and attachment thereto, combatted the unilateralism of federal legislation and the abrogation of treaties. Among the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations or Iroquois), these protests occurred in relation to the border-crossing rights inhered in the Jay and Ghent Treaties. After the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924, Tuscarora chief Clinton Rickard organized resistance through the Indian Defense League of America. Along with securing the ability to freely cross the international boundary between the United States and Canada, he fought for the recognition of Haudenosaunee sovereignty, respect toward Haudenosaunee culture, and the preservation of Haudenosaunee land. By focusing on peace, unity, and treaties, Rickard "protected the line," meaning both the international boundary and the cultural integrity of the Haudenosaunee and all Indigenous people.

A digression, a not-coming-to-the-point opens the concrete to the unknown; simple shifts and interruptions lead to explorations of unforeseen realities. Digressions manifest themselves in many ways – as distraction, excursus, or detour – and are commonly deployed as a rhetorical or literary device, but also as associative parlando or political strategy. Digressions are supposed to render narrative accounts more accessible, provide access to remote areas, divert from the topic or argumentation, disturb the flow of storytelling, increase suspense, or delay the result. The question therefore becomes: what do digressions distract from? Is there a current, path, red thread, or direction to lose sight of? The group exhibition Along The Lines focuses on the notion of digression in the visual realm, displaying artworks by Jochen Flinzer, Jenny Keuter, Axel Malik, and Patrick Vernon. Faint pencil traces, scribbled messages, despairing lines, stitched contours, and stretching threads will continue the reflections on digression and present themselves in space or on paper, ranging from the elusive and emblematic to the raptures of minimalism. The works, mostly pen, thread, and print, reveal the polysemic play of wandering lines, contours, and forms. ; 'Along the Lines', exhibition presented at the ici library event But I Digress , ICI Berlin, 8 December 2015

The end of communism has brought a cultural division between old Europe & the nations of the near & Middle-East despite their geographic proximity. The definition & theory of modernization encompass a rich but controversial tradition that for the West is based on Enlightenment values aimed at multileveled change. In contrast, Islamic social science is concerned about collateral damage caused by Western-style modernization & has different preconceptions generally focused on bringing harmony to religion & politics, a difference that is of intercultural relevance & historically based. Throughout history, a double standard has existed in the application of European values & legal structures to lands that were considered beyond the European line. Although not fundamentally against modernization, the Middle East opposes the Western model, suggesting that intercultural communication theory may be more appropriate than modernization theory in this age of globalization & mobilization revolution. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the transfer & spread of standards of political governance has become increasingly important. Emphasizing the fact of the mobility revolution as the core may provide a new impulse to stagnating modernization discussions. 1 Diagram. L. Kehl