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We model the determinants of rural poverty in Botswana by conducting an empirical analysis of household welfare using the 2009/10 Botswana Core Welfare Indicator survey (BCWIS) to identify such factors associated with rural poverty. The paper found that female headed households, especially those residing in rural areas have higher incidences of poverty than male headed households. The study also found male-headed households, education, employment, livestock ownership and access to amenities as factors that positively related with welfare for all rural households and the results were consistent across both FHHs and MHHs models, except for a few factors such as livestock ownership. Household size and dependency ratios negatively related with welfare. However, dependency ratio did not influence welfare amongst MHHs since such households are characterised by fewer dependents unlike the FHHs. characteristics variables and thus public policy should focus on such factors in addressing rural poverty, especially among FHHs. Creation of employment opportunities in rural areas is key in helping the government in its poverty eradication efforts in rural areas. The paper also concludes that FHHs in rural area must be made a special target of poverty eradication programmes, and a well focused gender specific intervention for poverty eradication initiatives is needed. Moreover, rural development strategies should emphasize the provision of agricultural infrastructure, promotion of agricultural productivity growth through improved technology adoption, as well as provision of basic services such as water, sanitation and electricity in rural areas.

This paper empirically analyzes the determinants of rural poverty in developing countries. Using data from a sample of 32 developing countries we are able to show that income redistribution in favor of the poorest 10 percent of the population, improving the productivity of agricultural workers, raising the economic and social status of women, especially of rural women, government policies aimed at reducing systemic discrimination against ethnic minorities, encouraging tourism where possible, and programs designed to assist the irrigation of croplands are called for in the quest for alleviating poverty in rural areas. As the extent of rural poverty is reduced, an added benefit is the deceleration of the rural‐urban migration process, which results in less pressure on government to provide additional spending on services such as sanitation, health, and education in urban areas as well as having to deal with a host of problems associated with overgrown cities such as a higher incidence of crime and of shanty towns on the outskirts of these cities.

For three decades Oscar Lewis's subculture of poverty concept has been misinterpreted as a theory bent on blaming the victims of poverty for their poverty. This essay corrects this misunderstanding. Using a sociology of knowledge approach, it explores the historical origins of this misreading and shows how current poverty scholarship replicates this erroneous interpretation of Lewis's work. An attempt is made to remedy this situation by arguing that Lewis's subculture of poverty idea, far from being a poor-bashing, ideological ploy, is firmly grounded in a Marxist critique of capital and its productive contradictions. As such, Lewis's work is a celebration of the resilience and resourcefulness of the poor, not a denigration of the lower class and the cultural defenses they erect against poverty's everyday uncertainty.

Since independence, the problem of mass poverty in Pakistan
has been substantial. The number of the destitute has continued to soar.
The problem of poverty now looks to be beyond control. The vast masses
of the people, particularly in rural areas, are indeed, miserably below
the poverty line. Moreover, the socioeconomic and demographic indicators
are dismal. Official planning and the market economy system have failed
to lessen poverty. The policies formulated to eradicate it have failed
to achieve their objectives. The issue of poverty in Pakistan has its
significance for sustainable development. Long run development is not
possible without protecting the rights of the vulnerable groups and the
participation of the entire population in the development process.
Although Pakistan's economic growth has been quite respectable for much
of the last four decades but it has failed to trickle down to the
masses. The country has experienced poverty and stagnation in 1950s,
increasing poverty and growth in the 1960s, stagnation of growth but
declining poverty in the 1970s, increasing growth and declining poverty
in the 1980s and finally, increasing poverty and falling growth in the
1990s [MHCHD/UNDP (1999)].

Poverty is one of the major challenges facing democratic South Africa. This article focuses on poverty in South Africa, using the Income and Expenditure Survey conducted in 1995 by Statistics South Africa (formerly the Central Statistical Service). In the first part different approaches that can be followed in the measurement of poverty are discussed. In the second part, Sen's approach to the measurement of poverty and the Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) technique have been used to analyse the above data. CHAID is used to explore the relationship between the poverty status of the household (ie poor or non-poor) and other household characteristics. These variables can then be used as predictor of poverty status. (Dev South Afr/DÜI)

In Peru, there are papers that study the dynamics of poverty; nevertheless, these documents do not make differences between levels of severity: extreme poverty and non-extreme poverty. In this sense, the main objective of this research is to identify the factors that make the households slip into and out of the extreme and non-extreme poverty in Peru (2003-2006).This paper finds out that there are different factors that make extreme and non-extreme poor households arrive to non-poverty. In this sense, the elements that only contribute to extreme poor households to reach the non-poverty are: housing conditions, literacy programs, shocks protection and politics of participative public management. Moreover, the tools that only facilitate the non-extreme poor households to slip out of poverty are non-university high education, credit access and productive assets. Finally, in order to make both groups (extreme and non-extreme poor households) become non poor, it is necessary a set of actions: to improve the quality of education; to expand the coverage and quality of medical services and familiar planning; to emphasize the productive use of remittances; to make politics with a community approach; and to develop insurance for poor people so as to mitigate the effect of shocks.On identifying the factors that generate the changes of welfare states, this research provides lights to tune the focalization and effectiveness of social policies, so that these are more in line with the heterogeneity and multidimensionality of poverty. ; En el Perú ya se han realizado trabajos sobre pobreza dinámica; sin embargo, estos dejan de lado la distinción entre grados de severidad: pobreza extrema y no extrema. En este sentido, el objetivo central de la presente investigación consiste en identificar aquellos factores que influyen en las salidas y caídas enlos estados de pobreza extrema y no extrema en el Perú (2003-2006).En cuanto a los resultados, se ha encontrado que existen diferencias entre los elementos que contribuyen a que los pobres extremos (PE) y pobres no extremos (PNE) asciendan hacia la no pobreza (NP). Así, las herramientas que solo contribuyen para que los PE alcancen la NP son las condiciones de la vivienda, los programas de alfabetización, la protección contra shocks y las políticas de gestión participativa. Por su parte, las herramientas que facilitan únicamente que los PNE alcancen la NP son la educación superior no universitaria, el acceso a crédito y los activos productivos. Sin embargo, existe un set de factores comunes para que ambos grupos puedan superar la pobreza. Estos consistenen mejorar la calidad educativa; poner énfasis en el uso productivo de las remesas; ampliar la cobertura y calidad de los servicios médicos, de las actividades de planificación familiar, y de los seguros para pobres que mitiguen los shocks; así como implementar políticas con un enfoque comunitario.De esta manera, al identificar los factores que generan cambios de estado, la presente investigación brinda luces que permiten afinar la focalización y efectividad de las políticas sociales, de forma tal que estas sean más acordes con una problemática multidimensional y heterogénea.

This work adopts different approaches to analyse situations of poverty and extreme poverty in Spain during the last decade, considering different monetary thresholds, measures of severe material deprivation and the combination of both. The determining factors of these situations and the patterns that act as a link between extreme poverty and homelessness are also examined. The results of the study show that for the most restrictive thresholds of 10 per cent and 20 per cent of the median equivalised disposable income the smallest variations during the series are observed, confirming that situations of such deep poverty are not influenced by the cycle since they do not respond to economic stimuli. The determinants of extreme poverty suggest that public policies should be target towards high-risk groups, such as single person households, households with children, younger individuals, individuals with a low educational attainment, and of foreign nationality. Finally, an interesting result is that the profile of individuals in situations of consistent poverty have the greatest similarities to the group of people experiencing homelessness.

AbstractFew studies from an individual perspective have analyzed the multidimensional poverty of rural women in China. Therefore, based on the CFPS data from 2010 to 2020 and the Alkire-Foster approach, this study built a six-dimensional system to portray the status of multidimensional poverty among rural women. The overall comparisons found that rural women were more likely to be multidimensional poor than other subgroups. And the results of rural women showed significant demographic and spatio-temporal differences. That is, older rural women were more deprived than younger rural women. Rural women with spouses or confidence were less deprived than those without spouses or confidence, respectively. From the spatial perspective, the censored headcount ratios of rural women in descending order were Western Region, Central Region and Eastern Region. From the temporal perspective, the risk of rural women's multidimensional poverty decreased significantly from 2010 to 2020. The importance of non-material indicators was gradually becoming prominent, including education, health and subjective wellbeing. The conclusions can contribute to the development of policies, even if some limitations need to be further improved.