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Beitrag zu einer Reihe von 5 Aufsätzen unter dem Titel "US-Strategie im Übergang". Hier analysiert der frühere US-Verteidigungsminister die außenpolitische Lage der USA vor dem Hintergrund der internationalen Entwicklung und der Veränderungen in der Weltlage seit Ende des zweiten Weltkrieges. Er zeigt den Weg auf, den die Außenpolitik der USA durchlaufen hat, erörtert die Einbußen der Macht und die damit verbundenen neuen Perspektiven. Er behandelt die internationale Verantwortung der USA und ihre Verpflichtungen und die daraus entstehenden Dilemas. Dabei wird deutlich, daß die Risiken gewachsen sind und daß die internationalen Verpflichtungen die Fähigkeiten der USA zu überschreiten drohen. (BIOst-BwD/Hie)

U.S. international responsibilities and commitments.

The stability of justice can be discussed in two parts. The first part centers around defining tyranny as an unjust form of government by examining the Peisistratid tyranny. It then demonstrates how democracy and human rights are stable, idealized forms of governmental justice. The second part builds upon the definitions from the first part and inspects how both Solon and Cleisthenes used the ideal of justice in their reforms. Additionally, the paper observes how that same essence of justice in governance is echoed by the ancient reforms in modern democracy and human rights.

ONE OF THE MOST INTRACTABLE DEBATES IN THE FIELD OF WORLD POLITICS CONCERNS THE LINKAGE OF SYSTEMIC POLARITY TO INTERNATIONAL STABILITY. DESPITE MANY THEORETICAL EXPOSITIONS AND LIMITED TESTING, DISAGREEMENT PERSISTS OVER WHICH TYPE OF STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF POWER IS MOST STABLE. THE DIALOGUE ON POLARITY AND STABILITY HAS FOCUSED ON THE RELATIVE MERITS OF BIPOLAR AND MULTIPOLAR STRUCTURES; IN OTHER WORDS, WHICH CONFIGURATION OF POWER CENTERS IS MORE STABLE, TWO OR MORE THAN THAT NUMBER? ADVOCATES OF EACH SYSTEM HAVE THEIR ADHERENTS AND, FOR SOME TIME NOW, HAVE AGREED TO DISAGREE. MOST OF THE DEBATE ON POLARITY AND STABILITY THUS FAR HAS BEEN CAST IN TERMS THAT DO NOT FACILITATE ITS RESOLUTION. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PAPER IS TO REFORMULATE THE DEBATE, IN ORDER TO FACILITATE A MORE COMPELLING EMPIRICAL JUDGEMENT OF THE COMPETING CLAIMS. MORE SPECIFICALLY, THIS INVOLVES REVISION OF THE CENTRAL CONCEPTS. POLARITY, IT WILL BE ASSERTED, CANNOT BE ASSESSED ONLY IN TERMS OF DISTRIBUTION OF POWER. THE CONCEPT ALSO SHOULD INCORPORATE THE NOTION OF AUTONOMOUS DECISION CENTERS. WITH RESPECT TO INSTABILITY, WAR IS HELD TO BE A LESS COMPREHENSIVE MEASUREMENT THAN INTERNATIONAL CRISIS. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT RENEWED TESTING SHOULD FOCUS ON THE LINKAGE OF POLARITY TO STABILITY AS SO DEFINED.