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During the past decade policy makers and academic observers have become increasingly aware of the political importance of economic relations, especially among the advanced industrialized states. Some of this awareness came precipitously when monetary crises threatened not only individual currencies such as sterling, the franc, or the dollar, but also the basic structure of the international monetary system. Some of this awareness was more incremental, as with the growing fear that neomercantilist trade policies might result in a reversal of the postwar policies of trade liberalization pursued by the Western industrialized states.

AbstractGender mainstreaming, with its promise of gender transformation, equality and empowerment, has become a central pillar of development discourse, policy and practice. Yet, the implementation of these promises has largely been disappointing. Proposed 'solutions' have brought little new to the table. This article suggests that we need to rethink the link between policy and implementation, recognising that both are political processes and that while policies set agendas, both policies and their implementation are deeply influenced by societal factors. Drawing on critical development analysis and feminist writings, the article explores the transformative potential of gender mainstreaming in international development organisations in an increasingly complex, unequal and gendered world. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics have put forward a Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons beyond those five nations which currently possess them: France, the People's Republic of China (Communist China), the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The treaty requires that signatories already possessing such weapons not give them to other countries and that signatories not yet posses-sing nuclear weapons forego accepting them or manufacturing them indigenously. To reinforce the latter restraint the treaty obligates states renouncing weapons to accept inspection safeguards on their peaceful nuclear activities, inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Food aid has become a contentious issue in recent decades, with sharp disagreements over genetically modified crops, agricultural subsidies, and ways of guaranteeing food security in the face of successive global food crises. In Hunger in the Balance, Jennifer Clapp provides a timely and comprehensive account of the contemporary politics of food aid, explaining the origins and outcomes of recent clashes between donor nations-and between donors and recipients.She identifies fundamental disputes between donors over "tied" food aid, which requires that food be sourced in the donor country, versus "untied" aid, which provides cash to purchase food closer to the source of hunger. These debates have been especially intense between the major food aid donors, particularly the European Union and the United States. Similarly, the EU's rejection of GMO agricultural imports has raised concerns among recipients about accepting GMO foodstuffs from the United States. For the several hundred million people who at present have little choice but to rely on food aid for their daily survival, Clapp concludes, the consequences of these political differences are profound.

CO2 emissions from energy production and consumption are a major contributor to climate change. Thus, stabilising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere by reducing these emissions is an increasingly urgent international necessity. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) represents one of the most promising potential solutions to contain emissions resulting from continued use of coal and other fossil fuels. This publication provides policymakers with a detailed summary of the main legal issues surrounding the CCS debate, including up-to-date background information, case studies and conclusions on the

by Lam Pui-fong Karen. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53). ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv ; ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter II. --- PROBLEMS AND METHODOLOGY --- p.7 ; Chapter III. --- TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE SETTLEMENT --- p.11 ; International Trade --- p.11 ; Parties Involved in Doing International Trade --- p.12 ; Payment Methods Used by Hong Kong Exporters --- p.14 ; Chapter IV. --- RISK PARAMETERS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE… --- p.22 ; General Commercial Risks --- p.22 ; Additional Risk Parameters --- p.24 ; Chapter V. --- COMMON TRADE SETTLEMENT METHODS IN HONG KONG --- p.34 ; Implicit Controls --- p.35 ; Financing Ease --- p.37 ; Political Arbitrage --- p.40 ; Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.43 ; Documentary Risks --- p.43 ; Bank Risks --- p.45 ; Jurisdiction --- p.46 ; Summary Observations --- p.47 ; Concluding Remarks --- p.50 ; BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.51