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2-s2.0-85054527535 ; Measurements of azimuthal angular correlations are presented for high-multiplicity pPb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV and peripheral PbPb collisions at sNN=2.76TeV. The data used in this work were collected with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Fourier coefficients as functions of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity are studied using the scalar product method; four-, six-, and eight-particle cumulants; and the Lee-Yang zero technique. The influence of event plane decorrelation is evaluated using the scalar product method and found to account for most of the observed pseudorapidity dependence. © 2018 CERN. for the CMS Collaboration. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. ; ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/N000242/1, ST/N001273/1 National Science Foundation, NSF National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Welch Foundation: C-1845 Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 675440 Weston Havens Foundation Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST CERN Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics Cosmetic Surgery Foundation, CSF Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC: ST/F007434/1, ST/M004775/1 European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, ?????? Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, CSIR Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT National Science Council, NSC Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Academy of Finland Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Russian Academy of Sciences, ??? Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Chulalongkorn University, CU Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, MINECO Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN A.G. Leventis Foundation National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Narodowe Centrum Nauki, NCN: 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Universiti Malaya, UM Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy?szego, MNiSW Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, MOST National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS Ministry of Education and Science, MES Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Horizon 2020 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules, IN2P3 ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); and DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced by the European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts Harmonia No. 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus No. 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, No. 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and No. 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis No. 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

PubMed: 29864318 ; 2-s2.0-85047817215 ; A search for resonancelike structures in the Bs0?± invariant mass spectrum is performed using proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at s=8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb-1. The Bs0 mesons are reconstructed in the decay chain Bs0?J/??, with J/???+?- and ??K+K-. The Bs0?± invariant mass distribution shows no statistically significant peaks for different selection requirements on the reconstructed Bs0 and ?± candidates. Upper limits are set on the relative production rates of the X(5568) and Bs0 states times the branching fraction of the decay X(5568)±?Bs0?±. In addition, upper limits are obtained as a function of the mass and the natural width of possible exotic states decaying into Bs0?±. © 2018 CERN. ; ST/I003622/1, ST/I505580/1, ST/J004871/1, ST/J005479/1, ST/K003542/1, ST/L005603/1, ST/M004775/1, ST/N000242/1 2012/07/E/ST2/01406, 2014/ 13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, 2015/19/B/ ST2/02861 National Science Foundation, NSF: 1151640, 1508869, 1606321 National Institutes of Health, NIH U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Welch Foundation: C-1845 Hispanics in Philanthropy, HIP CS Fund, CSF Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) California Earthquake Authority, CEA Qatar National Research Fund, QNRF Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu, TAEK Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 675440 Weston Havens Foundation Louisiana Academy of Sciences, LAS Missouri University of Science and Technology, MST CERN College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, CAS Norwegian Sequencing Centre, NSC Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, IPST Mountain Equipment Co-operative, MEC Science and Technology Facilities Council, STFC: ST/F007434/1, ST/N001273/1 Royal Astronomical Society, RAS European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC Ministry of Education - Singapore, MOE Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, ???? Science Foundation Ireland, SFI Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, HGF Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, FAPESP National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC Research Promotion Foundation, ???? Ministerstvo Školství, Mláde?e a T?lov?chovy, MŠMT Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FNP Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT Russian Foundation for Basic Research, ???? Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES Academy of Finland Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Austrian Science Fund, FWF Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, BELSPO Chulalongkorn University, CU Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie, IWT Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture, FRIA Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft, BMWFW Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Minobrnauka: 3.2989.2017 General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Hungarian Scientific Research Fund, OTKA Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST National Research Foundation of Korea, NRF Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN A.G. Leventis Foundation National Science and Technology Development Agency, ????: Thailand Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, SENESCYT Universiti Malaya, UM Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, FAPERJ Ministry for Business Innovation and Employment, MBIE National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, NASU Ministry of Education and Science, MES Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, IPM Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, BUAP Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, SEIDI Horizon 2020 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM, ROSATOM Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CINVESTAV Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, PAEC State Fund for Fundamental Research of Ukraine, SFFR Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal, DST ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), Contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/ 13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Russian Ministry of Education and Science, Contracts No. 3.2989.2017 and No. 14.A12.31.0006; the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Welch Foundation, Contract No. C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA).

The article discusses the main approaches, methods and methods of determining and assessing the level of economic security of telecommunications companies. The stages of organization of economic security protection are defined. The emphasis is placed on the fact that for the management of economic security it is necessary to develop target criteria for assessing its level. The solution of this problem requires the creation of a system of appropriate methods. Preference is given to multi-component methods. The basic models of definition of threshold values of critical state of the enterprise are considered. It is noticed that objectively to estimate a condition of economic safety of the telecommunication enterprise on all functional components it is difficult. The reason is that there are indicators that are difficult to measure with specific numbers, shapes and quantities. These components include intellectual, personnel, political and legal, technical and technological. Determine the proportion of significance of each of them is difficult. In the article an attempt of solving this problem. At the same time, it is noted that there is no single method of calculating the levels of economic security. Each business entity develops such a methodology taking into account its own specifics. Key words: economic security, telecommunications, enterprise, integral index, financial condition, criterion, factor, diagnostics. References1. Іliashenko, O.V. (2015). Algoritmizaciia deistviia mekhanizma upravlinnia systemoi ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti predpriiatiia [Algorithmization of the mechanism of management of economic security of enterprise]. Vestnik Khmelnitskogo natsionalnogo universiteta, (6), 196 – 200.2. Perfilev, A.B. (2005). Osnovnie metodiki otsenki finansovogo sostoianiia rossiiskih predpriiatii i prognozirovanie vozmozhnogo bankrotstva po dannim buhgalterskoi otchetnosti [The main methods of assessing the financial condition of Russian companies and forecasting possible bankruptcy according to financial statements]. Yaroslavl: MUB I NT.3. Kolyshkin, A.B. (2003). Prognozirovanie razvitiia bankrotstva v sovremennoi Rossii [Forecasting of bankruptcy development in modern Russia]. (Candidate dissertation). Sankt-Peterburg.4. Kudriavtsev, A.V. (2017). Ekonomicheskaia bezopasnost, kak resurs upravleniia na predpriiatii s gosudarstvennym uchastiem [Economic security as a resource of management in enterprises with state participation]. Gumanitarnyye nauchnyye issledovaniya. Retrieved from http://human.snauka.ru/2017/06/241425. Sudoplatov, A.P., & Lekarev, S.V. (2001). Bezopasnost predprinimatelskoi deiatelnosti [Business security]. Moskow: OLMA-PRESS.6. Alkema, V.G., & Kirichenko, O.S. (2014). Upravlenie izmeneniiami v sisteme ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti subektov khoziayistvennoi deiatelnosti [Managing changes in the system of economic security of subjects of economic activity]. Uchenye zapiski universiteta "KROK", (38), 112-118.7. Pozdeev, V.O. (2009). Teoriia ekonomicheskogo analiza: metodologiia, nauchnye problem [Theory of economic analysis: methodology, scientific problems]. Yoshkar-Ola: Mariiskii hosudarstvennyi universitet.8. Pozdeev, V.O. (2014). Analiz v sisteme ekonomicheckoi bezopasnosti predpriiatiia [Analysis in the system of economic security of the enterprise]. Innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki. - Yoshkar-Ola: Mariiskii hosudarstvennyi tekhnicheskii universitet, ( 2), 38-47.9. Pohorelov, Yu.S., & Іliashenko, O.V. (2015). Predposylki formirovaniia mekhanizma upravleniia sistemoi ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti predpriiatiia [Prerequisites of formation of the mechanism of management of system of economic safety of the enterprise]. Vestnik Khmelnitskogo natsionalnogo universiteta, (4), 151-156. ; В статье рассмотрены основные подходы, приемы и методы определения и оценки уровня экономической безопасности телекоммуникационного предприятия. Определены этапы организации защиты экономической безопасности. Сделан акцент на том, что для управления экономической безопасностью необходимо разработать целевые критерии для оценки ее уровня. Решение этой задачи требует создания системы соответствующих методов. Предпочтение отдается многокомпонентным методам. Рассмотрены основные модели определения пороговых значений критического состояния предприятия. Замечено, что объективно оценить состояние экономической безопасности телекоммуникационного предприятия по всем функциональным составляющим трудно. Причиной является то, что есть такие показатели, которые трудно измерять конкретными числами, формами и величинами. К таким составляющим относятся интеллектуальная, кадровая, политико-правовая, технико-технологическая. Определить удельный вес значимости каждой из них трудно. В статье сделана попытка решения этой задачи. При этом отмечено, что единой методики расчета уровней экономической безопасности не существует. Каждый субъект хозяйствования разрабатывает такую методику с учетом своей специфики. Ключевые слова: уровень экономической безопасности, телекоммуникационное предприятия, интегральный показатель, финансовое состояние, критерий, коэффициент, диагностика. Список использованной литературы1. Ілляшенко О. В. Алгоритмізація дії механізму управління системою економічної безпеки підприємства. Вісник Хмельницького національного університету. Економічні науки. 2015. № 6. (230). С. 196–200.2. Перфильев А.Б. Основные методики оценки финансового состояния российских предприятий и прогнозирование возможного банкротства по данным бухгалтерской отчетности. Ярославль: МУБ и НТ, 2005.3. Колышкин А.В. Прогнозирование развития банкротства в современной России: дис… канд. эк. наук : 08.00.05. Санкт-Петербург, 2003. 152 c.4. Кудрявцев А.В. Экономическая безопасность, как ресурс управления на предприятиях с государственным участием. Гуманитарные научные исследования. 2017. № 6. URL: http://human.snauka.ru/2017/06/241425. Судоплатов А.П., Лекарев С.В. Безопасность предпринимательской деятельности: прак/ пособ. Москва: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. 155 с.6. Алькема В. Г., Кириченко О.С. Управління змінами в системі економічної безпеки суб'єктів господарської діяльності. Вчені записки Університету «КРОК». 2014. Вип. 38. С. 112–118.7. Поздеев В.О. Теория экономического анализа: методология, научные проблемы: курс лекций. Йошкар-Ола: Марийский государственный технический университет, 2009. 212 с.8. Поздеев В.О. Анализ в системе экономической безопасности предприятия. Инновационное развитие экономики. Йошкар-Ола: Марийский государственный технический университет. №2. 2014. С.38-47.9. Погорелов Ю. С., Ілляшенко О.В. Передумови формування механізму управління системою економічної безпеки підприємства. Вісник Хмельницького національного університету. Економічні науки. 2015. № 4. Т.2. С. 151–156. ; В статті розглянуто основні підходи, прийоми та методи визначення та оцінки рівня економічної безпеки телекомунікаційного підприємства. Визначено етапи організації захисту економічної безпеки. Зроблено акцент на тому, що для управління економічною безпекою необхідно розробити цільові критерії для оцінки її рівня. Вирішення цього завдання потребує створення системи відповідних методів. Перевага надається багатокомпонентним методам. Розглянуто основні моделі визначення порогових значень критичного стану підприємства. Зауважено, що об'єктивно оцінити стан економічної безпеки телекомунікаційного підприємства за всіма його функціональними складовими важко. Причиною є те, що є таки показники, які важко вимірювати конкретними числами, формами та величинами. До таких складових віднесено інтелектуальну, кадрову, політико-правову, техніко-технологічну. Визначити питому вагу значущості кожної з них важко. У статті зроблено спробу вирішення цього завдання. При цьому наголошено, що єдиної методики розрахунків рівнів економічної безпеки не існує. Кожний суб'єкт господарювання розробляє таку методику з урахуванням своєї специфіки. Ключові слова: рівень економічної безпеки, телекомунікаційне підприємства, інтегральний показник, фінансовий стан, критерій, коефіцієнт, діагностика. Список використаної літератури1. Ілляшенко О. В. Алгоритмізація дії механізму управління системою економічної безпеки підприємства. Вісник Хмельницького національного університету. Економічні науки. 2015. № 6. (230). С. 196–200.2. Перфильев А.Б. Основные методики оценки финансового состояния российских предприятий и прогнозирование возможного банкротства по данным бухгалтерской отчетности. Ярославль: МУБ и НТ, 2005.3. Колышкин А.В. Прогнозирование развития банкротства в современной России: дис… канд. эк. наук : 08.00.05. Санкт-Петербург, 2003. 152 c.4. Кудрявцев А.В. Экономическая безопасность, как ресурс управления на предприятиях с государственным участием. Гуманитарные научные исследования. 2017. № 6. URL: http://human.snauka.ru/2017/06/241425. Судоплатов А.П., Лекарев С.В. Безопасность предпринимательской деятельности: прак/ пособ. Москва: ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, 2001. 155 с.6. Алькема В. Г., Кириченко О.С. Управління змінами в системі економічної безпеки суб'єктів господарської діяльності. Вчені записки Університету «КРОК». 2014. Вип. 38. С. 112–118.7. Поздеев В.О. Теория экономического анализа: методология, научные проблемы: курс лекций. Йошкар-Ола: Марийский государственный технический университет, 2009. 212 с.8. Поздеев В.О. Анализ в системе экономической безопасности предприятия. Инновационное развитие экономики. Йошкар-Ола: Марийский государственный технический университет. №2. 2014. С.38-47.9. Погорелов Ю. С., Ілляшенко О.В. Передумови формування механізму управління системою економічної безпеки підприємства. Вісник Хмельницького національного університету. Економічні науки. 2015. № 4. Т.2. С. 151–156.

In this thesis, theoretical and methodological basis of the study of informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of the state are systematized; the experience in this very area of foreign countries and Ukraine is generalized.It is proved that the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests is an integral part of state policy, which ensures the promotion and protection of interests in public political-informational, political-figurative and political-semantic fields. It has been pointed on synergistic specificity of implementing such a policy in the conditions of non-linear development of the world.The substantial difference between the concepts «political territory» and «political space», which are used as synonyms in political science, was justified. Political territory should be considered as states-nations and its associations, which have publicly recognized and legally secured borders, institutions of governance, system of legislation and regulation, and monopoly to use force. They are focused on ensuring stability, maximum protection, inviolability of borders and preservation of sovereignty. Political space is a set of interrelated political phenomena and processes which go beyond borders, but initiated by certain state in order to establish economic, political, cultural, linguistic, informational, etc. control on internal and external space. The author proposed the following indicators of divergence: geographic (border), regulatory, institutional (presence/absence of a single decisionmaking center).Such concepts as «political-figurative field» and «political- semantic field», which are the components of a constructed reality, were identified. They also define the entire set of images and meanings, which the national interests of the state are articulated in. Political-figurative field is a component of a constructed reality, a set of authentic values of the people, symbols and simulacrum, in which the national interests of the state are articulated. Moreover, it is the totality of tangible and intangible images that identify territory (emblem, anthem, flag, personalities, goods, historical places, etc.). They also create an emotional connection with target audiences for the promotion and protecting national interests.Political-semantic field refers to totality of essential characteristics of different phenomena, which form interpretations of reality and create a politicalrelevant knowledge for the promotion and protecting national interests of the state.The author added the list and the scope of the methods and techniques of research the informational direction of protection on national interests of the world states in terms of modern non-linear political processes. Forms of its manifestation in modern politics were added too.The study of information-communication activities in the field of protecting national interests as a part of political science and methodological understanding of the essence of this direction has gained further development in this thesis. It is proved, that influence of modern nonlinear socio-political processes contributed to the redefinition the role and place of informational direction of protecting on national interests, its appearance on the same level with power instruments of protection state sovereignty and interests.Based on generalized experience of formation and implementation the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of the states and supranational organizations the author formed two models – subsidiary (US, UK, EU and NATO) and vertical (Russia).Clarified and systematized the experience of formation and implementation of information policy for the protecting of national interests of Ukraine in the conditions of nonlinear social and political processes. Improved and expanded approaches to the assessment of external and internal perception of the state based on analysis of rating indicators of the state development and polls that indirectly reflect the state of understanding, support of the national interests of target audiences in information-communication sphere.The author proposed the transitional model of the development and implementation of the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of Ukraine in the conditions of nonlinear processes, which reflects modern transformation and transition from a vertical to a subsidiary model. ; У дисертаційному дослідженні систематизовані теоретико- методологічні основи дослідження інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів держави; узагальнений досвід закордонних держав та України у цьому напрямі.Доведено, що інформаційний напрям політики захисту національних інтересів є складовою державної політики, яка забезпечує просування і захист інтересів у публічному політико-інформаційному, політико-образному та політико-смисловому просторах. Вказано на синергетичну специфіку реалізації такої політики в умовах нелінійності розвитку світу.Обґрунтовано змістовну розбіжність понять «політична територія» і «політичний простір», які у політичній науці використовуються як синоніми. Під політичною територією розуміються держави та їх об'єднання, які мають юридично закріплені і визнані у світі кордони, інститути управління, систему нормативно-правового регулювання та монополію на використання сили. Вони орієнтовані на забезпечення стабільного існування, максимального захисту, непорушності кордонів та збереження суверенітету. Політичний простір – це сукупність взаємопов'язаних політичних явищ та процесів, які не обмежуються кордонами, але ініційовані певною державою з метою встановлення економічного, політичного, культурного, мовного, інформаційного та ін. контролю над власним та зовнішнім простором. Запропоновано такі індикатори розбіжності: географічні (кордони), нормативно-правові, інституційні (наявність/відсутність єдиного центру прийняття рішень).Розкрито такі поняття, як «політико-образний простір» та «політико- смисловий простір», які є складовими конструйованої реальності та визначають всю сукупність образів та смислів, у яких артикулюються національні інтереси держави. Під політико-образним простором розуміється складова конструйованої реальності, сукупність аутентичних цінностей народу, символів і симулякрів, у яких артикулюються національні інтереси держави, вся сукупність матеріальних та нематеріальних образів, які ідентифікують територію (герб, гімн, прапор, видатні особи, вироблені товари, історичні місця, тощо), створюють емоційний зв'язок з цільовими аудиторіями задля просування та захисту національних інтересів. Під політико-смисловим простором - сукупність сутнісних характеристик тих чи інших явищ, які формують інтерпретації дійсності та створюють політико-релевантне знання задля просування та захисту національних інтересів держави.Доповнено перелік і сферу методів та методик дослідження інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів держав світу в умовах нелінійних політичних процесів сучасності. Доповнено форми його вияву у сучасній політиці.Дістало подальший розвиток вивчення інформаційно-комунікаційної діяльності у сфері захисту національних інтересів як напряму політичної науки, а також методологічне осмислення сутності цього напряму. Обґрунтовано твердження, що вплив сучасних нелінійних суспільно- політичних процесів сприяв переосмисленню ролі та місця інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів, виведенню його на один рівень з силовими інструментами захисту державного суверенітету та інтересів.На основі узагальненого досвіду формування та реалізації інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів держав світу та наднаціональних організацій сформовано дві моделі – субсидіарну (США, Великобританія, ЄС та НАТО) та вертикальну (Російська Федерація).З'ясовано та систематизовано досвід формування і реалізації інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів України в умовах нелінійних суспільно-політичних процесів. Удосконалено і доповнено підходи оцінки зовнішнього і внутрішнього сприйняття держави на підставі аналізу рейтингових показників розвитку держави та соціологічних опитувань, які опосередковано відображають стан розуміння, підтримки національних інтересів цільовими аудиторіями в інформаційно- комунікаційній сфері.Запропоновано авторську перехідну модель вироблення та реалізації інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів України в умовах нелінійних процесів, яка відображає сучасні трансформації, перехід від вертикальної до субсидіарної моделі.

Bobrowski had expressed the intention to study art history after graduation, but war and captivity thwarted his plans: As a member of the German Armed Forces, he was only released from military service for a semester in winter 1941/1942. Bobrowski was particularly impressed by the lectures on German Art in the Age of Goethe by the departmental chair Wilhelm Pinder. However, despite this fundamental influence Pinder's ideological background never become manifest in Bobrowski's poems. After returning from Soviet captivity during Christmas 1949, university studies were out of the question for the thirty-two-year-old. However, his lifelong intermedial engagement with fine art in his work can be interpreted as an expression of his diverse cultural and historical interests and inclinations. The poet's life phases correlate with the thematic development of his poems on visual art: The inviolable aesthetics of significant works of art helped him to overcome the horror of the last years of the war and the privations of Soviet captivity. Didactic moral aims initially shaped the poems Bobrowski created in the years after his return home before he was able to distance himself in terms of content and form from this type of poetry and began to write poems that take up cultural-historical aspects and juxtapose historical, mythological, biblical and religious-philosophical themes spanning epochs. His poems about the artists Jawlensky and Calder also touch simultaneously on aspects of the cultural landscape. In the last decade of his life, Bobrowski became increasingly interested in twentieth-century art, while modern architecture was absent from his work. Bobrowski devoted himself in an entire series of poems to Classicist and Romanticist painting and thus to works that were written during the Age of Goethe and about which Wilhelm Pinder may have given lectures during his "German Art in the Age of Goethe" course attended by Bobrowski. Architecture is a leitmotif in Bobrowski's lyrical works. The significance conveyed of the particular sacred and profane buildings referred to in the poems as well as the urban and village ensembles and individual parts of buildings changes several times over the years. Starting from traditional, juxtaposed juvenile poems in iambic versification, in which architectural elements form part of an awareness that fades out everything outside of the aesthetic, the significance of the sacred and secular buildings in Bobrowski's lyrical works changes for the first time during the years he spent in Russia during the war as part of the German military. In the odes Bobrowski wrote at the time, the architectural relics testify to suffering, death and destruction. What is still absent, however, is the central idea of guilt, which later becomes the focus of poems he writes after his return from captivity until his early death. Towards the end of the war and during his years of captivity, Bobrowski reflects on the theme of his homeland again, and the architecture in his poems becomes an aesthetically charged projection for his yearning for East Prussia and the Memel area. The aspect of the sublime first appears in his poems, both in relation to painting and architecture, during his captivity. This idea is developed on the one hand after his return to Berlin in his poems on the architecture of Gothic cathedrals and the architectural heritage of Classicism, but the cultural heritage of Europe also represents historical injustice and a heavy, far-reaching guilt in the poems written during this period. Bobrowski turns away from his criticism of the entire continent of Europe in later years and in his "Sarmatic Divan" concentrates on the guilt Germans have towards the peoples of Eastern Europe. This also lends the architecture in his poems a new meaning. The relics of the castles of the Teutonic Order testify to the rule of medieval conquerors and merge with nature: The symbolism of the architecture becomes part of the landscape. In the last decade of his life, he increasingly writes poems related to parks and urban green spaces. The city, "filled with meaning", moves to the centre of his poetry. However he does not deal with the technical achievements and social phenomena of urban life in these poems but with urban structures and especially the green and open spaces as symbols of history. The poet relies not only on personal experiences, but sometimes also on image sources without ever having seen the original. The poems about Chagall and Gauguin are hardly accessible without the knowledge that they refer to image reproductions in narrow, popular books that Bobrowski acquired shortly before writing the respective poems. The situation is different with the Russian churches that find their way into his lyrical works. Bobrowski had seen them all during the war, and most of them still appear to exist today and can be identified with some certainty with the help in part of the poet's letters from that period. ; Bobrowski hatte nach dem Abitur die Absicht geäußert, Kunstgeschichte zu studieren, doch Krieg und Kriegsgefangenschaft vereitelten seinen Plan: Der Wehrmachtsangehörige wurde einzig im Winter 1941/1942 für ein Studiensemester an der Universität Berlin vom Kriegsdienst freigestellt. Nachhaltig beeindruckt war Bobrowski insbesondere von der Vorlesung "Deutsche Kunst der Goethezeit" des Lehrstuhlinhabers Wilhelm Pinder. Trotz eines grundlegenden Einflusses ist indessen zu keinem Zeitpunkt Pinders ideologischer Hintergrund in Bobrowskis Gedichten manifest geworden. Nach der Rückkehr aus sowjetischer Gefangenschaft an Weihnachten 1949 war für den mittlerweile Zweiunddreißigjährigen an ein Studium nicht mehr zu denken. Die lebenslange intermediale Auseinandersetzung mit Werken der bildenden Kunst in seinem Œuvre kann indessen als Ausdruck seiner vielfältigen kulturgeschichtlichen Interessen und Neigungen interpretiert werden. Die Lebensphasen des Dichters korrelieren mit einer motivischen Entwicklung seiner Bildgedichte: Insbesondere half ihm die unantastbare Ästhetik bedeutender Kunstwerke, das Grauen der letzten Kriegsjahre und die Entbehrungen in sowjetischer Kriegsgefangenschaft zu überwinden. Didaktisch-moralische Zielsetzungen prägten zunächst die in den Jahren nach seiner Heimkehr entstandenen Gedichte, bevor sich Bobrowski inhaltlich und formal von diesem Gedichttypus zu lösen vermochte und vermehrt Gedichte zu schreiben begann, die kulturgeschichtliche Dimensionen annahmen und historische, mythologische, biblische und religionsphilosophische Themen in epochenübergreifende Zusammenhänge stellten. Die Gedichte über die Künstler Jawlensky und Calder berühren gleichzeitig kulturlandschaftliche Aspekte. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt interessierte sich Bobrowski zunehmend für die Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts, während die moderne Architektur aus seinem Werk ausgeklammert blieb. Architektur bildet eine Leitmotivik in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk. Die übertragene Bedeutungsebene der in den Gedichten benannten sakralen und profanen Einzelbauten, aber auch der städtischen und dörflichen Ensembles sowie einzelner Gebäudeteile, verändert sich mehrfach im Laufe der Jahre. Ausgehend von traditionellen, paargereimten Jugendgedichten in jambischem Versmaß, in denen architektonische Elemente Teil einer Wahrnehmung bilden, die alles Außerästhetische ausblendet, wandelt sich der Sinngehalt der Sakral- und Profanbauten in Bobrowskis lyrischem Werk ein erstes Mal während den Kriegsjahren in Russland, die der Wehrmachtsangehörige am Ilmensee verbracht hat. In den damals entstandenen Oden zeugen die architektonischen Relikte von Leid, Tod und Zerstörung. Noch fehlt indessen der später so zentrale Gedanke der Schuld, der erst im Rückblick auf jene Zeit in den Gedichten, die nach der Rückkehr aus der Kriegsgefangenschaft bis zu Bobrowskis frühem Tod entstanden sind, thematisiert worden ist. Gegen Ende des Kriegs und in den Jahren der Kriegsgefangenschaft besinnt sich Bobrowski erneut auf Heimatthemen, und die Architektur in seinen Gedichten wird zu einem ästhetisch überhöhten Fluchtpunkt seiner Sehnsucht nach Ostpreußen und dem Memelgebiet. In Kriegsgefangenschaft tritt erstmals der Aspekt des Sublimen in seinen Gedichten auf, und zwar sowohl bezogen auf die Malerei als auch auf die Architektur. Dieser Gedanke wird einerseits nach der Rückkehr nach Berlin in den Gedichten über die Architektur gotischer Kathedralen und das bauliche Erbe des Klassizismus weitergesponnen, doch steht in den damals entstandenen Gedichten das Kulturerbe Europas auch für historisches Unrecht und eine schwere, weit zurückreichende Schuld. Von dieser auf den ganzen Kontinent bezogenen Kritik wendet sich Bobrowski in den nachfolgenden Jahren ab und konzentriert sich auf die Schuld der Deutschen gegenüber den Völkern Osteuropas. Damit erhält auch die Architektur in seinen Gedichten eine neue Bedeutung. Die Relikte der Ritterburgen des deutschen Ordens zeugen von der Herrschaft der mittelalterlichen Eroberer und verschmelzen dabei mit der Natur: Das Zeichenhafte der Architektur wird Teil der Landschaft. Im letzten Lebensjahrzehnt entstehen vermehrt Gedichte, die sich auf Parkanlagen und städtische Grünräume beziehen. Der Dichter hat sich nicht nur auf persönliche Erfahrungen, sondern mitunter auch auf Bildquellen abstützt, ohne dass er das Original je gesehen hätte. Nur schwer zugänglich sind die Gedichte über Chagall und Gauguin ohne die Erkenntnis, dass sie sich auf Bildvorlagen in schmalen, populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern beziehen, die Bobrowski jeweils kurz vor der Niederschrift der entsprechenden Gedichte erworben hat. Anders verhält es sich mit jenen russischen Kirchen, die Eingang in sein lyrisches Werk gefunden haben. Bobrowski hat sie alle selbst im Krieg gesehen, und die meisten scheinen noch heute zu bestehen und können mit einiger Sicherheit identifiziert werden, wozu auch die Briefe des Dichters aus jener Zeit beitragen.

The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level, so that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This Red List publication summarises results for all hitherto described native European Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets). All Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bushcrickets) native to or naturalised in Europe before AD 1500 (a total of 1,082 species), have been assessed in this Red List. The geographical scope is continent-wide, extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land in the north to the Canary Islands in the south. The Caucasus region is not included. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe, and for the 28 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The status of all species was assessed using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012a), which is the world's most widely accepted system for measuring extinction risk. All assessments followed the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2012b). The assessments were compiled based on the data and knowledge from a network of leading European experts on Orthoptera. The assessments were then completed and reviewed at six workshops held in Italy, Greece, France, Bulgaria, Spain and Germany as well as through email correspondence with relevant experts. More than 145 experts participated in the assessment and review process for European Orthoptera species. Assessments are available on the European Red List website and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ conservation/species/redlist and http://www.iucnredlist. org/initiatives/europe. Overall, 25.7% and 28% of Orthoptera species are assessed as threatened at the European and EU 28 levels, respectively. However, the exact proportion of threatened species is uncertain, as there are 107 (10%) Data Deficient (DD) species in Europe and 84 DD species (8.5%) in the EU 28. Estimating that a similar relative proportion of the DD assessments are likely to be threatened (IUCN 2011), the best estimate of the threatened share of Orthoptera species is thus 28.5% in Europe and 30.6% in the EU 28. Further research on DD species to clarify their status is therefore critical. A further 13.9% (149 species) and 13% (128 species) are considered Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28, respectively. By comparison, the best estimate of threatened species of those other groups that have been assessed comprehensively in Europe is 58% of freshwater molluscs, 40% of freshwater fishes, 23% of amphibians, 20% of reptiles, 17% of mammals, 16% of dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and bees, 8% of aquatic plants and marine fishes and 2% of medicinal plants (IUCN 2015). Additional European Red Lists assessing a selection of species showed that 22% of terrestrial molluscs, 16% of crop wild relatives and 15% of saproxylic beetles are also threatened (IUCN 2015). No other groups have yet been assessed at the European level. Looking at the population trends of European Orthoptera species, 30.2% (325 species) have declining populations, 7.6% (82 species) are believed to be more or less stable and 3.2% (34 species) are increasing. However, the population trends for the majority of species (59%, 634 species) remain unknown. Out of the 739 species that are endemic to Europe (i.e., they are found nowhere else in the world), 231 (31.3%) are threatened, highlighting the responsibility that European countries have to protect the global populations of these species. Overall, the European areas with the highest diversity of species are found in southern Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. Hotspots of endemic species are found in the Iberian, the Italian and the Balkan Peninsulas, and in some large mountain areas (the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Appenines). The greatest concentration of threatened species is found along some Mediterranean coasts and Mediterranean mountain blocks. Finally, the number of Data Deficient species reflects the general distribution of Orthoptera species, being highest in the Mediterranean and the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia. The main threat to European Orthoptera is the loss, degradation and fragmentation of their habitats as a consequence of agricultural land use intensification. This includes direct destruction by transformation of permanent grassland or shrubland habitats into cropland, degradation of habitat quality caused by overgrazing, abandonment, use of fertilisers or heavy machinery and direct mortality from frequent mowing or the use of pesticides. Other important threats to Orthoptera are the increasing frequency of wildfires, touristic development and urbanisation, climate change, afforestation and intensive forest management, drainage and river regulations, recreational activities, deforestation, limestone quarrying and sand excavations and invasive species.Orthoptera are a diverse group of insects with more than 1,000 species known to occur in Europe and play important roles in the ecosystem such as being part of the food chain and prey to many vertebrate species. They are also good indicators of land use intensity, which makes them one of the most important invertebrate groups for environmental monitoring and assessment. Conservation strategies for the European Orthoptera species with the highest extinction risk should be developed and implemented. The European Red List should be used to inform nature and biodiversity policies to improve the status of threatened species. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) should be enhanced by promoting traditional low-intensity agricultural land use systems, particularly pastoralism in Europe, and committing to a long-term reduction in the use of pesticides and fertilisers, encouraging the uptake of alternative pest management. Orthoptera species should be made a standard group for inclusion in Environmental Impact Assessments to avoid negative impacts of new development projects on threatened species.Degraded habitats of threatened Orthoptera species throughout Europe should be restored and guidelines for the optimal management of Orthoptera habitats should be developed. The protection of Orthoptera habitats throughout Europe should be improved, so that each threatened and endemic European species is present in at least one protected area with an adequate adaptive management scheme and monitoring for threatened Orthoptera species. Orthoptera inventories in protected areas should be made mandatory to identify priority species for the respective area and develop strategies for their protection. A pan-European monitoring programme for Orthoptera species should be developed, by merging all existing recording schemes. Specific research on those species that have not been recently recorded in Europe to clarify if they may be Extinct or Regionally Extinct, or have been assessed as Data Deficient should be conducted and funding mechanisms should be put in place to support this research. The effects of the lesser understood threats (e.g., wildfires, pesticides, climate change) on Orthoptera should be studied. The European Red List of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Bush-crickets should be revised at regular intervals of ten years, and whenever new data becomes available.

Background: In the context of the investigation of the quark gluon plasma produced in heavy-ion collisions, hadrons containing heavy (charm or beauty) quarks play a special role for the characterization of the hot and dense medium created in the interaction. The measurement of the production of charm and beauty hadrons in proton– proton collisions, besides providing the necessary reference for the studies in heavy-ion reactions, constitutes an important test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) calculations. Heavy-flavor production in proton–nucleus collisions is sensitive to the various effects related to the presence of nuclei in the colliding system, commonly denoted cold-nuclear-matter effects. Most of these effects are expected to modify open-charm production at low transverse momenta (pT) and, so far, no measurement of D-meson production down to zero transverse momentum was available at mid-rapidity at the energies attained at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Purpose: The measurements of the production cross sections of promptly produced charmed mesons in p-Pb collisions at the LHC down to pT = 0 and the comparison to the results from pp interactions are aimed at the assessment of cold-nuclear-matter effects on open-charm production, which is crucial for the interpretation of the results from Pb-Pb collisions. Methods: The prompt charmed mesons D0, D+, D∗+, and Ds+ were measured at mid-rapidity in p-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC.D mesons were reconstructed from their decays D0 → K−π+, D+ → K−π+π+, D∗+ → D0π+, Ds+ → φπ+ → K−K+π+, and their charge conjugates, using an analysis method based on the selection of decay topologies displaced from the interaction vertex. In addition, the prompt D0 production cross section was measured in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV and p-Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV down to pT = 0 using an analysis technique that is based on the estimation and subtraction of the combinatorial background, without reconstruction of the D0 decay vertex. Results: The production cross section in pp collisions is described within uncertainties by different implementations of pQCD calculations down to pT = 0. This allowed also a determination of the total cc ̄ production cross section in pp collisions, which is more precise than previous ALICE measurements because it is not affected by uncertainties owing to the extrapolation to pT = 0. The nuclear modification factor RpPb(pT), defined as the ratio of the pT-differential D meson cross section in p-Pb collisions and that in pp collisions scaled by the mass number of the Pb nucleus, was calculated for the four D-meson species and found to be compatible with unity within uncertainties. The results are compared to theoretical calculations that include cold-nuclear-matter effects and to transport model calculations incorporating the interactions of charm quarks with an expanding deconfined medium. Conclusions: These measurements add experimental evidence that the modification of the D-meson transverse momentum distributions observed in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp interactions is due to strong final-state effects induced by the interactions of the charm quarks with the hot and dense partonic medium created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. The current precision of the measurement does not allow us to draw conclusions on the role of the different cold-nuclear-matter effects and on the possible presence of additional hot-medium effects in p-Pb collisions. However, the analysis technique without decay-vertex reconstruction, applied on future larger data samples, should provide access to the physics-rich range down to pT = 0 ; State Committee of Science, World Federation of Scientists (WFS), and Swiss Fonds Kidagan, Armenia;ConselhoNacionaldeDesenvolvimentoCient ́ıfico e Tecnolo ́gico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Proje- tos (FINEP), Fundac ̧a ̃o de Amparo a` Pesquisa do Estado de Sa ̃o Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC); Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of Croatia and Unity through Knowledge Fund, Croatia; Ministry of Education and Youth of the Czech Republic; Danish Natural Science Research Council, the Carlsberg Foundation and the Danish National Research Foundation; The European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme; Helsinki Institute of Physics and the Academy of Finland; French CNRS-IN2P3, the "Re ́gion Pays de Loire," "Re ́gion Alsace," "Re ́gion Auvergne," and CEA, France; German Bundesministerium fu ̈r Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and the Helmholtz Association; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Development, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFIH), Hun- gary; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India; Department of Atomic Energy and De- partment of Science and Technology of the Government of India; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Centro Fermi-Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi," Italy; Japan Society for the Promotion of Sci- ence (JSPS) KAKENHI and MEXT, Japan; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Consejo Nacional de Cienca y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Direccio ́n General de Asuntos del Personal Acade ́mico (DGAPA), Me ́xico; Ame ́rique Latine Formation acade ́mique-European Commission (ALFA-EC) and the EPLANET Program (European Particle Physics Latin American Network); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) and the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; Research Council of Norway (NFR); Pontificia Universidad Cato ́lica d e l P e r u ́ ; N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e C e n t r e , P o l a n d ; M i n i s t r y o f National Education/Institute for Atomic Physics and National Council of Scientific Research in Higher Education (CNCSI- UEFISCDI), Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia, Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federal Agency of Atomic Energy, Russian Federal Agency for Science and Innovations and The Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Ministry of Education of Slovakia; Department of Science and Technology, South Africa; Centro de In- vestigaciones Energe ́ticas, Medioambientales y Tecnolo ́gicas (CIEMAT), E-Infrastructure shared between Europe and Latin America (EELA), Ministerio de Econom ́ıa y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, Xunta de Galicia (Conseller ́ıa de Ed- ucacio ́ n), Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnolo ́ gicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenerg ́ıa, Cuba, and IAEA (Interna- tional Atomic Energy Agency); Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW); National Science and Technology Development Agency (NS- DTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand; Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science; United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); The United States Department of Energy, the United States National Science Foundation, the State of Texas, and the State of Ohio.

В период господства Золотой Орды регионы и разнородное население Центральной Азии были впервые интегрированы в единую политическую целостность. Как и большинство империй, Золотая Орда охватывала разнородные культуры. Она стала пристанищем различных религиозных общин, которые не только сосуществовали, но и работали и торговали друг с другом, что привело к беспрецедентной интенсификации взаимных обменов, особенно в Поволжье в ее центральном районе. Золотая Орда оказала большое влияние на торговую экспансию середины XIII середины XIV веков, и ее экономическое и политическое правление в высшей степени способствовало глобализации Старого Света. ; During the Golden Horde's dominion, the regions and populations of central Eurasia were integrated for the first time and became politically unified. Like most empires, the Golden Horde was intrinsically cross-cultural. It accommodated diverse religious communities which not only co-habited but also worked and traded together, leading to an unprecedented intensification of the exchanges, especially in the Volga valley, its core area. The Golden Horde had a major impact on the expansion of trade in the 1250s-1350s and its economic and political regime highly contributed to the globalization of the Old World. Historians have revealed that after the Chinggisid conquests, a phenomenal trade boom transformed the human and cultural landscape in Eurasia. The so-called "Fur Road" interconnected with the "Silk Road" at the Lower Volga Basin. Here two major routes were passable: the eastern one through Central Asia towards north India and China, and the western one through the Crimean peninsula towards the Mediterranean world and the Middle East. The Golden Horde served as the stage for this dramatic change. Jöchid khans and begs played a leading role in the new inter-regional order. It was not due to hazard that during this flourishing time, cities and villages burgeoned in the Volga Valley, in the Crimea, as well as in the steppe land corridor from Siberia to Hungary. As nomadic elites converted to Islam, the khan's court became a major hub of the Islamic world. Wandering scholars and craftsmen from Anatolia, Central Asia, Egypt and Syria were welcomed in the ulus of Jöchi. The Golden Horde's regime had deep consequences on the political, economic and cultural map of modern Eurasia. Scholars have shown the unique way in which Islam unified and socially integrated peoples, by shaping community life and collective memory and by combining shamanist practices and local Sufism. The origin stories of the Tatars, and other Central Eurasian communities, extend back to the period when the khans Berke and Uzbek converted to Islam. Many Muslim peoples now living in the Russian Federation see it as a formative period in their history. Indeed, Islamization is one of the Golden Horde's most important legacies. The Golden Horde is part of the common heritage of mankind. It allowed a new sophisticated culture to grow in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, at the hinge of the nomadic and sedentary worlds. The western academic sphere has started only recently to recognize the significance of this phenomenon while, in Russian-speaking academia, scholars have long ago understood the uniqueness of its legacy. It has raised the interest not only of historians but also of archaeologists, art historians and numismatists from the Russian Federation, and especially from Tatarstan. Thanks to their works, to the important questions they raise, and to the results of their researches, the Golden Horde studies is now a field on its own rights. Western academia needs to get better acquainted with this rich scholarship. On the one hand, the historical period of the Golden Horde should integrate history course books in US, in UK, in France and in Europe in general. World history needs to be taught through a non-European lens to get a deeper perspective on our collective past without which we cannot decipher today's globalized world. On another hand, it is also crucial that the current scholarship on the Golden Horde takes into account new historiographical debates and concepts developed by global historians. A 'world' is a category of global history, recently identified by historians as a meaningful notion that goes beyond the narrower notion of empire. Indeed, empires and kingdoms did not exist in isolation, but were dependent of bigger worlds. The challenge of the new global history is to identify these worlds and to understand their mechanisms. The Golden Horde survived the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire; it grew and deeply influenced its surrounding world. This world included the successors states of the Mongol empire in China, Afghanistan, India, Persia and Anatolia as well as Byzantium, Russia, Europe and the Middle East. The density of the connections from the Mediterranean Sea to the Caspian Sea and as far as China illustrates how deeply the ulus of Jöchi was enmeshed with the wider world. Therefore, the history of the Golden Horde should not be disconnected from this world-shaping phenomenon. Nationalist historiographies are inclined to distort history, to create and disseminate self-serving clichés. The first task of historians is to avoid inaccurate terminology such as "the Tatar Yoke", in order to encourage inquiries into more important questions: how to deal with the notion of a collective history when it crosses the borders of modern nations? What then are the role and the legacy of the Golden Horde in world history? The Golden Horde in World History gives some answers to these important questions. It achieves a twofold aim: to bring to a larger academic audience a cutting-edge research that remains barely known outside the circle of specialists and to integrate this research into the broader perspective of world history. It combines diverse approaches and questions not only to offer an exhaustive picture of the state of the field, but also to herald the most profitable directions of research and the most fruitful advances made. This comprehensive new synthesis is the result of the collaboration of leading scholars coming from major academic institutions: Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian History of Russian Academy of Sciences and Oxford University. I wish to address my deepest thanks to those who turned a bold editorial project into this impressively compelling collective book: Rafael Khakimov, Ilnur Mirgaleev, Roman Hautala, Vadim Trepavlov. Thanks to the fantastic energy of our colleagues from the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences and its M.A.Usmanov Centre for the Golden Horde studies, Kazan proved to be and remains a wonderful venue for historians, archaeologists and numismatists working on the Golden Horde and ready to confront their views. The understanding of the Golden Horde world, at the crossroad of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, requires such a dialogue between researchers who have different expertise. International collective publications are crucial to expanding and furthering complex fields of research, and writing history is a collective undertaking that can benefit immensely from institutional collaboration all the more so when it crosses borders. This international book will be the first to offer the readership the research outcome of the best experts in the field of the Golden Horde studies and to make the avant-garde concepts of the new global history accessible.

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. ; The ATLAS experiment at the LHC has measured the Higgs boson couplings and mass, and searched for invisible Higgs boson decays, using multiple production and decay channels with up to 4.7 fb−1 of pp collision data at s√=7 TeV and 20.3 fb−1 at s√=8 TeV. In the current study, the measured production and decay rates of the observed Higgs boson in the γγ, ZZ, W W , Zγ, bb, τ τ , and μμ decay channels, along with results from the associated production of a Higgs boson with a top-quark pair, are used to probe the scaling of the couplings with mass. Limits are set on parameters in extensions of the Standard Model including a composite Higgs boson, an additional electroweak singlet, and two-Higgs-doublet models. Together with the measured mass of the scalar Higgs boson in the γγ and ZZ decay modes, a lower limit is set on the pseudoscalar Higgs boson mass of m A > 370 GeV in the "hMSSM" simplified Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Results from direct searches for heavy Higgs bosons are also interpreted in the hMSSM. Direct searches for invisible Higgs boson decays in the vector-boson fusion and associated production of a Higgs boson with W/Z (Z → ℓℓ, W/Z → jj) modes are statistically combined to set an upper limit on the Higgs boson invisible branching ratio of 0.25. The use of the measured visible decay rates in a more general coupling fit improves the upper limit to 0.23, constraining a Higgs portal model of dark matter. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; RGC, China ; Hong Kong SAR, China ; Israel Science Foundation ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, Switzerland ; Canton of Bern, Switzerland ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF, Canada ; Canada Council, Canada ; CANARIE, Canada ; CRC, Canada ; Compute Canada, Canada ; FQRNT ; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada ; EPLANET ; European Research Council (ERC) ; FP7 ; Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions ; European Union (EU) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes ; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Herakleitos ; Thales ; Aristeia programmes ; Greek NSRF, Israel ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; Minerva, Israel ; BRF, Norway ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; ICREA ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/I005803/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M001407/1 PP/E000444/1 ST/H00100X/2 ST/K001310/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade 1575161 1366364 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/K001361/1 ST/G50228X/1 PP/D002915/1 GRIDPP PP/E003087/1 ST/L001179/1 1366825 ST/K001329/1 ST/L000970/1 ST/L001195/1 ST/L006464/1 ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J005576/1 ST/L003325/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/K00073X/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/K003658/1 ST/M001504/1 ST/M006980/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/I006056/1 1072662 1082012 ST/I000186/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/H001093/2 1521422 ST/H00100X/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J004944/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K00140X/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/N000307/1 ST/M004821/1 GRIDPP ST/M002306/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/L000326/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/L001144/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M001431/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/K001396/1 ATLAS ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/H001093/1 ST/G502320/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/L003414/1 ST/K001248/1 1201187 ST/M001733/1 ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ST/K001302/1 ST/J004928/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/K001418/1 ST/I006080/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J005487/1 ATLAS ST/L003112/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/M000761/1 ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/I00372X/1 ST/M003213/1 ST/M004821/1 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/I000178/1 PP/E000355/1 1334588 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M006980/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/E000347/1 ST/N000463/1 ST/J005525/1

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. ; A search is performed for narrow resonances decaying into WW, W Z, or ZZ boson pairs using 20:3 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of ps = 8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Diboson resonances with masses in the range from 1.3 to 3.0 TeV are sought after using the invariant mass distribution of dijets where both jets are tagged as a boson jet, compatible with a highly boosted W or Z boson decaying to quarks, using jet mass and substructure properties. The largest deviation from a smoothly falling background in the observed dijet invariant mass distribution occurs around 2 TeV in the W Z channel, with a global significance of 2.5 standard deviations. Exclusion limits at the 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section times branching ratio for the W Z final state of a new heavy gauge boson, W0, and for the WW and ZZ final states of Kaluza-Klein excitations of the graviton in a bulk Randall-Sundrum model, as a function of the resonance mass. W0 bosons with couplings predicted by the extended gauge model in the mass range from 1.3 to 1.5 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; Israel Science Foundation ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; JINR ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, Switzerland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Canton of Bern, Switzerland ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF, Canada ; Canada Council, Canada ; CANARIE, Canada ; CRC, Canada ; Compute Canada, Canada ; FQRNT ; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada ; European Union (EU) ; European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; Horizon, European Union ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; Region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes ; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF ; Thales programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; Minerva, Israel ; BRF, Norway ; Royal Society of London ; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland ; Leverhulme Trust ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/L001144/1 ST/L001179/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/M004821/1 GRIDPP 1201187 ST/I006056/1 ST/K001248/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/H00100X/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/L000326/1 ST/M001504/1 ST/N000463/1 ST/M503575/1 ST/L003325/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M001733/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/J005576/1 ST/J004944/1 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/G502320/1 1521422 ST/M006980/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M006980/1 ST/M004821/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/J005487/1 ST/N000307/1 ST/L001195/1 ST/K001361/1 ST/H001093/2 PP/E000444/1 GRIDPP ST/K001388/1 ST/J501074/1 ST/H001093/1 ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/K001302/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/M001407/1 1334588 ST/L003414/1 PP/E000355/1 1366364 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M003213/1 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M002306/1 ST/M001431/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades 1082012 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K00140X/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/H00100X/2 1575161 PP/D002915/1 ST/I005803/1 ST/I000178/1 ST/I00372X/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/G50228X/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I000186/1 PP/E003087/1 ST/K00073X/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/K003658/1 ST/I006080/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K001418/1 ST/J005525/1 1366825 ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K001310/1 ST/K001329/1 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/L003112/1 ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ST/J004928/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/M000664/1 ST/M000761/1 ATLAS ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L000970/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/E000347/1 ; ICREA ; GNSF, Georgia

Esta zona de América –el Mar Caribe– parece que viviera en constante ebullición Londoño, 1973. En 2014 "Nicaragua inició una demanda contra Colombia para determinar la delimitación de las fronteras entre la plataforma continental de Nicaragua más allá de las 200 millas náuticas y la plataforma continental de Colombia" (La Fm, 2014). Este país ya había presentado una primera demanda en 2001 la cual le resultó favorable, sin embargo, busca mantiene una actitud ambiciosa y se plantea adquirir más plataforma continental y zona económica exclusiva. Estos hechos son preocupantes a los ojos de la población colombiana, la cual rechazó contundentemente la decisión de la Corte Internacional de Justicia. La controversia se desenvuelve en una zona de indescriptible dinamismo político, económico y cultural, de unas características geográficas excepcionales y que presenta grandes ventajas a aquellos Estados que logren controlarla; el espacio en referencia es el Mar Caribe. A su vez, la disputa se enmarca en una reconfiguración global de la distribución de poder, con la confluencia de los intereses de potencias extra continentales. Estas han aportado según el análisis, para aprovechar las desgracias de Colombia. De esta forma, la búsqueda de explicación a diversos interrogantes se legitima, entre estas inquietudes se hallan: ¿Colombia tenía títulos jurídicos que validaran su soberanía sobre el archipiélago de San Andrés, las aguas circundantes, el suelo y el subsuelo marino? ¿Colombia había definido sus límites marítimos con Nicaragua? ¿La búsqueda por parte de Nicaragua de hacerse con una mayor extensión marítima en su costa atlántica es reciente? ¿Quién fue el culpable del resultado del fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia de 2012? ¿Qué se espera que pase con las relaciones bilaterales entre Colombia y Nicaragua? ¿Cuál es la importancia geográfica, geoestratégica y geopolítica del Caribe? ¿Cuáles son los intereses de China y Rusia en el Caribe? ¿Tiene consecuencias regionales o internacionales esta controversia? Y finalmente ¿Cuál es el impacto para la seguridad nacional de un Estado el someterse a las instituciones jurídicas internacionales o abstenerse de participar en ellas y no acatar sus sentencias? Con el fin de responder a estos interrogantes y con el propósito de desarrollar un análisis multidisciplinario del tema que convoca este escrito es necesario, en primer lugar, tener claro el desarrollo histórico de la titularidad de los territorios neogranadinos y colombianos, así como su importancia geoestratégica para las potencias coloniales; en un segundo momento, observar la dinámica jurídica y argumentativa que tuvo lugar con cargo a otros casos que son de actualidad y que si bien es cierto pareciera no guardan relación directa con el escenario para Colombia, sí, tienen algunos elementos comunes como lo son la definición de límites entre los estados, el sistema internacional la Corte Internacional de Justicia y los intereses de los estados potencia para preservar y garantizar no solo su desarrollo económico sino su seguridad nacional. Un elemento común evidente en los casos que analizaremos es la participación de la CIJ como organismo del sistema internacional ya sea por los conflictos internacionales de este orden y su intervención directa para dirimirlos por sentencia o por su opinión al mismo respecto, escenario al cual acudió Nicaragua contra Colombia; en tercer lugar, analizar las oportunidades y ventajas que ofrecen el Caribe y el archipiélago de San Andrés y Providencia a quien domine geoestratégicamente sobre ellos, especialmente, para la consecución de intereses nacionales particulares como pareciera puede ser el caso. ; This area of America-the Caribbean Sea seems to live in constant turmoil Londoño, 1973. In 2014, "Nicaragua filed a lawsuit against Colombia to determine the delineation of boundaries between Nicaragua's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles and the continental shelf of Colombia "(the MF 2014). East country had already filed a first lawsuit in 2001 that it was favorable, without But looking maintains an ambitious attitude and gain more platform arises continental and exclusive economic zone. These facts are disturbing to the eyes Colombian population, which overwhelmingly rejected the decision of the Court International Justice. The controversy unfolds in an area of indescribable political dynamism, economic and cultural, of exceptional geographical characteristics and presents great advantages to States that achieve control; reference space is The Caribbean Sea. In turn, the dispute is part of a global reconfiguration distribution of power, with the confluence of interests extra powers continental. These have provided according to the analysis, to take advantage of the misfortunes of Colombia. Thus, the search for an explanation to various questions are legitimate, among these concerns are: Colombia had legal title to validate his sovereignty over the archipelago of San Andres, the surrounding waters, soil and I subsoil? Is Colombia had defined its maritime boundary with Nicaragua? The Search by Nicaragua to gain greater maritime area in its Atlantic coast is new? Who was to blame for the result of the judgment of the Court International Justice in 2012? What it is expected to happen with relations bilateral between Colombia and Nicaragua? What is the geographical importance, geostrategic and geopolitical Caribbean? What are the interests of China and Russia Caribbean? Do you have regional or international implications this controversy? Y finally What is the impact on the national security of a State to submit to international legal or refrain from participating in these institutions and not abide their sentences? In order to answer these questions with the purpose of developing a multidisciplinary analysis of the issue before this writing is necessary, first Instead, be clear about the historical development of the ownership of the territories neogranadinos and Colombia, as well as its geostrategic importance to the colonial powers; in a second stage, observe the legal and argumentative dynamics held from other cases that are topical and that if it is true it seems not directly related to the stage for Colombia, yes, they have some elements common such as the definition of limits between the states, the international system the International Court of Justice and the interests of states to preserve power and ensure not only economic development, but its national security. An element Common evident in cases involving discuss is the ICJ as organization of the international system either by international conflicts of this order and direct intervention to resolving it by judgment or his opinion at the same connection scenario which came against Colombia Nicaragua; thirdly, analyzing the opportunities and advantages of the Caribbean and the archipelago of San Andres and Providence geostrategically who dominate them, especially for the achieve particular national interests as seems may be the case.

The appearance of book science as an autonomous discipline of science can be traced back in Eastern Europe to the beginnings of the 19th century. It was evolving from bibliography, history of literature, editorial, bookselling and library activities and practice, and from educational needs. Its further growth has been enhanced by the rapid increase of book world, institutional and professional developments in book culture, and realization of a multitude of benefits arising from bibliological studies. The latter could have been identified in the field of science, development of ideas, social and political relations. Initially, theoretical background of East European bibliology was influenced by Western European concepts, particularly French and German. Afterwards, however, original concepts and specific approaches to book science have been developed in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine, followed by other countries. There has been a significant degree of unification observed in views and thoughts about book and book science, resultant from the largely common past of book culture in Eastern Europe, shared historical experience, political, language and religious situation, and fairly continuous exchange of scientific ideas. Nevertheless, local circumstances related to dissimilar traditions in book studies, variable influence of ideology and politics, uneven potential of scientific communities, and uneven recognition of the discipline in different countries, have left their clear imprint too. Their result is the variety of research paradigms, different focus points in book studies, and the development of various research schools, some of them specific for certain countries. The notion of 'national research schools', present in the science about science, was introduced by Robert Estivals, who wrote in the encyclopaedia Les sciences de l'écrit (1993): "The French school of bibliology is undoubtedly one the most important schools, besides the Belgian, Polish, Russian, and Swiss one. They are so much unlike the Anglo-saxon school, which tends to brings bibliography and bibliology together, that one may speak about the continental European bibliological school, different from English and North American concepts". The essence of a national research school usually shows through a larger number of variables considered, convincing facts and evidence, but it also involves a certain degree of subjectivity, so that proper explanation is only achieved after considering opinions and emotions as well. In addition, the perception of research schools varies depending on the observer, whether from inside, through the eyes of representatives or supporters, or from outside. In the former case, there is a trend towards emphasizing differences in fundamental views about a given discipline or research direction. Consequently, different criteria of school identification are used (e.g. narrower subjects, influential persons or institutions), and the number of schools appears to grow. In the latter, though, a trend towards generalization and synthesis at broader spatial and temporal scales prevails. Breakthrough events in the development of national research schools in Eastern Europe include the origin and re-establishment of independent states after the World War I (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia), and later the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991, when Baltic states, Byelorussia and Ukraine have become independent, and substantial political and social changes occurred in all countries formerly belonging to the communist block. The characteristic features of book science in Eastern European countries – before and later after the World War II – appear to include the following: 1. focus on the history and present-day of own national cultures as a part of a wider framework of bibliological studies; 2. intensive theoretical research on book as a means of communication and as a cultural factor; 3. construction of numerous theoretical and methodological models of bibliology; 4. extensive development of historical studies, focused on the history of book culture;5. close links between bibliological studies and other disciplines;6. application of bibliological theory and history in the shaping of ontemporary book system. ; Uniwersytet Wrocùawski, Instytut Informacji Naukowej i BibliotekoznawstwaPl. Uniwersytecki 9/13, 50-137 Wrocùaw, PolandE-mail: kmigon@liber.ibi.uni.wroc.plKnygotyra kaip savarankiška mokslo disciplina Rytų Europoje pasirodė XIX amžiaus pradžioje. Ji rutuliojosi iš bibliografijos, literatūros istorijos, redaktorių, knygų prekiautojų bei bibliotekų patirties ir tenkino švietimo poreikius. Tolesnį jos augimą spartino knygų pasaulio plėtra, knygos kultūros institucinis ir profesinis augimas, bibliologinių studijų įvairiopos naudos supratimas. Pastaroji siejosi su mokslo, idėjų raidos, socialinių ir politinių santykių sritimis.Iš pradžių teoriniai Rytų Europos knygotyros pagrindai rėmėsi Vakarų Europoje, ypač Prancūzijoje ir Vokietijoje, gyvavusiomis koncepcijomis. Tačiau vėliau Lenkijoje, Rusijoje ir Ukrainoje, o netrukus ir kitose šalyse atsirado originalios knygotyros koncepcijos ir specialūs tyrimo metodai.Kadangi Rytų Europos knygos kultūra daugiausia buvo bendras paveldas, taip pat dėl bendros istorinės ir kalbinės patirties, religinės situacijos ir gana pastovių mokslo idėjų mainų visoms šio regiono šalims būdingas tam tikras knygos ir knygotyros mokslo idėjų bendrumas. Vis dėlto vietinės sąlygos, skirtingos knygos studijų tradicijos, nevienoda ideologijos ir politikos įtaka, mokslo bendruomenių potencialo netolygumas ir disciplinos pripažinimo laipsnis taip pat paliko aiškų pėdsaką. Dėl to atsirado įvairios tyrimų paradigmos, skirtingi knygotyros tyrimų aspektai, išsiplėtojo nemaža mokslo mokyklų.Robert'as Estivals'is į mokslotyrą įtraukė nacionalinių mokslo mokyklų sąvoką. Enciklopedijoje Les sciences de l'écrit (1993) jis rašė: "Prancūziškoji bibliologijos mokykla šalia belgiškosios, lenkiškosios ir šveicariškosios yra, be abejo, pati svarbiausia. Jos labai nepanašios į anglų saksų mokyklą, kuriai būdinga sulieti bibliografiją ir bibliologiją, tad galima kalbėti apie kontinentinę bibliologijos mokyklą, skirtingą nuo Anglijos ir Šiaurės Amerikos koncepcijų". Nacionalinių mokyklų esmė dažniausiai išryškėja iš daugelio akivaizdžių požymių, įtikinamų faktų ir liudijimų, tačiau išskiriant mokyklas pasireiškia ir tam tikras subjektyvumas. Taigi tik pasvėrus nuostatas ir nusiteikimus, suformuluojami tam tikri apibrėžimai. Be to, mokslo mokyklų suvokimas skiriasi pagal stebėtojo padėtį – ar jis stebi mokyklą iš vidaus kaip jos atstovas ir gynėjas, ar iš išorės. Pirmuoju atveju linkstama pabrėžti fundamentalių tam tikros disciplinos ar tyrimų krypties sampratų skirtumus. Dėl to mokykloms identifikuoti naudojami skirtingi kriterijai (pavyzdžiui, siauros temos, įtakingi asmenys ar institucijos) ir atrodo, kad mokyklų daugėja. Antruoju atveju vyrauja apibendrinimo, platesnio erdvinio ir chronologinio masto sintezės tendencijos.Rytų Europos nacionalinių mokslo mokyklų plėtros proveržis įvyko po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo, kai susikūrė (ar atsikūrė) nepriklausomos valstybės (Lietuva, Latvija, Estija, Lenkija, Čekoslovakija), ir sugriuvus Sovietų Sąjungai, kai 1991 m. Baltijos valstybės, Baltarusija ir Ukraina tapo nepriklausomos. Tuo laikotarpiu visose buvusio komunistinio bloko šalyse įvyko esminių politinių ir socialinių pokyčių. Prieš Antrąjį pasaulinį karą ir po jo Rytų Europos šalių knygotyrą apibūdina šie bruožai: dėmesys telkiamas į savo nacionalinės kultūros istoriją ir dabartį, kaip platesnių bibliologinių studijų sudedamąją dalį; intensyvus teorinis knygos kaip komunikacijos priemonės ir kultūros veiksnio, tyrimas; konstruojama daug ir įvairių teorinių ir metodologinių bibliologijos modelių; atliekami platūs istoriniai knygos kultūros istorijos tyrimai; mezgami glaudūs ryšiai tarp bibliologijos studijų ir kitų disciplinų, bibliologijos teorija ir istorija taikoma formuojant šiuolaikinę knygos sistemą.

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWF and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC, and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST, and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR, and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC, and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC, and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG, and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE, and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and ROSATOM, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF, and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide. ; Results of a search for supersymmetry via direct production of third-generation squarks are reported, using 20.3 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s=8 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2012. Two different analysis strategies based on monojetlike and c-tagged event selections are carried out to optimize the sensitivity for direct top squark-pair production in the decay channel to a charm quark and the lightest neutralino (˜t1→c+˜χ01) across the top squark–neutralino mass parameter space. No excess above the Standard Model background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in the context of direct pair production of top squarks and presented in terms of exclusion limits in the (m˜t1, m˜χ01) parameter space. A top squark of mass up to about 240 GeV is excluded at 95% confidence level for arbitrary neutralino masses, within the kinematic boundaries. Top squark masses up to 270 GeV are excluded for a neutralino mass of 200 GeV. In a scenario where the top squark and the lightest neutralino are nearly degenerate in mass, top squark masses up to 260 GeV are excluded. The results from the monojetlike analysis are also interpreted in terms of compressed scenarios for top squark-pair production in the decay channel ˜t1→b+ff′+˜χ01 and sbottom pair production with ˜b1→b+˜χ01, leading to a similar exclusion for nearly mass-degenerate third-generation squarks and the lightest neutralino. The results in this paper significantly extend previous results at colliders. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWF, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; CERN, Chile ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; Lundbeckfonden ; European Union (EU) European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; NSRF, Greece ; Israel Science Foundation ; MINERVA, Israel ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; BRF, Norway ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; GRICES, Portugal ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; JINR ; MSTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SER, Switzerland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Cantons of Bern, Switzerland ; Geneva, Switzerland ; National Science Council of Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; Leverhulme Trust ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; ICREA ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/J005533/1 ST/M001431/1 ST/L001144/1 ST/K50208X/1 ST/I000186/1 ST/H00095X/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M003213/1 ST/M002306/1 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/H00100X/1 ST/J005525/1 ST/J005576/1 ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP PP/E000487/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/K003437/1 GRIDPP ST/K501840/1 GRIDPP ST/M001733/1 ST/H001026/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J500641/1 ST/I006056/1 ST/G006717/1 ST/F00754X/1 ST/K00140X/1 ATLAS ST/H001093/1 ST/K003658/1 ST/I505756/1 ST/I006080/1 PP/E000444/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/L00352X/1 ST/L003112/1 ST/K001329/1 ATLAS ST/K001361/1 ST/K001310/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/D002915/1 ST/K001302/1 ST/J004928/1 ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K00073X/1 ST/I000178/1 GRIDPP PP/E000347/1 ST/H00100X/2 ST/I005811/1 ST/K000713/1 ST/H00095X/2 ST/H001042/1 ST/I00372X/1 ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades PP/E003087/1 ST/K001248/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/K000705/1 ST/I005803/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/M000761/1 ST/L001195/1 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/G50228X/1 ST/K003437/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/L003325/1 ST/M000664/1 ST/L001179/1 ST/J005487/1 ST/H001042/2 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L006464/1 ST/K00140X/1 ST/K001337/1 ATLAS ST/H001093/2 ST/H001026/2 ST/K502236/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K501840/1 ST/K001388/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/J002798/1 ST/L000970/1 ST/F007418/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/K001337/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP PP/E002757/1 PP/E000355/1 ST/K000659/1 ST/K001418/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ATLAS ST/G502320/1 ST/H001069/2 ST/J004944/1 ST/J005460/1 ST/J501074/1 ; Royal Society of London

Paradoxically, but together with the creation of united or at least harmonized legal, economic and partly political space in the EU it is risen momentum an intensive processes of its differentiation. The differentiation is expressed in the emergence within the EU several sub-groups, some of which goes forward, integrating all new areas of relationships, and the other part, which consists of countries that do not want or do not may follow suit (because of the mentality or the level of socio-economic development models) remains behind and thus albeit slowly, but seriously hampers the integration of the Union.The concept of European integration, created in 1950, declares that Member States should move forward with the same speed and equally participate in the implementation of integration projects. Countries that joined, are provided with time-limited transitional periods, after which all legislation and Community Programs is completely spread on them.It seemed that all the processes should take place smoothly, but as history has shown, each successive wave of expansion inevitably led to the differentiation of views on integration processes and methods for their implementation. EU becomes larger than the number of member states, and, consequently, more heterogeneous, with complicated and delayed process of transition. After the enlargement in 2004 and 2007 by 12 countries in Central , Eastern and Southern Europe, took place a question about general existence of the EU as a united front with the forced artificial fragmentation (although de facto separation is already there: the euro zone, the Schengen area, European monetary System, and some other projects).These problems are weakly researched by modern researchers that should draw attention to the special position of the Nordic countries in the process. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to study the role of the Nordic subregion in the process of differentiation of the European Union.Specific role in the differentiation of the EU is played by the Nordic countries. Having no alternative of no cooperation with the EU, Nordic countries have found their own way to adapt to the integration process and, at the same time, seriously affected the formation of differentiated structures of all states.Different position of the Nordic countries in the European Union was created due to historical, political, economic and national-identical reasons in each country of the region. For example, in the early 1990s, Sweden and Finland adhered to a policy of neutrality, Iceland was held on the basis of its specific geopolitical location, Norway is not sought because of the special structure of the economy and the unwillingness to be bound by the strict EU obligations in the areas of fisheries, shipbuilding and marine transport, Denmark, by contrast, received a positive result in the referendum in 1973, and the first of the Nordic countries joined the European community.However, the global geopolitical and economic changes taking place in the world and particularly in Europe in the early XX century, could not avoid and the Nordic countries. Already in 1995 Sweden and Finland entered the EU. Norway had the negative decision twice after nationwide referendums in 1972 and 1994, and Oslo had to withdraw its application for accession to the Union.Coordinated and final position among the Nordic region towards the EU has not worked today. Therefore, to assess their role in the European Union clearly is quite difficult. On the one hand, the Nordic countries are serviceable payers to the EU budget, have good performance in economic growth and high standards of living (for instance, the rated list of countries with the highest level of life quality, composed of the United Nations in 2009, showed that Norway and Iceland took 1st and 3rd place respectively), are actively involved in the discussion of all the current problems of the EU. On the other – you can't deny that there is a considerable skepticism about the deepening of European integration in the Nordic countries. In practice, it is embodied in the so-called 'special position'.Such a state of affairs is due to largely negative attitude of the Scandinavian countries to the impact increase of European institutions on domestic policies of the Member States, concern about the preservation of a unique social model and the reluctance to transfer important components of national sovereignty under the jurisdiction of European structures. For example, Denmark and Sweden as members of the EU are constantly faced a difficult dilemma: on the one hand, they are afraid of losing much of their national sovereignty, on the other – almost without participating in major projects of the EU, these countries reduce their influence within the EU. Norway and Iceland fee for participation in the single market and the Schengen agreement is also quite high, and they are also required to implement the decisions taken by others.In addition, Denmark and Sweden are consistent supporters of the enlargement of the European Union. The expansion was included as one of the priorities in the program's presidency of both countries in the EU in different years. This is due to, on the one hand, the Nordic countries increased attention to the problems of democracy in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, on the other hand, every enlargement slows the deepening of European integration objective creates a more comfortable environment for most of the Scandinavian countries in the European Union.Finland, in contrast to the other Nordic countries, fully blended into EU structures, and now Finland is an active member of the EU, involved in all projects of the Union (lobbing interests of Russia).Thus, taking into account the above, it can be argued that the process of differentiation is problematic with controversial and ambiguous opinions of scholars. For example, according to Mr. Babynin, the researcher of the Institute for European Integration Research , RAS Europe , the so-called 'system exceptions' to the Nordic countries complicates the institutional structure of the EU and is justified by the desire of the new Member States get any exceptions primarily for themselves. For this reason, the full adoption of all EU law without any exceptions is indispensable for its survival and existence of effective. His colleague Mr. Kaveshnikov is convinced that the main advantage of the process of differentiation is that it gives the Union a chance to develop dynamically after each round of enlargement. The so-called 'enhanced cooperation' allows to combine the deepening and widening of integration, albeit by eliminating the uniform application of the law. And so this differentiation can prevent the creation of various forms of deep integration outside the EU structures (especially taking into account the historical tendency of the Nordic countries to cooperation). ; Статья посвящена исследованию и анализу скандинавского субрегиона в процессе дифференциации Европейского Союза. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню та аналізу скандинавського субрегіону в процесі диференціації Європейського Союзу.

Le relazioni tra gli Stati Uniti d'America e la Repubblica Islamica dell'Iran hanno infiammato la scena della politica internazionale degli ultimi anni. Sono ancora fresche le parole dichiarate dal presidente Bush nel 2002 che includeva l'Iran nel famigerato "Asse del male", mentre il Dipartimento di Stato americano classifica lo stato dell'Iran al primo posto nella lista dei paesi sostenitori del terrorismo a partire dai primi anni ottanta del XX secolo1. A dieci mila chilometri di distanza da Washington, a Teheran, città in cui i poster dell'ayatollah Khomeini si trovano ad ogni angolo di strada, echeggia ancora l'attacco del leader spirituale della rivoluzione che definiva gli USA come il "Grande Satana, il nemico numero uno dei popoli oppressi, che succhia il sangue dei popoli indifesi". E mentre i media occidentali da qualche anno considerano probabile l'ipotesi della preparazione di un piano di attacco militare americano nei confronti dell'Iran come reazione al suo programma nucleare, niente meno che davanti all'Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite, il presidente iraniano Ahmedinejad tuonava nel 2012 dichiarando al mondo che "nessuno può farci prediche sul nucleare"2. Indubbiamente si tratta di un antagonismo tra due stati che hanno un enorme peso politico ed economico nell'arena mondiale. Degli Stati Uniti d'America e del suo ruolo di superpotenza globale ormai si conosce quasi tutto. Nei giorni nostri gli USA si trovano in una situazione politica ed economica che, di fatto, garantisce a loro il ruolo di assoluta superpotenza mondiale. Tale posizione risulta rafforzata negli ultimi anni, e viene giustificata da molti fattori, tra i quali la posizione di paese vittorioso nelle due guerre mondiali, il ruolo di leader del blocco occidentale durante la Guerra Fredda, l'espansione dopo la caduta del Muro di Berlino e lo scioglimento dell'URSS con successiva sparizione della ex- superpotenza in contrasto costante con gli USA. Per capire il peso e l'importanza degli Stati Uniti d'America, basterebbe prendere in considerazione due dati; quelli economici e militari. L'economia degli USA si considera la più grande economia statale del pianeta in termini di Prodotto Interno Lordo (PIL). Il PIL degli Stati Uniti nel gennaio del 2014 era pari a 15.684,80 miliardi di dollari americani, rappresentando così più di un quarto dell'intera economia globale, (esattamente il 25.30 percento3) pari a circa la somma totale del PIL combinato di tutti i paesi dell'Unione Europea. Mentre il budget americano dedicato alle spese militari nel 2013 era pari a 612,50 miliardi di dollari, considerato un budget tanto grande quanto l'intera somma delle spese militari affrontata da tutti gli altri stati del mondo messi insieme4. Il peso politico degli USA si riflette anche nel ruolo determinante che svolgono all'interno delle istituzioni internazionali. Forti del loro status di superpotenza, gli USA svolgono il ruolo di leader nell'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite, in qualità di membro permanente del Consiglio di Sicurezza. Hanno una stimata posizione all'interno dell'Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio (WTO) e dell'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economico (OSCE), sono il principale contribuente della Banca Mondiale e del Fondo Monetario Internazionale5, e partecipano in tantissime altre organizzazioni internazionali. Nella loro politica estera storicamente gli Stati Uniti guidano il blocco dei paesi occidentali, hanno come alleati i più importanti stati dell'Europa, avendo una relazione speciale con la Gran Bretagna, ma l'influenza americana si sente in tutto il globo, inclusi i paesi in via di sviluppo. La leadership statunitense viene difesa e alimentata dall'incredibile potenza militare. Gli USA guidano attualmente l'alleanza nordatlantica dell'Organizzazione del Trattato dell'Atlantico del Nord (NATO) ed hanno una presenza militare in quasi tutte le parti del globo. La loro capacità militare è stata continuamente dimostrata in vari conflitti globali, tra i quali l'intervento nell'ex - Yugoslavia, le guerre contro Saddam in Iraq e il recente conflitto in Afganistan. Dall'altro lato, anche l'Iran si profila come uno stato molto importante, ma che si trova in una situazione del tutto diversa. Si tratta indubbiamente di un paese con una storia antica e gloriosa, ma che nei giorni nostri si colloca in una posizione internazionale alquanto difficile e isolata. L'Iran possiede grandi risorse energetiche di petrolio e di gas, risorse che lo mettono al centro d'interessi economici globali, anche in considerazione del fatto che l'Iran è uno degli stati membri dell'Organizzazione dei Paesi Esportatori di Petrolio (OPEC). Tuttavia queste risorse energetiche, che hanno contribuito per anni al mantenimento dell'economia interna, sono la fonte quasi esclusiva di entrate per l'economia del paese, la quale non è stata mai in grado di svilupparsi adeguatamente anche in settori alternativi. L'Iran è un paese con alcune particolarità, un paese che fa parte del Medio Oriente ma che da questo differisce in quanto persiano e non arabo; islamico sì, ma non sunnita come la maggioranza dei mussulmani, ma bensì sciita; legato alla civiltà occidentale ma comunque orgoglioso della propria cultura. Come afferma Riccardo Redaelli; "L'Iran è sempre imprevedibile. In positivo e in negativo, si tratta di un paese e di un popolo che hanno la capacità di stupire storici, analisti e semplici appassionati di quella cultura"6. La sua posizione politica di peso in Medio Oriente è riconosciuta da tutti, anche in considerazione del fatto che è l'unico paese nel Golfo Persico in cui domina l'islam sciita, esercitando così una influenza notevole su quasi un quarto della popolazione musulmana. Dalla rivoluzione islamica del 1979 ad oggi, l'Iran si trova in una posizione di estremo antagonismo politico con gli USA e in rapporti difficili non solo con l'Europa e l'Occidente, ma anche con gli stessi paesi arabi limitrofi. L'Iran ha combattuto una guerra lunga e sanguinosa con l'Iraq, ha rapporti tesi con l'Arabia Saudita, e sicuramente viene considerata una serie minaccia da parte di Israele. Tuttavia in politica estera il paese ha cercato di trovare partner alternativi, stringendo nuove relazioni con Russia, la Cina, la Turchia e l'India. L'Iran ha discreti rapporti economici con alcuni paesi dell'Unione Europea, soprattutto con Italia e Germania. Nonostante questo, in precedenza gli USA e l'Iran per molti anni hanno avuto delle ottime relazioni politiche. Prima della rivoluzione islamica del 1979 l'Iran era considerato uno dei migliori alleati degli USA uno dei pilastri della politica americana in Medio Oriente, al quale erano riservati ingenti e continui aiuti economici e forniture militari da parte di Washington. Durante il regno dell'ultimo Scià della dinastia Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, a Washington e Teheran atterravano aerei presidenziali con a bordo i leader dei due paesi. Dal 1979, invece, le relazioni diplomatiche si sono del tutto interrotte e la politica tra i due paesi è diventata infuocata. Lo scopo di questa tesi, è quello di riuscire a sintetizzare un'analisi completa dei rapporti tra USA e Iran, attraverso uno studio storico e politico delle situazioni che si sono verificate sopratutto dalla seconda metà del XX secolo, sino ai giorni nostri. Naturalmente, una tale analisi non può concentrarsi esclusivamente sui meri rapporti bilaterali tra questi Stati, ma deve includere nelle sue considerazioni anche l'esame dettagliato di altri fattori rilevanti e complementari. Tra questi fattori si possono annoverare lo sviluppo della politica estera americana nel globo ed in particolare nel Medio Oriente, il rapporto dei due paesi con gli stati arabi e le altre "potenze" del mondo, il fattore Israele, il peso economico del petrolio e le risorse energetiche dell'Iran nel mercato globale nonché aspetti legati alla religione e alle differenze culturali.