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"Risk-control practices are often carried out by the finance function of a corporation without much input from other functional areas and lack of analysis on their impact of the supply chain and operational decisions. This book aims to bridge the gap in the literature by providing an unified approach to integrated risk management in finance and operations by identifying potential sources of risk to risk-control practices in supply chain and operational decisions. Current challenges in practice are discussed from a managerial and business research perspective"--

"This book is proposed because it offers a comprehensive coverage of most of the topics pertaining to drinking water microbiology. It concerns the public health aspects of drinking water treatment and distribution and describes the different water treatment processes (pretreatment, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection) and their impact on waterborne microbial pathogens and parasites. The quality of the treated water may however be degraded in the water distribution system (WDS). Microorganisms attach to surfaces, namely water distribution pipes, and form biofilms which allow their survival and growth, gene exchange and resistance to disinfection. The biofilm environment also allows the survival and potential growth of primary and opportunistic pathogens. The water distribution system may also harbor various organisms (e.g., algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, free living amoebas, invertebrates, iron and manganese bacteria, nitrifying bacteria) which alter the quality of treated water. The biostability of the treated water is an important factor to consider if one wants to reduce bacterial growth in WDS. Various approaches/methodologies have been proposed to assess the bacterial growth potential in WDS. Due to bioterrorism threats to drinking water safety, one needs to know about the scope of this threat, the microbial agents involved and the safeguards that are put in place to protect this precious resource. The proposed book would not be complete if one fails to discuss the research on drinking water quality in developing countries which experience more the two million deaths resulting from diarrheal diseases. Various simple and low-cost treatment technologies are available for improving the quality of drinking water in developing countries. Finally, due a surge in bottled water sales around the world, there is a great need to know about the microbiological water quality of this resource which is often misunderstood by the public at large"--Provided by publisher

AbstractThis paper reviews and reflects on the cholera outbreak that rocked Harare, Zimbabwe, in 2008/2009. We give special attention to the root causes, impacts and debates made by key stakeholders, indicating the political and geographical responses. Based on a desktop study and documentary review, the paper highlights the inadequacy of safe and clean water in most of the suburbs, the collapse of the waste management, water supply and sanitation systems of the city as the major explanations for the scourge. Despite this, Harare remains troubled with the shortage of purification chemicals, making it quite impossible to supply clean and adequate water. The national economic crisis also had a strong bearing against the performance of the public health sector. The paper concludes that sustainable urban health initiatives involving both central and local government will provide a long-term solution to the problems highlighted.

Abstract
The year 2014 is a notorious landmark for U.S. water policy. During that year, water crises in two Michigan cities – contamination in Flint and water service shutoffs in Detroit – brought renewed attention to the inadequacies of U.S. drinking water policy for ensuring access to safe and affordable water. The crises exposed the cities' shared economic challenges rooted in histories of disinvestment and racial inequality. The events drew national and international responses, in part from the hard work and political successes of local resident-activists, ultimately leading to state and federal level policy change. Ten years later, we see three ways the water crises in Flint and Detroit transformed the politics of U.S. water policy: greater visibility of water politics and infrastructures, greater focus on water access and affordability in addition to historic focus on quality, and greater attention to the racial dimensions of water policy decisions. These shifts are evident in federal and state policy and administrative agendas, political coalitions' priorities and strategies, and narratives of water policy in media coverage and public discourse. Despite historic progress and investment, the U.S. still lacks the necessary structures for comprehensive policy reform to ensure equitable access to safe drinking water, and public trust in water utilities is at an all-time low. Continuing to advance on water justice requires taking full advantage of the new landscape of water politics, including by engaging in scholarship and praxis that take intersectional approaches, and implementing policies that promote systemic reform rather than individual crisis response.

PurposeCompanies today observe an increase in the complexity and vulnerability of their supply chains (SCs) as a result of global scale networks and a turbulent environment. The purpose of this paper is to explore knowledge management (KM) as a potential way of reducing SC vulnerability and answer the following question: how does inter-organisational KM influence efforts to reduce SC vulnerability?Design/methodology/approachDrawing on the resource-based view and the knowledge-based view (KBV), a single case study in the energy industry is conducted by collecting various data through interviews, observations and internal documents.FindingsThis edifying case study indicates that a lack of KM hinders any attempt to mitigate SC vulnerability.Research limitations/implicationsThis research shows several limitations such as data privacy, generalisation and the decision to study an atypical SC.Practical implicationsThe paper points out in a dedicated section the key actions a company should take in order to develop the required characteristics of knowledge expressed in the KBV.Originality/valueThis is the first qualitative research that investigates the relationships between SC vulnerability and KM, and more particularly in a recycling context where a strong research gap exists.

Xishuangbanna presents one of eight China's Autonomous Prefectures in Yunnan Province and an important trans-Asian hub at the Myanmar-Laos borders. Apart from rich ethnic diversity and a well-preserved tropical ecosystem, it is also the only place from where China shares the actual hydrological water data with downstream countries on the Mekong River since November 2020. As a part of China's water diplomacy, Xishuangbanna presents both a geostrategic instrument and a fountain of inspiration for non-traditional regional cooperation. In the presented study, we used the constructivist discourse analysis to re-interpret the "Lancang-Mekong Spirit", a narrative emphasising the community of shared destiny, common interests and solidarity among Mekong countries. Data has been collected from the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation and Conflict Database, which records over 3000 water-related events in the Mekong River Basin between 1990 to 2023. While emphasizing the historical, geographic and political proximity with other Mekong countries positively facilitate China's foreign policy image in Southeast Asia, the success of the China's water diplomacy may be limited without accountable inclusion of Yunnan Province specifics. The findings can be replicable in other case studies on China's non-traditional foreign policy strategies.

__Introduction__ Water systems such as rivers and lakes have many important values for ecosystems and human societies. Both economical, social-ecological, cultural and political values are met by the water systems, connecting different activities in human society and ecosystems. Water systems with low water quality serve different values than healthy water systems and have huge impact on the society. For example, for drinking water, biodiversity or recreational open space, a healthy water system is crucial. The values of the water systems are interlinked. The interlinking and overlapping values of the water systems at the spatial and temporal scales have determined a connective capacity in the water governance, be it the coordination between the values or the competition between the values and its linked governance approach. The challenge is values of water systems change with the change in the societal development and consequently influence the water governance approach. A reverse process is also evident. Unfortunately, today water systems in many cities have slowly reduced in their total value for society. The revival of the water systems such as river and lakes is thus seem to be urgent in order to enhance the values generated by these systems for the society.

Because of the existing risks, studying the maritime supply chain (MSC) is a complicated task. The interdependence of the global Supply Chain (SC) on other channel members makes it vulnerable to disruption. This research signifies the determinants such as improved Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Strategic Alliance (SA), and its effect on SC customer value within the context of the pharma industry. A structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale was used to obtain responses from 98 participants. PLS-SEM was deployed as a research technique to evaluate the proposed research model. The findings indicate that the determinants such as sophisticated ICT and SA possess a considerable beneficial effect on SC resilience, which further affects MSC customer value substantially. The findings provide practitioners with useful implications to cope with uncertainties, increasing pharmaceutical SC customer value and benefiting patients and hospital pharmacies by facilitating on-time delivery of prescriptions and drugs.

Water markets are increasingly proposed as a demand-management strategy to deal with water scarcity. Water trading arrangements, on their own, are not about setting bio-physical limits to water-use. Nevertheless, water trading that mitigates scarcity constraints can assist regulators of water resources to keep water-use within limits at the lowest possible cost, and may reduce the cost of restoring water system health. While theoretically attractive, many practitioners have, at best, only a limited understanding of the practical usefulness of markets and how they might be most appropriately deployed. Using lessons learned from jurisdictions around the world where water markets have been implemented, this study attempts to fill the existing water market development gap and provide an initial framework (the water market readiness assessment (WMRA)) to describe the policy and administrative conditions/ reforms necessary to enable governments/jurisdictions to develop water trading arrangements that are efficient, equitable and within sustainable limits. Our proposed framework consists of three key steps: 1) an assessment of hydrological and institutional needs; 2) a market evaluation, including assessment of development and implementation issues; and 3) the monitoring, continuous/review and assessment of future needs; with a variety of questions needing assessment at each stage. We apply the framework to three examples: regions in Australia, the United States and Spain. These applications indicate that WMRA can provide key information for water planners to consider on the usefulness of water trading processes to better manage water scarcity; but further practical applications and tests of the framework are required to fully evaluate its effectiveness. ; Sarah Ann Wheeler, Adam Loch, Lin Crase, Mike Young, R. Quentin Grafton

Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) is a technology to reduce the aircraft fuel consumption by sucking air through a micro-perforated outer titanium skin, thus increasing laminar flow length. Introducing this technology raises new operational challenges, which need to be investigated. One of them is the uptake of water through the micro-perforated skin. In the literature, only very limited information regarding the water uptake of perforated titanium sheets can be found. During the design of a HLFC-wing system, it is of high importance to know whether water will accumulate in the leading edge. Therefore, this work focuses on simplified mechanisms of water uptake of microperforated titanium samples and determining critical cases. In order to achieve this, relevant scenarios are identified and simple tests to simulate them are conducted. Basically, the cases were divided into flight conditions, like cloud encounter, and ground conditions, such as parking in rain and the de-/anti-icing procedure. The tests show that a certain pressure on the skin is required in order to force an uptake. For the used titanium sample (0.8 mm thickness) with a hole diameter of 55 µm and a pitch of 600 µm, this pressure is higher than the pressure caused by rain on the parked aircraft. In contrast to rain on ground, flight conditions lead to pressure levels that will force a water uptake. For this test case, a correlation between angle and water uptake is additionally investigated. However, detailed tests are proposed to reliably quantify this aspect as well. Due to the observed water uptake, the design of a HLFC system has to include an appropriate drainage system. ; Acknowledgement: This project has received funding from the Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 945583. The JU receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the Clean Sky 2 JU members other than the Union.

Unrestricted access to potable water is required for a healthy living but access to the resource in Nigeria is about 42%. Thus a research to assess accessibility to potable water in the rural areas of Ogbomoso zone of Oyo State Nigeria was conducted using water poverty index combined with field observations. One hundred and fifty questionnaires were administered across fifty randomly selected households in each of the three LGAs (Ogo-Oluwa, Oriire and Surulere LGAs). The results showed that Ogo-Oluwa has 34.70, Oriire, 20.60 and Surulere, 15.26 out of 100 obtainable, which implies that the study area is water poor. Among the causes of this status include peasantry living of the respondents, high level of illiteracy, ignorance of record keeping, poor maintenance of water facilities, erratic power supply among others. To check the problem of poor water accessibility, government and non-governmental agencies should encourage small and medium scale businesses, irrigation farming among others in order to boost the economic status of the rural dwellers. Further investigation into water scarcity scenario in the rural areas is required to establish models for checkmating the water poverty in the rural areas.