Suchergebnisse

Purpose of the study: This study aims to examine foreign debt as a source of financing for economic development. This research is expected to provide (1) an overview of debt as a source of funding for state projects, (2) investigate its impacts and (3) offer additional knowledge of its Islamic perspective. Methodology: This research is a qualitative study using the study literature approach. This research is conducted by analysing books, literature, journals, and magazines with themes related to the focus of the discussion on this study. It is expected that the method used can provide insight, general knowledge, and develop the view of Islam in relation to foreign debt. Main Findings: The government has to ensure that the state has the ability to pay off its obligations in the future; guarantee that loans have to be free from interest; prioritize taking loans from internal sources rather than external sources. In Addition, debts are not intended for deferred needs and not taking loans that exceed their needs. Applications of this study: basically the results of this study can be applied to any country that considers the use of public debt, like other Islamic systems. Novelty/Originality of this study: This research is conceptual research in an Islamic perspective. This study successfully examined comprehensively related to the public debt with the Islamic approach.

A review of the reports and discussions of the second round table of Yaroslavl's young historians, "The" Lords "of the Golden Ring of Russia," is presented in the article. Soviet regional elites and Moscow at the turning point of events (the 1960s to 1980s) were considered on August 28, 2019 in Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University. The scientific event was devoted to discursive discussions of issues of regional history (the 1960s to 1980s), to identification of problematic places of the scientific project "Soviet regional elites and their interaction with Moscow in the 1960s to 1980s: in archival documents and in historical memory." The purpose of the round table was related to the need to update the regional aspect of Russia 's recent history after 1945. The main attention of the participants of the round table was focused on the issues of relations between regional and central power in the late USSR, on the problem of regional lobbying, on crime in the Soviet province, on communicative practices of local power and Soviet citizens, on the role of oral history in the study of modern history. More than 20 people, including History teachers of schools in the city of Yaroslavl and undergraduates of history faculty of Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University made presentations and participated in discussions.

The article proves that an important task of adaptation to new conditions,in which Romania is developing as a full member of the EU,is the "europeanization" of its political and economic spheres,the very mentality of Romanian society.Modern Romania is a state that has radically changed in comparison with that,which in 1989 survived the most turbulent anti-communist revolution in the CEE.Romania has adopted "Europeanism" as a national long-term development project,but ten years after the accession did not convince the partners of the opportunity to enter the Schengen area and protect the external borders of the EU.
The global crisis of 2008-2009, the struggle of political forces in the parliament, various institutions of other branches of power and beyond,unsolved corruption at all levels – from central to local authorities, has negatively impacted on the vital activity of the state.The deep downturn experienced by the Romanian economy makes the introduction of the scenario of future development created quite problematic.At the same time, the role of the state has not decreased in crisis conditions.There is a growing need to strengthen the function of regulation, control over market relations, increasing the value of the management function.
Keywords: European Union, European Commission, Romania, integration, political parties, public organizations, government, economy

The aim of this study is to present the opportunities for trade unions to influence the labor market in the EU. The economic crisis in the EU has affected its labor markets to varying degrees. In the analysis of selected examples it can be clearly seen that the countries that have survived the crisis in the labor market better are those where the labor market is flexible, i.e. where, although people can easily lose one job, they are relatively likely to find another. EU states undertake to make labor relations more flexible, to further diversify employment forms, or to move salary negotiations to lower levels, thus eliminating state intervention in labor markets. Local EU labor markets have become a part of a supranational system of free flow of workers. European integration has generated common problems in the labor market, where trade unions need to undertake joint efforts to increase the flexibility, mobility and efficiency of the labor force, to improve labor market programs and provide for more efficient collaboration of social partners. This also follows from the protective function trade unions are supposed to play in the unified European market, and from an attempt to solve the issue of whether the expansion of trade union activity to the European level is effective in looking for compromise on the labor market.

A high magnitude (Mw =7.8) earthquake caused a geological disaster recently on April-May 2015 in Nepal Himalayas and resulted in severe devastation in Nepal as well as neighboring states in India. Looking into its recurrent occurrence with varied intensity, in the present study, the earthquake pattern in Nepal Himalayas was analyzed during the period 1900 to 2015 using United States Geological Survey (USGS) data sources in GIS environment. The result exhibits that the intensity of earthquake events are increased in recent decade in Nepal Himalayas as compared to previous century (1900-2014). The information pertaining to earthquake epicenter, magnitude, depth to hypocenter, demography etc. was also analyzed in geospatial environment to deduce its relation with geotectonic settings and possible risk in the vicinity. The earthquake events were also observed at deeper location (more than 40 kms) during 1900-2014(414 events; 53.9%) as compared to the recent events (2015), where majority of eathquake events (146 events; 85.3%) recorded at below 10 km depth (Janakpur and Bagmati provinces in Nepal). The result exhibits high number of recent events with greater magnitudes in central Nepal during April-May 2015 affecting a very large population above and around their vicinity with varied intensity. The cities located in central Nepal are highly prone to frequent earthquake hazard and induced risk on population of 2,923,621 persons followed by north-western Nepal.

ABSTRACTGrowing numbers of immigrants work and live in rural, geographically isolated areas throughout the United States, places without previously settled immigrant populations. Rapid immigration to such areas already struggling with poverty, weak public infrastructures, and high concentrations of uninsured residents has given way to an increasingly precarious landscape of care. The neoliberal logics of American health care and contentious debates over immigration reform shape this landscape and condition relations among providers, immigrants, and others. Through what I call "band‐aid" care and the informal transactions that characterize it, such as rationing, bartering, hoarding, willful noncompliance, and goodwill, providers and immigrants counter these logics of exclusion and inequality by participating in the dynamic improvisation of care considered illicit and often prohibited under the market‐based economic rationale of health‐care provision. Social obligations and moral legitimacy benefit otherwise marginalized providers who engage in this landscape of care, while vulnerable immigrants gain entry and access to vital resources within this landscape through sociality and interdependence, which engender opportunities (however fraught) for living. Yet providers and immigrants understand band‐aid care to be necessary, just, moral, and legitimate in response to precarity characterized by geographical isolation, economic scarcity, civic inequality, market‐based health care, and exclusionary policies. [immigration, health care, exclusion, social inequality, United States]

SummaryHow does the structure of government‐funded service networks affect the process of service innovation? We have conducted a comparative analysis of the structure and processes of collaborative innovation of 2 government‐funded community‐based elderly service networks in Shanghai. We have found that in consistent with the literature, a network that has a network administrative organization structure is better able to manage the process of service innovation in a way that balances the need to achieve government policy goals on the one hand and the imperative to facilitate bottom‐up citizen participation on the other. Surprisingly, contrary to what prior studies have suggested, we have found that a network in which a lead organization plays a dominant role, despite its more centralized process of service innovation, is often able to deliver a variety of high‐quality and low‐cost services addressing citizens' needs. With the leadership provided by the network lead organization and its close affiliation with the street‐office government, the network has been able to solicit government support. Such a hierarchical yet responsive state‐society relation has emerged as a result of the coalescence of a corporatist state legacy and an increasing pressure for local governments to seek citizens' support in service delivery.

After a decade of sporadic cooperation between newly emergent Russia and the countries of the West, differences have mounted to the point where the two sides now confront one another with alternative visions of a future Europe – especially Central and Eastern Europe – and relations that mirror some of the worst days of the Soviet-Western cold war. The central issues in the dispute include Moscow's commitment to rebuilding 'Greater Russia,' the European Union (EU)'s goal of surrounding itself with stable democratic states, and the fact that these goals conflict in post-Soviet Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. The revival of the Russian economy and political system under Vladimir Putin has enabled Moscow to use various forms of coercive diplomacy, including outright military intervention, to pursue its goals. The EU's support for democratic governances in the region is viewed in Moscow as a direct challenge to Russia's interests and to the Russian state itself. The result has been a confrontation between the two sides, as Russia challenges the very nature of the liberal international system put into place by the EU and its U.S. allies in the post-World War II period. It is important to note that the US-Russian relationship overlaps with and contributes to the standoff in Europe.

The European Union has adopted several Directives harmonising the rights of the suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings. The effectiveness of defence rights granted by EU legal instruments does not simply rely on their correct implementation in national law, but also depends on the existence of enforcement and control mechanisms granting judicial protection to individuals. Although the Directives impose remedial obligations on the Member States, the different structure and scope of judicial control under national law is likely to undermine the justiciability of procedural safeguards granted by EU law. Divergences among national criminal justice systems raise further challenges in the field of cross-border cooperation. In light of the recent case law of the European Courts, the present book explores the scope and meaning of the right to effective judicial protection in criminal proceedings in relation to the first three Directives of the Stockholm roadmap. It offers a comparative analysis of the national implementations of these so-called ABC Directives in six Member States, focusing on legal remedies that ensure the effectiveness of the rights granted by the EU Directives. This volume presents the results of a study carried out by a group of European criminal law experts from 2015 to 2017 thanks to the financial support of the EU Commission.

The article analyzes Ukrainian legislation in the field of plant variety protection in the rapport with the entry into force of the Agreement on the Association of Ukraine with the EU. Identified problems that require an ur­gent solution and suggested approaches to their decision, as currently is the adapta­tion of Ukrainian legislation in the field of intellectual property to the European Union legislation is at the same time with the legal reform in Ukraine, as well as one of the most important indicators of a developed and progressive state of law is an effi­ciently organized, high-quality legal system for the protection of intellectual property and a modern legal framework guaranteeing its protection, covering all public life spheres and clearly regulating legal relations in it and also provides appropriate methods and means of influencing the state administration and protection of intellec­tual property rights. ; В статье осуществлен анализ украинского законодательства в сфере охраны сортов растений в связи с вступлением в силу Соглашения об ас­социации Украины с ЕС. Выявлены проблемы, требующие неотложного решения и предложены подходы к их решению. ; У статті здійснено аналіз українського законодавства у сфері охорони сортів рослин у зв'язку з набранням чинності Угодою про асоціацію України з ЄС. Виявлено проблеми, що потребують нагального розв'язання та запропоновано підходи до їх вирі­шення.

Historical and political diversity between states members of ALADI, CAN and MERCOSUR makes that regionalism in Latin America changes and fluctuates between the voluntary of co-operation and the ambition to elaborate a regional and uniform law. In international economic relation, the ambitions of the member states are in conflict with the necessity to respect the norms of the WTO. As a result, sometimes it causes situations of conflict, sometimes complementarities between the juridical organs of these organizations. This article proposes to stand out of these positions to highlight the existence of a third alternative between co-operation and integration, between order and system. ; La diversidad política e histórica de los estados miembros de la ALADI, CAN y del MERCOSUR hace que el regionalismo latinoamericano vaya cambiando de forma y oscile entre la simple voluntad de cooperar y la ambición de elaborar un derecho regional uniforme. En lo comercial, las diferencias entre sus ambiciones respectivas chocan con la necesidad de respetar las normas de la OMC. Resultan a veces situaciones de conflicto, y a veces situaciones de complementariedad entre los órganos jurídicos de estas organizaciones. Este artículo se propone destacar esta oposición, para subrayar la existencia de una tercera vía entre cooperación e integración, entre orden y sistema.

Myanmar's strategic location and abundant natural resources always make Myanmar as the core interests of some powerful countries. Since independence, because of historical experiences and national location, Myanmar has always used the neutral and non- aligned foreign policy and followed the five principles of peaceful coexistence. After the world economic crisis in 2008, the importance of Myanmar's strategic position is more obvious. At that time, because of China's influence, Myanmar tried to carry out the political transformation. During this transition period, Myanmar needs support and encouragement from far and near friends. From 2011, western countries and Japan began to contact with Myanmar and helped the democratic transition. Although there is no country challenges Myanmar's sovereignty, the giants have great effects on Myanmar domestic issues, e.g., national reconciliation and terrorist conflicts. So, Myanmar needs to balance national interests and giant powers. Although small countries constitute as a majority of the world, the foreign policy of small states has never been a concern of mainstream of international relations theory. Therefore, this article will describe along with the shift of the world power center, the relationship between Myanmar and China, India, Japan, the United States and the European Union, and then pointing out which policy can find Myanmar's own balance among the giants?

EspañolEl presente trabajo se ocupa de la problemática del sujeto y su pertenencia a la comunidad política en el Derecho español del siglo XIX. Se trata de indagar la trayectoria que, arrancando del orden tradicional de la Monarquía católica, desembocó en la "nacionalidad" como institución fundamental para el Estado. Para ello, se presta atención tanto a la semántica de las relaciones de pertenencia, como al cuerpo legislativo del siglo XIX, problematizado en tres espacios -público, doméstico, y nacional (por oposición a extranjero)- esenciales para el Estado en construcción. En ellos se revela una intención de monopolizar el acceso de los sujetos a la comunidad política.EnglishThis paper deals with the problems of the legal subject and its political membership in Spanish law of the nineteenth century. It wants to investigate the path that starts from the traditional law of the Catholic Monarchy and leads to nationality as a fundamental legal category for the new State. For that purpose, we study both the new semantics of membership relations and the Spanish legal corpus of the ninetheenth century, divided in three problematic areas that became essential for the State-buiding process: public, domestic and national (as opposed to foreigner). They reveal an intention to monolopize the access of subjects to the political community.

While the idea of a named language as a separate and discrete identity is a political and social construct, in the cases of Sardinian and Asturian doubts over their respective 'languageness' have real material consequences, particularly in relation to language policy decisions at the state level. The Asturian example highlights how its lack of official status means that it is either ignored or subjected to repeated challenges to its status as a language variety deserving of recognition and support, reflecting how 'official language' in the Spanish context is often understood in practice as synonymous with the theoretically broader category of 'language'. In contrast, the recent state recognition of Sardinian speakers as a linguistic minority in Italy (Law 482/1999) illustrates how legal recognition served to overcome existing obstacles to the implementation of regional language policy measures. At the same time, the limited subsequent effects of this Law, particularly in the sphere of education, are a reminder of the shortcomings of top-down policies which fail to engage with the local language practices and attitudes of the communities of speakers recognized. The contrastive focus of this article thus acknowledges the continued material consequences of top-down language classification, while highlighting its inadequacies as a language policy mechanism which reinforces artificial distinctions between speech varieties and speakers deserving of recognition.