Suchergebnisse

Abstract South‐East Queensland has combined the most rapid population growth in Australia with rainfall that has persisted below average for many years. The Queensland Government has responded with a number of plans to supplement existing water supplies in the region. This paper uses a multiregional, dynamic CGE model to estimate the regional impacts of construction of Traveston dam. The magnitude of net welfare benefits of the project depends on underlying assumptions concerning future rainfall patterns. All the mainland state governments are proposing water supply augmentation measures. It is probable that a number of these projects are not justifiable on economic grounds.

This is a conference paper. ; Kenya faces serious challenges regarding water and sanitation services. Despite many years of government investment, existing facilities continue to deteriorate and have also failed to meet the demand of increasing population. These challenges are particularly severe in rapidly growing settlements of urban poor. One such settlement is Nakuru municipality which has an average annual population growth of about 8%. The municipality's sewerage connection is inadequate (11% coverage) and only serves middle and high income areas. This study used a semi-structured questionnaire aiming at characterizing and determining the composition of greywater, besides identifying existing water supply and lifestyle characteristics.

This is a conference paper. ; Management arrangements for rural water supply in South Africa are rapidly evolving. Recent legislation and emerging government policies are providing an innovative framework in which institutional arrangements for water services can be developed. In the context of rural areas in the former Transkei banthustan, new working relationships are being developed between evolving structures of local government and community-based organisations. This paper focuses on developments in the Eastern Cape Province in an area where the institutional framework has been interpreted with an emphasis on community management. The roles of the various stakeholders are discussed, and the successes and challenges to these arrangements are also reviewed.

This dissertation reports on a cost-effectiveness and an economic analysis of four types of water heating system operating in North Cyprus where there is an unreliable water supply. These systems are electric water heating, a solar water heating system (SWHS) with electricity back-up, the SWHS with a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) water heater, and an LPG water heater alone. This study finds that in situations where there is a winter or a rainy season, the choice of the source of energy for SWHS's back-up during this period is critical for its overall cost-effectiveness. Although an SWHS with electricity back-up is far superior to using electricity alone, it is inferior to heating water with either an LPG water heater alone or an SWHS with an LPG back-up. It is found that in the conditions of North Cyprus, an SWHS with an LPG heater back-up is both financially and economically the most cost-effective, most convenient and most environmentally friendly system for households with more than two members, while LPG water heater alone are the most cost-effective for smaller households. Furthermore, if a reliable supply of water is available, the cost of heating water is reduced by 15% for the SWHS with LPG back-up and for the heating of water by the LPG heater alone. A major finding that emerges from this study is that in climates where SWHSs are not able to deliver adequate energy throughout the year, it is very important to take into consideration what is to be used as the source of back-up energy. Many countries have been providing financial incentives to promote SWHSs and it is usually assumed that electricity will be the back-up source of energy when solar energy is insufficient. This study points to the critical importance of having a policy for SWHSs that does not simply promote the installation of SWHSs, but that also promotes the appropriate auxiliary source of energy for supplementing the SWHS. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness analysis; water heater systems; households; North Cyprus. ; ÖZ: Bu tezin amacı su kalitesinin içilebilir bir seviyede olmadığı ve kesintisiz su arzının sağlanamadığı Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta su ısıtma sistemlerinin maliyet-etkililik ve ekonomik analizini yapmaktır. Günümüzde kullanımda olan su ısıtma sistemleri, elektrikli su ısıtma sistemleri, gazlı su ısıtma sistemleri ve elektrik veya gaz yedekli güneş enerjisi sistemleridir. Bu çalışma kış mevsiminin veya yağışlı sezonun hüküm sürdüğü yerlerde, bu periyotta güneş enerjisi sistemlerinde kullanılan yedek enerji kaynağının bu sistemlerin maliyet açısından etkinliğinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Elektrik yedekli güneş su ısıtma sistemleri elektrikli ısıtıcılara kıyasla çok daha az maliyetli olmasına rağmen bu sistemlerin gaz yedekli sistemlerden veya gazlı su ısıtıcılarından daha masraflı olduğu hesap edilmiştir. Kuzey Kıbrıs'taki mevcut koşullarda, tek veya iki kişilik hanelerde gazlı su ısıtıcılarının, daha çok bireyin ikame ettiği hanelerde ise gaz yedekli güneş enerji sistemlerinin hem finansal, hem ekonomik yönden maliyet açısından en etkin; ayrıca çevresel etki bakımından da en çevreci sistemler olduğu bulunmuştur. Bunun yanısıra, kesintisiz içilebilir su arzının sağlanabildiği durumlarda bu sistemlerden yararlanarak sıcak su temin etmenin maliyetinin 15% azalacağı hesap edilmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki en önemli bulgu, güneş enerjisinin yeterli olmadığı zamanlarda güneş enerji sistemlerinde yedek olarak kullanılacak enerji kaynağını hesaba katmaktır. Birçok ülke çevresel kaygılardan dolayı su ısıtma amaçlı güneş enerji sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması için mali teşvikler temin etmektedirler ve genellikle elektrik enerjisinin sisteme yedek olarak kullanılacağı varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışma sadece güneş enerji sistemlerinin teşvikini düzenleyen politikaların değil sisteme uygun yedek enerji kaynağını dikkate alarak teşvik edici politikalar yapmanın önemine işaret etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Maliyet-etkililik analizi; su ısıtma sistemleri; hanehalkı analizi; Kuzey Kıbrıs. ; Doctor of Philosophy in Economics. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Glenn P. Jenkins.

This book presents advanced methods to analyse and clean pollutants, such as nanotechnology to treat water, techniques to remediate building materials, and bioindicators. It is very important that the understanding of these methods are brought to the attention of scientists, as cities and ecosystems are still polluted by toxic compounds despite efforts to clean the planet

Water research is introduced from the combined perspectives of natural and social science and cases of citizen and stakeholder coproduction of knowledge. Using the overarching notion of transdisciplinarity, we examine how interdisciplinary and participatory water research has taken place and could be developed further. It becomes apparent that water knowledge is produced widely within society, across certified disciplinary experts and noncertified expert stakeholders and citizens. However, understanding and management interventions may remain partial, or even conflicting, as much research across and between traditional disciplines has failed to integrate disciplinary paradigms due to philosophical, methodological, and communication barriers. We argue for more agonistic relationships that challenge both certified and noncertified knowledge productively. These should include examination of how water research itself embeds and is embedded in social context and performs political work. While case studies of the cultural and political economy of water knowledge exist, we need more empirical evidence on how exactly culture, politics, and economics have shaped this knowledge and how and at what junctures this could have turned out differently. We may thus channel the coproductionist critique productively to bring perspectives, alternative knowledges, and implications into water politics where they were not previously considered; in an attempt to counter potential lock‐in to particular water policies and technologies that may be inequitable, unsustainable, or unacceptable. While engaging explicitly with politics, transdisciplinary water research should remain attentive to closing down moments in the research process, such as framings, path‐dependencies, vested interests, researchers' positionalities, power, and scale. WIREs Water 2016, 3:369–389. doi:10.1002/wat2.1132

Relevant information is essential for finding solutions in Integrated Water Management (IWM). Complex water systems and a need for increasing integration of sectors, actors and scales in IWM require new methods for developing and managing such information. This thesis investigates the role of information within the IWM process, as well as the main challenges for development of representative, accessibleand harmonized information. Results show how information needs and the information production process for IWM may be systematized, and indicate a large potential for information system development for IWM. However, in order to reach the full potential, today's limited and heterogeneous water information needs to become more comprehensive, transparent, interoperable, dynamic, scalable and openly accessible. Large pressures on water systems are found in coastal catchment areas that are unmonitored across the local to the global scale, indicating a large importance of these areas for nutrient and pollutant loading. The globally accessible runoff data from catchment areas that are rich in pressures from population, agriculture and general economic activity further exhibit a rapidly declining trend during recent years. Major water system changes may therefore pass unnoticed if analyzed on the basis of openly accessible runoff global data. Furthermore, large discrepancies are found between land cover databases, which may result in major uncertainties in quantification of water and evapotranspiration flows. Identified information challenges may be relatively easily overcome by making better use of available information, while other challenges such as development of consistent baselines of core data and a possible re-prioritization of water-environmental monitoring programs may be both difficult and costly.

Households' source of water is one of the core development indicators recently gaining prominence in Nigeria. This study examined rural households' sources of water and its Willingness to Pay (WTP). A cross sectional survey involving the use of questionnaire was adopted while a dichotomous choice (DC) with follow up was used as elicitation method. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 437 rural households. Descriptive statistics and Tobit model was used as analytical tool for the study. Results from this study revealed that almost 70% fetched from unimproved water sources. Only 74.4% of the respondents showed WTP for improved water sources. Age(p<0.01), Sex (p<0.01), Education (p<0.01), Occupation(p<0.01), Income (p<0.01), Price of water(P<0.01), Quantity of water (p<0.01), Household size(p<0.01) and Distance(p<0.01) to existing water sources significantly influenced rural households' WTP for these services. Therefore, good water sources should be cited nearer to rural community at a relatively low price by rural households.

Purpose: Due to changing customer requirements and political regulations more and more companies strive to optimize their energy efficiency in regards to products and processes. The optimization of processes within supply chain design (SCD) is one lever in this regard. Since required data is often not available, this paper elaborates how data can be generated on a suitable level of aggregation. Methodology: In order to highlight the research gap, established energy measurement procedures as well as existing energy databases for procurement, production and transportation are analyzed and compared with data requirements for SCD tasks. Based on these findings, necessary methods and procedures for data preparation are presented. Findings: Firstly, it is shown that addressing energy efficiency within SCD leads to new challenges in regards to data availability and preparation. Secondly, this paper elaborates the requirements for necessary data usable in the context of SCD. The findings are the basis for a comprehensive approach combining collection, aggregation and clustering of energy and product related data. Originality: This paper works out the gap between usually available energy related information and the requirements of SCD. Since key conditions for optimizing energy efficiency are defined in strategic planning, the findings create a necessary prerequisite for realizing energy-optimized supply chains on a large scale in the future.

Abstract- To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the world economy, significant financial resources and global supply chain are needed. Priority issues are related to the use of investment resources. Almost all sectors of the economy have a real need for investment. Domestic investments is not enough for countries to implement effective structural policies and upgrade fixed assets. They are forced to attract foreign investment. The annual requirements for international investment reach several trillion US dollars. However, foreign investors are in no hurry to expand investments in the economy of foreign countries. Moreover, in 2017-2019 there is a decrease in global direct foreign investment flows. This is largely due to a noticeable reduction in US investment in the economies of the European Union and China as a result of the tightening of the American protectionism policy pursued by the D. Trump administration and the US Federal Reserve to strengthen regulation of foreign companies in the US market. A decrease in the level of international investment under the worsening business climate in the world leads to the increased competition between countries for attracting foreign investment.

Conceived as Transverse Solidarity, the Cola Quit Plachimada struggle in a rural hamlet in the Indian state of Kerala reveals how the socio-economic sustainability of communities is of as much importance as environmental, cultural, and political justification for a social movement and its success. The implicit theoretical notion is further enriched and elucidated by the ethnographic narration of a plurality of contested issues and struggles at multiple sites of power. The study addresses how a water-based subaltern movement gradually grew into transverse solidarity within the space between civil society and the state/governing institutions, politicizing them and consequently making allies of them, and how the discursive and material practices of structure-authorities and macro-power relations were contested.JEL codes: Q25, Q28, N55, O1, O25, O28, Q53, Z1

AbstractHundreds of indigenous Mayoejidatariosbecame members of the SICAE (Sociedad de Interés Colectivo Agrícola Ejidal) sugarcane cooperative in North-West Mexico in the 1930s, gaining control of irrigated lands and marginalising non-members, called 'individualists', by the 1940s. This article focuses on how indigenous individualists of Los Goros and El Teroqueejidosnavigated the SICAE's control of water and attempts to annex their lands. Mayo individualists' resistance to corruptejidalleadership and the SICAE cooperative allowed them to influence local water development decisions. These individualist Mayo experiences exemplify how hydraulic social mobilisation became an indigenous people's strategy of survival in mid-twentieth-century Mexico.

Tap water scalds from domestic outlets can afflict large body surface areas. Such injuries are preventable and carry significant associated morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Previously identified risk factors include age (65 years old) and the presence of physical or mental disabilities. Education campaigns and advances in legislation mandating the restriction of tap water temperature at user outlets have been employed in an attempt to prevent such injuries. Nonetheless, the incidence of these injuries persists, and further mitigating measures must be implemented to minimize their occurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine the groups at risk for such injuries and whether this has recently changed. A retrospective observational study was carried out to include patients admitted with tap water scalds to a regional burn's unit from October 2016 to September 2020. Twenty-three patients were included, and their incidence was 5.75 cases per year, equating to 5.1% of all scalds requiring inpatient treatment. The very young (65 years old) accounted for the majority of admissions (65.2%), 26.1% had a mental disability, and 30.4% had a physical disability. Tap water scalds continue to cause preventable injuries affecting all ages, and in particular, the elderly and patients with pre-existing disabilities.