Suchergebnisse

The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency level of the national Zakat Management Organization (OPZ) in Indonesia between 2016 and 2018. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling: the researcher took seven national level OPZ consisting of BAZNAS, Dompet Dhuafa, Rumah Zakat Indonesia, IZI, LAZISNU, Panti Yatim Indonesia Al Fajr and Dewan Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia with the same variables and WTP (Fair without Exceptions) financial statements status from 2016 to 2018. This research is a Data Envelopement Analysis (DEA) non-parametric quantitative study using Banxia Frontier Analyst version 3.2.2 software. The data used was secondary data obtained from LAZNAS and BAZNAS official websites in Indonesia. The measurement of OPZ efficiency in this study was based on output orientation, while the research model used was the BCC model and the assumption used was VRS (Variable Return to Scale). The approach used was production and intermediation approach. The results of the study showed that in general, the level of efficiency in the intermediation approach was higher than the level of efficiency using the production approach. One DMU was found to be inefficient using intermediation approach while in the production approach, ten DMU were found inefficient. Keywords: Organisasi Pengelola Zakat (OPZ), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), efficiency, intermediation approach, production approachREFFERENCE Akbar, N. (2009). Analisis efisiensi organisasi pengelola zakat nasional dengan pendekatan Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Islamic Finance & Business Review, 4(2), 760–784.Al-Ayubi, S., Ascarya, & Possumah, B. T. (2018). Examining the efficiency of zakat management: Indonesian zakat institutions experiences. International Journal of Zakat, 3(1), 37–55.Ali, M. & Ascarya. (2010). Analisis efisiensi Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil dengan pendekatan two stage Data Envelopment Analysis (Studi kasus kantor cabang BMT MMU Dan BMT UGT Sidogiri). TAZKIA Islamic Finance & Business Review, 5(52), 110–125.Asfarina, M., Ascarya, & Beik, I. S. (2019). Classical and contemporary fiqh approaches to re-estimating the zakat potential in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 5(2), 387–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v5i2.1068Banker, R.D., Charnes, A., and Cooper, W.W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis.Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.BAZNAS. (2018). Statistik zakat nasional 2017. Jakarta: BAZNAS.Badan Pusat Statitistik, 2019, Statistik Indonesia, (Online), http://www.bps.go.id, 20 Desember 2019.Charnes, A., W.W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operation Research, 2(6), 429-44.Departemen Agama. (2003). Keputusan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia Nomor 373 Tahun 2003, Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 38 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengelolaan Zakat. Jakarta: Depag.Firdaus, M., Beik, I. S., Irawan, T., & Juanda, B. (2012). Economic estimation and determinations of Zakat potential in Indonesia. IRTI Working Paper Series, WP 1433-07(August). Retrieved from http://www.isdb.org/irj/go/km/docs/documents/IDBDevelopments/Internet/Englis h/IRTI/CM/downloads/Working Paper Series/WP-1433-07.pdfKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) daring (http://kbbi.web.id/pusat, diakses 15 Desember 2019).Mubarok, A., & Fanani, B. (2014). Penghimpunan dana zakat nasional (Potensi, realisasi dan peran penting organisasi pengelola zakat). Permana, 5(2), 7–16.Muharam, H dan R. Purvitasari. (2007). Analisis perbandingan efisiensi bank syariah dengan metode Data Envelopment Analysis (periode tahun 2005). Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 2(3), 80-166.Muthia, Nur Najmi. (2017). Efisiensi Organisasi Pengelola Zakat (OPZ) dalam mengelola dana zakat di Indonesia. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah.Parisi, S. Al. (2017). Tingkat efisiensi dan produktivitas lembaga zakat di Indonesia. Esensi, 7(1), 63-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/ess.v7i1.3687Qutb, Sayyid. (2003). Tafsir Fi Zhilalil-Qur'an di Bawah Naungan Al-Qur'an. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press.Republik Indonesia. Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2011 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat. 2011. Jakarta: kemenag.go.id.Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 38 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat. 1999. Jakarta: Kemenag.go.id.Rokhlinasari, S. (Tanpa Tahun). Teori–teori dalam pengungkapan informasi corporate social responbility perbankan. Jurnal Al-Amwal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syari'ah, 7(1), 1–11. DOI:10.24235/amwal.v7i1.217Rustyani, S., & Rosyidi, S. (2018). Measurement of efficiency and productivity of zakat institutions in Indonesia using Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Productivity Index. International Journal of Zakat, 3(3), 69–82. Retrieved from https://ijazbaznas.com/index.php/journal/article/view/98Rusydiana, A. S. (2018). Perubahan teknologi dan efisiensi pada organisasi. Liquidity, 7(2), 124–136.Siswandi dan Arafat. (2004). Mengukur efisiensi relatif kantor cabang bank dengan menggunakan metode DEA, dalam Majalah Usahawan. No.1 XXXIII.Suhail, Adam, F., & Jajang W Mahri, A. (2019). The efficiency of zakat institutions in Indonesia in 2012-2016. KnE Social Sciences, 3(13), 784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i13.4247Suryani & Hendryadi. (2015). Metode riset kuantitatif teori dan aplikasi pada penelitian bidang manajemen dan ekonomi Islam. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group.Tanjung, Hendri dan Abrista Devi. (2013). Metodologi penelitian ekonomi Islam. Jakarta: Gramata Publishing.Thomas, L., & Deci, L. G. V. (2020). Review reviewed work(s): Decision making with the Analytic Network Process: Economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits , opportunities , costs and risks by Thomas L . Saaty and Luis G. Vargas.Wahab, N. A., & Rahman, A. R. A. (2012). Productivity growth of zakat institutions in Malaysia: An application of data envelopment analysis. Studies in Economics and Finance, 29(3), 197–210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/10867371211246876Wahyuny, I. (2016). Efisiensi organisasi pengelola zakat nasional dengan metode Data Envelopment Analysis. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 2(1), 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol2.iss1.art1Yumanita, D. & Ascarya. (2006). Analisis efisiensi perbankan syariah di indonesia dengan Data Envelopment Analysis. TAZKIA Islamic Finance and Business Review, 1(2), 1–27.

Problem setting. In modern conditions of exacerbation of social problems and increasing social risks in Ukraine, the role of social function of the state, which is also associated with development of the mediation institute in Ukraine, is significantly increasing. Research of mediation problem is quite important and relevant. It makes it possible to improve the institutionalization of the mediation process in Ukraine, to develop and introduce new approaches, mechanisms in the field of public management of social services.There is no doubt that the development of social mediation services has its own specifics, which necessitates the creation of appropriate mediation centers. Based on this, there is a need to train specialists in this field, develop appropriate training programs, improve the regulatory framework, research and implement the best international practices. Given the above, it is important to research the experience of the formation and development of the mediation institute in other countries, in particular, consider the experience of Poland.Recent research and publications analysis. Mediation has attracted the attention of researchers of various fields of knowledge, in particular: pedagogy, psychology, law, political science, sociology, public administration. Among domestic researchers it is advisable to pay attention to the works of N. Darahanova. S. Zapara, V. Zemlianska, A. Karshyieva, M. Kostytskyi, S. Kravtsov, Z. Krasilovska, S. Fursa and others. Among Polish researchers a substantial interest in this area cause the works of: E. Bieńkowska, E. Gmurzyńska, R. Morek, J. Młyński, I. Podobas. S. Włodyka and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable interest to mediation in the scientific literature, little has been studied in the field of international experience in the establishment and development of the mediation institution, technology and innovation in the provision of social mediation services, features and mechanisms of mediation centers. The main goal of this article is to research the process of formation and development of mediation institute in Poland, in the context of the formation of its legal and institutional support, to consider the features of the activities of the Polish Mediation Center and its regional branches.Paper main body. Mediation is not a new phenomenon, it is directly related to the issue of resolving conflicts and disputes that have accompanied humanity since its inception. The development of mediation in Poland begins with the idea of introducing the postulates of restorative justice, which was initiated by a Polish lawyer and sociologist L. Petrażycki. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of mediation in Poland dates back to 1995. Actually, then, in 1995, under the "Patronate" Prison Society (Stowarzyszenie Penitencjarne "Patronat") a Mediation Implementation Group (Zespoł ds. Wprowadzania Mediacji w Polsce) was established in Poland) As part of its activities, the Group contributed to the creation of mediation centers throughout the country. Formally, mediation was introduced into the Polish criminal system in 1997. However, mediation was carried out only at the preparatory trial stage.In 2000 the Mediation Implementation Group in Poland was reorganized, then a society was created on its basis: Polish mediation center (Polskie Centrum Mediacji) – a non-governmental organization with mediation branches and offices in Poland. In 2001, there has been established a Family Mediation Pilot Group. (Zespoł Pilotażowy ds. Mediacji Rodzinnych), the main purpose of which was to amend the law, which would allow introducing family mediation into the Polish legal system. The Polish Mediation Center contributed to the creation of the Family Mediators Society (Stowarzyszenie Mediatorow Rodzinnych) and to establishment of the Social Council for Alternative Dispute and Conflict Resolution (Społeczna Rada ds. Alternatywnych Metod Rozwiązywania Sporow i Konfliktow) at the Ministry of Justice of Poland. An important milestone in the development and establishment of mediation institute in Poland was 2005, and it was then that mediation was allowed to be used in civil matters.Essential for the process of institutionalization of mediation in Poland was provided by the development of mediation standards in Poland, in particular: mediator performance standards and mediation in criminal and juvenile cases; standards for training mediators; standards for mediation and mediator activity.In general, the mediation institute in Poland has developed quite actively. In the future, the regulatory framework continues to be improved in this area, the network of centers and centers of mediation is expanding, and new technologies and techniques in the field of mediation are being developed.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The formation and development of mediation in Poland began in 1995, in particular on the introduction of mediation in the field of restorative justice using mediation of minors. The author's approach to periodization of the formation and development of mediation institute in Poland is proposed, in particular: Stage I: 1995 – 2004; Stage II: 2005 – 2014; Stage III: 2015 – 2024. Based on the main purpose of mediation and the opinions of representatives of Polish science, mediation is a method of resolving the conflict peacefully, through voluntary negotiations with the participation of a mediator. Mediation in Poland is a fairly developed legal institution and one of the most effective alternative ways of resolving conflicts and disputes. Mediation is applied in criminal, civil, family, economic affairs and in the field of social work. In general, the experience of legal regulation and the practice of mediation in Poland is valuable for Ukraine, but it should be used, taking into account domestic characteristics, traditions, the system of law, the development of social institutions and the like. ; Розглянуто проблематику становлення та розвитку інституту медіації в Польщі, процес інституціалізації процесу медіації в Польщі з виокремленням та характеристикою окремих періодів. Запропоновано авторський підхід до періодизації цього процесу. Проаналізовано особливості функціонування інституту медіації в Польщі в сучасних умовах, зосереджено увагу на діяльності конкретних інституцій, які надають послуги з медіації, зокрема розглянуто діяльність Польського центру медіації, регіональних центрів з медіації.

Problem setting. In modern conditions of exacerbation of social problems and increasing social risks in Ukraine, the role of social function of the state, which is also associated with development of the mediation institute in Ukraine, is significantly increasing. Research of mediation problem is quite important and relevant. It makes it possible to improve the institutionalization of the mediation process in Ukraine, to develop and introduce new approaches, mechanisms in the field of public management of social services.There is no doubt that the development of social mediation services has its own specifics, which necessitates the creation of appropriate mediation centers. Based on this, there is a need to train specialists in this field, develop appropriate training programs, improve the regulatory framework, research and implement the best international practices. Given the above, it is important to research the experience of the formation and development of the mediation institute in other countries, in particular, consider the experience of Poland.Recent research and publications analysis. Mediation has attracted the attention of researchers of various fields of knowledge, in particular: pedagogy, psychology, law, political science, sociology, public administration. Among domestic researchers it is advisable to pay attention to the works of N. Darahanova. S. Zapara, V. Zemlianska, A. Karshyieva, M. Kostytskyi, S. Kravtsov, Z. Krasilovska, S. Fursa and others. Among Polish researchers a substantial interest in this area cause the works of: E. Bieńkowska, E. Gmurzyńska, R. Morek, J. Młyński, I. Podobas. S. Włodyka and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable interest to mediation in the scientific literature, little has been studied in the field of international experience in the establishment and development of the mediation institution, technology and innovation in the provision of social mediation services, features and mechanisms of mediation centers. The main goal of this article is to research the process of formation and development of mediation institute in Poland, in the context of the formation of its legal and institutional support, to consider the features of the activities of the Polish Mediation Center and its regional branches.Paper main body. Mediation is not a new phenomenon, it is directly related to the issue of resolving conflicts and disputes that have accompanied humanity since its inception. The development of mediation in Poland begins with the idea of introducing the postulates of restorative justice, which was initiated by a Polish lawyer and sociologist L. Petrażycki. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of mediation in Poland dates back to 1995. Actually, then, in 1995, under the "Patronate" Prison Society (Stowarzyszenie Penitencjarne "Patronat") a Mediation Implementation Group (Zespoł ds. Wprowadzania Mediacji w Polsce) was established in Poland) As part of its activities, the Group contributed to the creation of mediation centers throughout the country. Formally, mediation was introduced into the Polish criminal system in 1997. However, mediation was carried out only at the preparatory trial stage.In 2000 the Mediation Implementation Group in Poland was reorganized, then a society was created on its basis: Polish mediation center (Polskie Centrum Mediacji) – a non-governmental organization with mediation branches and offices in Poland. In 2001, there has been established a Family Mediation Pilot Group. (Zespoł Pilotażowy ds. Mediacji Rodzinnych), the main purpose of which was to amend the law, which would allow introducing family mediation into the Polish legal system. The Polish Mediation Center contributed to the creation of the Family Mediators Society (Stowarzyszenie Mediatorow Rodzinnych) and to establishment of the Social Council for Alternative Dispute and Conflict Resolution (Społeczna Rada ds. Alternatywnych Metod Rozwiązywania Sporow i Konfliktow) at the Ministry of Justice of Poland. An important milestone in the development and establishment of mediation institute in Poland was 2005, and it was then that mediation was allowed to be used in civil matters.Essential for the process of institutionalization of mediation in Poland was provided by the development of mediation standards in Poland, in particular: mediator performance standards and mediation in criminal and juvenile cases; standards for training mediators; standards for mediation and mediator activity.In general, the mediation institute in Poland has developed quite actively. In the future, the regulatory framework continues to be improved in this area, the network of centers and centers of mediation is expanding, and new technologies and techniques in the field of mediation are being developed.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The formation and development of mediation in Poland began in 1995, in particular on the introduction of mediation in the field of restorative justice using mediation of minors. The author's approach to periodization of the formation and development of mediation institute in Poland is proposed, in particular: Stage I: 1995 – 2004; Stage II: 2005 – 2014; Stage III: 2015 – 2024. Based on the main purpose of mediation and the opinions of representatives of Polish science, mediation is a method of resolving the conflict peacefully, through voluntary negotiations with the participation of a mediator. Mediation in Poland is a fairly developed legal institution and one of the most effective alternative ways of resolving conflicts and disputes. Mediation is applied in criminal, civil, family, economic affairs and in the field of social work. In general, the experience of legal regulation and the practice of mediation in Poland is valuable for Ukraine, but it should be used, taking into account domestic characteristics, traditions, the system of law, the development of social institutions and the like. ; Розглянуто проблематику становлення та розвитку інституту медіації в Польщі, процес інституціалізації процесу медіації в Польщі з виокремленням та характеристикою окремих періодів. Запропоновано авторський підхід до періодизації цього процесу. Проаналізовано особливості функціонування інституту медіації в Польщі в сучасних умовах, зосереджено увагу на діяльності конкретних інституцій, які надають послуги з медіації, зокрема розглянуто діяльність Польського центру медіації, регіональних центрів з медіації.

Following its newly won independence, Lithuania at first experienced a substantial decline in the per capita GDP. However, from there on Lithuania has been part of the "convergence" machine of the European Union, meaning that its economic growth rates are much higher than those of the richer European countries. However, if Lithuania wants a convergence to continue, then a serious overhaul of the system of higher education is required. It should focus on the employability of graduates. Universities can only engage in this overhaul if they are empowered – financially and managerially.The labour market has drastically changed over recent decades in all countries. The supply of graduates increased markedly, yet the demand increased faster, with the result that in most countries graduates have had a larger wage increase and a lower relative unemployment than those with less education. Under the cloak of increased demand for graduates, there is also a shift in the types of traits graduates need in order to function well in society. So how best to reinvent universities, to take on board the principle of graduates with the twenty-first-century skills as their prime output? Lithuania should have its own strategy, and it will not be easy to get it implemented, because educational change is perhaps among the most difficult to achieve.Continental European higher education is for the most part publicly provided and financed. The role of government in determining the organisation and performance of universities has been the focus of the NGO Empower European Universities, which has compared thirty-two European countries. The study found that in 2008, in comparison with the other countries, Lithuanian universities had much less financial autonomy, a slightly lower level of policy autonomy, and higher than average organisational autonomy. Funding in the Lithuanian higher education is currently insufficient to retain qualified teachers and to provide sufficient room for student–teacher interaction. Research funding as a percentage of GDP is low when compared internationally. Lithuanian rates of participation in higher education, and of graduation, are above the European average, but the percentage of foreign students is low (1.3 per cent with a European average of 5.9 per cent). Some 84.8 percent of graduates were employed within three years of graduation in 2010. This is above the European average of 82.9 per cent. 22.4 per cent of the enrolled students graduated in 2010 (above the European average of 21.2 per cent). On these measures Lithuania does well. This is a marked contrast to its academic research, which is far below the European average according to all parameters we have introduced. These include the presence of Lithuanian universities among the top five hundred in the Jiao Tong ranking, the number of publications in top journals, the number of Marie Curie fellows, cooperation with the private sector, and ERC awards. Lithuania has a low level of labour productivity (a little more than half the average European level), a low percentage of knowledge workers and a corresponding low GDP per capita. This is likely to be in part due to the low level of university research.Our policy recommendation is that the ties between the ministries of education and science and of economic affairs should be strengthened. A serious attempt should be made to bring Lithuanian research up to world standards. The latter may require a considerable increase in investment. The challenge for Lithuanian higher education is to be more focused not only on what society needs in terms of graduate skills and in research but also on how this can be done with the limited resources available. The Lithuanian system of higher education should be diversified so as to match students' potential talents with the university offerings. In Europe, almost eighty per cent of graduates feel that they work in an international environment. This calls for English to be used at least in Masters programmes, as well as for some internationally oriented Bachelor studies. Rather than spend money in political and economic cooperation on translators, we need to produce graduates who are fluent in English next to their mother tongue. A wider usage of the English language in university studies will create more favourable conditions for teacher and student exchange and will encourage young people from abroad to enter Lithuanian universities. ; Professorial Fellow of International Economics of Science,Technology and Higher EducationUnited Nations University Maastricht Economicand Social Research Institute on Innovation and TechnologyAddress: Keizer Kareplein 19, 6211 TC Maastricht, the NetherlandsTel. (31) 043 3884439E-mail: Ritzen@merit.unu.eduProfesorius socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituotas daktarasVilniaus universiteto Edukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, tel. (370) 5 266 76 26El. paštas: rimantas.zelvys@f.vu.ltStraipsnyje nagrinėjami Lietuvos universitetinio aukštojo mokslo politikai iškylantys iššūkiai ir kintamas universitetų vaidmuo, formuojant XXI amžiuje absolventams būtinas kompetencijas. Aptariamos šiuolaikinių absolventų įsitvirtinimo darbo rinkoje galimybės ir studijų pertvarkymas, siekiant formuoti reikiamas kompetencijas. Tam būtina suteikti universitetams didesnių finansinių ir vadybinių galių. Nevyriausybinė organizacija "Didesnių galių suteikimas Europos universitetams" analizuoja valstybės vaidmenį, lemiant universitetų struktūrą ir veiklą. Pagal šios organizacijos 2008 metais atliktą vertinimą, Lietuvos universitetai, palyginti su kitomis Europos šalimis, turėjo daug mažiau finansinės autonomijos, šiek tiek mažiau politinės autonomijos ir kiek daugiau nei vidutiniškai organizacinės autonomijos. Palyginti su kitomis šalimis, Lietuvos mokslui skiriama BVP dalis yra maža. Moksliniai tyrimai nėra koncentruojami tose srityse, kur Lietuva galėtų būti sąlygiškai konkurencinga. Studijuojančiųjų aukštosiose mokyklose ir įgijusių aukštojo mokslo diplomą procentas Lietuvoje yra aukštesnis už Europos vidurkį. Kita vertus, užsieniečių, studijuojančių Lietuvoje, procentas yra nedidelis. Lietuva taip pat pasižymi mažu darbo produktyvumu (šiek tiek daugiau negu 50 proc. vidurkio), mažas yra intelektinės veiklos darbuotojų procentas, ir atitinkamai mažas BVP, sukuriamo vienam gyventojui, procentas (maždaug trečdalis vidurkio). Straipsnio pabaigoje pateikiama Lietuvos universitetinio aukštojo mokslo politikos tobulinimo siūlymų.

A substantial proportion of EU's fish stocks lack a quantitative assessment and are therefore regarded as data-limited. The goal of the present project and report, i.e. to provide and improve quantitative assessments of data-limited stocks, is therefore a prerequisite to the implementation of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and to promote sustainable fisheries. Specifically, the project and report addresses Article 2 of the CFP stating that the objective is to achieve exploitation levels that restore and maintain populations above levels which can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). This cannot be achieved without quantitative assessments. Furthermore, as a result of the landing obligation (CFP article 15) data-limited stocks acting as "choke-species" in mixed fisheries have a significant risk of limiting the fishery of high-value stocks. Obtaining quantitative assessments and fleet-specific fishing mortalities as further developed in this project is a necessary step toward mitigating the impact of choke-species and improving management of such fisheries. By improving knowledge about data-limited fish stocks, the project minimises the risk of yield reductions that result from an increased precautionary buffer applied when quantitative stock assessments are lacking. Similarly, the risk of overexploitation is minimised with the aim to prevent a subsequent potential long-term stock rebuilding period with reduction in quotas. The specific objectives of the project is to develop and implement further newly developed statistical methods by DTU Aqua for assessment and management strategy evaluation of data limited stocks in relation to MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) - with focus on broad accessibility and implementation – benefitting Danish, European and global fisheries. Furthermore, the aim is to improve the management basis for 4-6 data limited fish stocks with special importance for Danish fishery and which are managed conservatively because of limited available information. The specific stocks are selected in consultancy with stakeholders. The project has involved close collaboration with and feed-back from stakeholders within fisheries and management to ensure that the stocks selected as case studies are the most relevant to management and the fisheries industry. The project provides quantitative knowledge and new assessments regarding more than the 4-6 Danish data-limited fish stocks that the project was originally aiming for by project start. This knowledge is not only new, but has also been necessary to enable implementation of sustainable management for the stocks. Furthermore, the project has created the foundation for analytical assessments of these stocks and not least further development of the statistical assessment and forecast models. The sustainable management of fisheries demands the quantitative assessment of fisheries resources and exploitation patterns. However, underlying ecological and mathematical models are often a simplified representation of natural systems and are particularly challenged if available data is limited in quantity or quality. Therefore, it is important to not only understand underlying model assumptions, but also to quantify and account for associated assessment uncertainty. ManDaLiS has assessed several data-limited stocks with high relevance for the Danish fishery and evaluated existing and developed new data-limited assessment methods and management strategies. The focus has been on length-based assessment methods and biomass dynamic models, which are two important suits of methods for the assessment of data-limited stocks. The performance comparison of different length-based assessment methods under various recruitment and exploitation scenarios revealed strengths and shortcomings of the various methods and provides important guidance on model selection for stock assessors and managers. A novel approach to length-based stock assessment allows the quantification of assessment uncertainty and adds a new method to the stock assessment toolbox. The modification of the stochastic production model in continuous time (SPiCT) allows modelling time-variant productivity changes or regime shifts by a time-variant parameter for the intrinsic population growth rate. ManDaLiS has improved existing management strategies by incorporating stochastic harvest control rules which allow adjusting management advice (e.g. the total allowable catch (TAC)) as a function of assessment uncertainty. This approach is in line with the precautionary principle and reduces the TAC if the stock status is uncertain. The methodological developments achieved within the scope of ManDaLiS shed light on the trade-offs of different data-limited assessment methods and provide new assessment methods and management strategies. Most importantly, these developments allow the quantification and consideration of assessment uncertainty and thus, contribute to a sustainable management of fisheries. The landing obligation has drastically increased the importance of data-limited stocks as a result of the "choke-species" phenomenon. The DTU Aqua model used (SPiCT) has been upgraded to an ICES (International Council for Exploration of the Sea) standard assessment model for data poor stocks not least due to input from the current project. Furthermore, the novelty of the model improvements provided by the project has had a high impact to both the current and future advisory and scientific assessment development work within ICES. The case studies and model implementations have very much covered a large number of fish stocks that are important to Danish fishery. As such the models, their improvements and their implementation provide advice directly to and relevant for the Danish fisheries industry and all stakeholders within the fisheries sector. The results and methodological developments of the project are disseminated through four scientific manuscripts, whereof one is published, one accepted, and two are pending submission for publication, and through scientific conference presentations as well as summarised in several ICES working group reports (e.g. ICES WKLIFE VI-VIII, ICES WGNSSK, ICES WGBFAS, ICES WKMSYCat34, ICES WKPROXY, ICES WGECON). Project participants attended these working groups to make specific recommendations regarding future data calls, methodological directions, and assessment, advice and management strategies in general and for several stocks including stocks where a robust assessment cannot be provided. Furthermore, the implementation of the models have been affiliated further through ManDaLiS contributions to other EU projects covering the EU-Tender DRUMFISH, EU-Tender PROBYFISH, EU Tender EFICA, and EU-H2020-MEESO, and not least conducting a full PhD Study cofinanced between ManDaLiS (2 years) and a DTU Aqua internal PhD project (1 year) with input to stock assessments, methodological reviews and improved assessment methods. As such, the ManDaLiS project has also been further implemented and disseminated through the cooperation in international expert networks working under these international research projects, as well as implementation of the model developments under ManDaLiS in the assessments conducted under those research projects. There has been conducted three project workshops held in cooperation between the EMFF ManDaLiS and MSPTOOLS projects. One of the workshops was international and was held in association with and just after an International Conference Special Session: IIFET Conference, Seattle, USA, July 2018, (IIFET 2018 International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, https://www.xcdsystem.com/iifet/website/). This Special Open Session was directly arranged by the ManDaLiS and MSPTOOLS projects with invitation of stakeholders and including stakeholder perspectives. Besides initiative taking, planning, arranging, organizing, coordinating, announcing, leading and carrying through this special session directly under the MSPTOOLS and ManDaLiS Projects the projects produced the session abstract and a full scientific publication reporting of the outcomes of the session (Nielsen et al., 2018). In accordance with several of the stakeholder perspectives from the above workshops and the IIFET session future perspectives and needs raised by the stakeholders during the ManDaLiS and MSPTOOLS workshops included suggestions for continuation of the implementation of the data poor stock assessments and model developments on additional candidate stocks with importance for Danish fishery.

1) Green financing at international level 2) CDM, ODA and EU ETS compared 3) Public and private investments for environmental protection: The case of livestock The global-level powerful threats to world nature caused by climate change make that environmental protection -in turn- can be maximized only if global-level policies are applied within the International Community. The financing of "green" projects aimed at reducing the environmental impacts of climate change and fostering emission reduction is an essential part of those global-level policies. However, very few data and rigorous analysis exist concerning the actual amount of financing flows for environmental projects across the world and across the years and their breakdown in terms of financing typologies and sectors. As a matter of fact, especially before "Kyoto's System", Scholars did not approach this issue correctly, generally "making generalizations based on only a few cases" (Hicks, Parks, Roberts and Tierney, 2008). Accordingly, this research aims to investigate the actual amount and the characteristics of green financing flows destined to environmental protection in the last decades and to split the financing according to the different typologies. A quantitative comparison among the different institutional systems underlying green financing is also provided, together with significant examples for two very important green sectors (i.e. the renewable energy sector and the livestock sector). The research is composed of three essays: 1) The first essay addresses the issue of quantifying the Aid Flows (Official Development Assistance framework, ODA) destined for developing and poor countries for the period 1980-2010. The focus of the essay is set on the estimation of actual Aid Flows financed for environmental protection, the definition of their historical trends and volatile fluctuations and the identification of the main actors in terms of Aid Donors and Aid Recipients. The quantitative analyses undertaken in the essay permit to better define the perimeter of Green Aid, its main international actors in absolute and normalized terms (both for Donors and for Recipients) and to define interesting "development paths" with respect to Agricultural Aid, Energy Aid and Fuel production. 2) The second essay approaches the interaction between ODA, CDM and EU ETS institutional frameworks both qualitatively and quantitatively. It provides an extensive outline of the existing Literature, that scarcely addresses the interaction between these institutional frameworks with holistic perspectives, and describes the innovative Research Design applied. An econometric regression is performed in order to assess if the introduction of CDM projects brought positive effects in the field of renewable projects for the period 2005- 2012 in terms of energy efficiency (dependent variable), with specific focus on renewable energy projects. Yet, a Difference in Differences analysis (DD) is presented in order to estimate the impact of the introduction of the second Phase of the EU ETS System (treatment), on CDM renewable projects (treated group) with respect to ODA renewable projects (control group). 3) The third essay provides a significant example of green financing applied to the livestock sector. The essay has the target of mapping the livestock investments and development strategies of the last decade and connecting them to sustainable outcomes. This target derives from the need to have a clear vision of the current status-quo of the livestock sector by means of assessing the main public and private players operating in it, the most important market trends, the geographical localization of investments and the financial flows connected. For all the three essays, specific policy recommendations have been defined, taking advantage of the analysis of the main findings and commenting similar recommendations provided by the Literature. GENERAL CONCLUSION TO THE THREE ESSAYS Interesting results emerge from the exercise of quantifying and determining the actual amount of financing flows for environmental projects across the world and across the years. With regard to the first essay, the review of Literature retrieved shows that previous Scholars systematically failed in correctly estimating the actual amount of green financing, mainly due to the use of incomplete/partial data, and that a general lack of quantitative indicators exists. Similarly, the Literature concerning ODA Flows does not deal with green sectors alone, but it generally considers all sectors as a whole, defining no causal relations specifically using green Aid as dependent (or independent) variable. Regarding renewable energy projects (essay 2), the findings retrieved permit to assess that the introduction of CDM projects (and Kyoto's Protocol) brought positive effects in the field of renewable projects for the period 2005-2012. Indeed, CDM projects were much less volatile, had much lower average cost ratio and definitely appeared more energy efficient with respect to similar ODA projects. From an econometric perspective, the regression results confirm the fact that the introduction of the Kyoto protocol has a very positive impact on the energy efficiency of renewable energy projects. Indeed, the dummy for CDM projects ( 3) shows a negative and statistically significant coefficient, contributing in reducing the dependent energy cost ratio ( ). The results of the DD Model applied show that the impact of Phase II is positive in terms of cost ratio reduction, but the DD coefficient is not statistically significant, implying that additional research is needed in this field. Concerning the green financing for the livestock sector (essay 3), the main quantitative findings of the essay reveal that the overall trade for meat and products of animal origin recorded significant growth rates during the period considered (2001 – 2010) and that meat trend seems to be totally aligned with general world trade. Yet, new players (with new strategies) are emerging for each livestock sub-sectors (such as China, Asia without India & China) while others are leaving world market shares. Regarding private investments, China is simultaneously the country hosting the bigger number of corporations and recording the higher overall livestock-product sales for 2013. The analysis of other investments shows that Livestock financing trend by multilateral Donors has not been constant during the period 2001-2011, while CDM livestock projects are mainly hosted by Brazil, China and Mexico. The specific policy recommendations deriving from a global interpretation of the three essays permit to conclude that:  In the global context of financing environmental protection, Kyoto system has an important role to play, especially for the future generations and "Ecological debt" shall find a place within future world negotiations on climate change and debt relief. More important, these two paramount themes shall be treated simultaneously by the International Community in order to put on the same balance past, current and future credits and liabilities own both by developing countries and by developed ones.  The reform of International Institutions towards a greater importance given to the protection of the environment (the so-called "Greening of Institutions") is another very important theme for any future policy structure aimed at increasing environmental protection worldwide.  The interaction between ODA, CDM and EU ETS systems is very complex and the need to increase the Literature on this regard definitely arise.  It is evident that EU ETS is going much faster in terms of market attitude than other similar Carbon markets and maybe even faster than Kyoto Protocol itself. Accordingly, a better coordination shall be enhanced between ODA, CDM and EU ETS systems, in order to avoid misalignment in terms of market attitude.  Furthermore, the importance of no-market Carbon Funds for poor countries is vital for both ODA and Kyoto institutional systems and there is an urgent need to find consensus on the International Community with respect to the market orientation of post-Kyoto carbon markets and their accessibility for Developing and Poor countries.

On September 4, Kommersant reported that Yuri Ushakov, aide to President Vladimir Putin, confirmed that Turkey is requesting full membership to the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and that the organization would begin reviewing the request in advance of the BRICs Summit this fall. The event will be held in Kazan, Russia, on October 22-24. Ushakov also underscored that Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan will attend. The Russian aide's announcement ended months of speculation and followed a Bloomberg article on September 2 claiming the country had "formally asked to join the BRICS group of emerging-market nations." Erdoğan administration officials, speaking under anonymity, noted that one reason for the formal application was that the "geopolitical center of gravity is shifting away from developed economies."Noted Russian political scientist Alexander Safonov offered insight into the rationale for Ankara's decision: "Turkey is one of the states that is conveniently located in terms of global trade routes, including between Europe and Asia. This factor forces the government of the republic to seek as many contacts as possible through which these logistical features can be used. And, of course, BRICS as one of the modern leading economic platforms gives it more opportunities in this regard, including for establishing relations with China, Russia, and Iran."Membership clearly would provide Turkey with the opportunity to increase its already high level of imports from China and Russia. It would also offer greater access for exports to these countries and lower the Ankara's reliance on the United States and European Union.In addition, Turkey may see BRICS as a potential new source of finance. As mentioned in the Bloomberg article, "the BRICS touts itself as an alternative to what its members see as Western-dominated institutions such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. New members can potentially get access to financing through its development bank as well as broaden their political and trading relationships."Although Turkey claims that it intends to uphold its NATO membership and responsibilities and that the move is a formal continuation of its multipolar strategy to reach new markets and secure new trade routes, the decision may not be based entirely on the potential for increased economic opportunity. Turkey's BRICS gambit can also be viewed as a signal of its continued frustration with ongoing EU membership talks. They started in 2005 but have stagnated since a crackdown on Turkish opposition groups following a failed coup in 2016 and lingering questions regarding Erdogan's commitment to democratic values.The European Union expressed concern regarding the bid to join the BRICS organization, saying that as an EU membership candidate, Ankara had to "respect" the EU's "values" and foreign policy preferences, despite its being free to join the alliances of its choosing.The application to BRICS may also signal Turkey's continued anger with the inability of the United States, specifically, and the West, generally, to stop Israel's assault on Gaza and fears of a more widespread military conflict in the Middle East. Erdogan is already in a difficult political situation trying to balance his interests with NATO, on one side, and Muslim countries, from the other. For example, on July 28, Erdogan, who has consistently engaged in strong rhetoric during Israel's 10-month war in Gaza, suggested that Turkey could intervene militarily in a speech to his ruling Justice and Development (AK) Party. Al-Jazeera quoted Erdogan: "We need to be very strong so that Israel cannot do these ridiculous things to Palestine. Just as we entered Karabakh, just as we entered Libya, we can do something similar to them." Some experts have suggested that Turkey will likely not intervene, but keep lines of diplomacy open.However, the rhetoric followed Turkey's restriction of some exports to Israel in April followed by a full halt to trade with Israel in early May. In response, Israel said it would scrap the country's free trade agreement with Turkey in retaliation. The two countries had a trade volume of $6.8 billion in 2023 and Israel was the ninth largest importer of Turkish goods.In addition to the reasons highlighted above, Turkey's present interest in joining BRICS may be related to the fact the upcoming BRICS Summit is being held in Kazan and its success is incredibly important to Moscow. The impact of joining now could be mutually beneficial to both Moscow and Ankara as the two have maintained strong bilateral relations since the outset of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Turkey, acting as a mediator, nearly negotiated a peace settlement in Istanbul during April of 2022 and was part of the Black Sea Grain Initiative agreement between Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, and the United Nations, which allowed Ukraine to export grain and fertilizer via a safe maritime corridor in the Black Sea. In addition, Turkey never joined the West in imposing sanctions on Russia and has become a top buyer of Russian crude oil.Returning to Erdogan's remarks, his mention of the enclave of Karabakh should not be dismissed as it is a pointed reference to Turkey's staunch support for Azerbaijan. Moreover, the two countries' strong ties were possibly a key underlying reason for Russian President Putin's timely visit to Azerbaijan last week. It is doubtful that Putin had not spoken with Erdogan before he secured Azerbaijan President Aliev's attendance to the BRICS Summit as well as Azerbaijan's intention to join BRICS. This development is somewhat unexpected considering Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov's comments just two months ago that BRICS needed to take a break on new members after adding Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates in January 2024. But clearly Russian attitudes have changed in just a brief time. Shortly after Lavrov's remarks, Ushakov underscored that with the BRICS Summit being held in Russia this year in Kazan the "special mission" of the Russian presidency is to "register" new members. As such, Turkey's addition to BRICS in October would be touted by Moscow as a major development towards a truly multipolar global framework as well as an alternative for the Global South and other unaligned countries to western institutions.Moreover, it is not surprising that Putin also recently invited Mongolia's President, Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh, to Kazan, marking three potential new members to BRICS in about a week. "This will be the first event of this level after the expansion of this organization. I hope that you will participate in the BRICS Outreach —BRICS Plus format," Putin said to his Mongolian counterpart. This Turkish twist in the BRICS story has clearly created international headlines about the upcoming summit in October. The announcement garnered the global attention that Moscow deemed necessary to assure the event is successful towards achieving Moscow's objectives.Whether the Summit delivers on securing Ankara's membership, as well as others like Malaysia and Thailand who have announced their intentions to join, will perhaps be another matter. It is important to recall that Argentina and Saudi Arabia had once announced their intentions to join several years ago but still are not members.

Traditionally, the most important platforms for political analysis on television in the United States have been the Sunday morning news talk shows on the major networks—NBC, CBS, ABC, and Fox. The staple feature of the talk show format is the interviews with guests, who include newsmakers, prominent individuals, and current and former officials, followed by news roundtables or panels featuring officials, journalists and experts. How they discuss the issues of the day reflects the priorities and biases of the political elite, which risks leaving audiences uninformed and unexposed to a range of views in the world. When it comes to Gaza, these shows illustrate just how one-sided and detached are America's leading policymakers and media. The shows' names are most familiar to middle-aged and older Americans: Meet the Press (NBC), Face the Nation (CBS), This Week (ABC) and Fox News Sunday (FOX). These shows are not as dominant as they once were, but they still command relatively high ratings, ranging from the 908,000 viewers of Fox News Sunday to the 2.78 million viewers of Meet the Press in September, 2023. This writer carried out an analysis of the shows' guests and their remarks during the three months immediately following the Hamas attacks of October 7. The database Nexus Uni and the programs' websites provided transcripts from the episodes from October 8 to January 14. After removing episodes that did not discuss Gaza beyond a brief mention, there were 51 transcripts to analyze. In these transcripts, there were 140 guests, defined as "outside" or invited interviewees and panelists (removing from the analysis those guests employed by the networks as reporters or analysts as well as interviewees in the edited packages). Data were collected on these 140 guests regarding their national affiliation, employer, and job title, and their remarks were ranked on a scale from pro-Israeli to neutral to pro-Palestinian. Finally, the frequency of particular key words was gauged — such as "hostages," "occupation," and "ceasefire," among others.FindingsThe overwhelming majority of guests—120 out of 140—were American. Most notably, not one of the American guests were of Palestinian heritage or even Arab-American. Three American guests were of South Asian Muslim heritage, but only two of them expressed pro-Palestinian views. The third works for a conservative think tank and was far more sympathetic to Israel in his comments than the other two. Israelis made up the second most common nationality, 10 total guest appearances, representing only 7 percent of the total (see chart 1). Only one program, CBS's Face the Nation, had any Arab nationals as guests, but they were relatively well represented on that show, making up 11 percent of all the guests who appeared. Notably, only one Palestinian national was a guest. Hussam Zomlot, the head of the Palestinian Mission to the United Kingdom was on Face the Nation in November, 2023.The views expressed by American interviewees and panelists were overwhelmingly pro-Israel. These guests were more than twice as likely to sympathize with Israel than with the Palestinians. As chart 2 shows, there was some variation worth noting. Fox News Sunday was an outlier with a whopping 96 percent of guests expressing pro-Israel views; there was not a single pro-Palestinian view expressed.
On the other programs between 60 and 65 percent of guests expressed pro-Israel views. In sum, pro-Israeli views were almost five times as frequent as pro-Palestinian on all the aired programs.
One systematic problem with these shows is that they overrepresent the views of a narrow band of the political elite in the United States. Eighty-two percent of guests (115 out of 140) on the Sunday news shows analyzed for this article were current or former US government officials. Given the lopsided nature of U.S. foreign policy as resolutely pro-Israel, it is expected that framing in these talk shows would disproportionately reflect that position, even though Israeli guests were a small percentage of those who appeared.Bias in FramingDue to the biases in U.S. foreign policy and the paucity of Palestinian and Arab perspectives, the key contexts that identify deep problems with Israeli policies were nearly absent. For example, "occupation" was mentioned only 15 times in the 51 hour-long programs analyzed, and it was mostly the Arab guests who did so. By contrast, guests uttered the word "hostages" 529 times, a ratio of 35 mentions to one mention of "occupation." The Israeli hostages in Gaza were brought up ten times per program on average. Hamas and other groups declared that they took hostages in part to secure the release of Palestinian prisoners, many of whom Israel holds without charge. Yet, Palestinian prisoners were mentioned only 17 times. Israel's holding of Palestinian prisoners is of course a function of its military occupation. One surprising finding was how few guests talked about "Palestinians" at all. As a baseline, guests mentioned Israel 2,282 times. Hamas was brought up half as frequently (1,108 times). Yet, Palestine or Palestinians — who have borne the brunt of Israel's war on Gaza — merited only 456 mentions, less than half as often as Hamas. This signifies a preferred framing of the war as a conflict between Israel and Hamas, which distracts from Israel's systematic punishment of Palestinian civilians. Another framing pattern concerns how to end the Gaza crisis. Despite "ceasefire" being the prevailing demand of a vibrant U.S. protest movement, including a growing number of U.S. lawmakers and many world leaders, it was hardly discussed. "Ceasefire" was brought up only 94 times on all the shows. More than half of these mentions were on Fox News Sunday, where guests roundly opposed the idea. Even more scarce than "ceasefire" was the term "genocide," which was uttered by guests just 23 times. And only once was it applied to Israel's conduct in Gaza, despite its widespread consideration by scholars, international lawyers and governments, in relation to Israel's siege and bombardments of Gaza. Notably, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found South Africa's complaint of genocide plausible in at January ruling.The lone appearance of "genocide" in relation to Gaza came when when the host of one show read a social media post by Rep. Rashida Tlaib (D-MI) regarding the ICJ case. But the overwhelming majority — 20 of the mentions total — repeated the erroneous claim that American university campus protest slogans are calls for genocide against Jews. ConclusionGiven the strongly pro-Israel tilt in U.S. foreign policy, many will not find these results surprising. This study documents the extent to which that bias manifested and it is overwhelming. That the Sunday news shows on ABC, NBC, and FOX failed to include a single Palestinian guest (while CBS only had one) is an astounding failure. Yet, no data point should be as worrisome as the fact that officials in the Biden administration and Democratic lawmakers were among the main producers of pro-Israel messaging that did not take into account — at all — realities on the ground in Gaza or potential war crimes, if not genocide, being committed in Gaza today.

La presente tesis aborda la colaboración cinematográfica que se lleva a cabo entre la Italia de Mussolini y la España de Franco, a lo largo del periodo comprendido durante los años 1939-1943. Este trabajo cuenta con dos grandes bloques. El primero se basa en el contexto histórico, político y cinematográfico en el que dicha colaboración se desenvuelve. El segundo bloque ofrece un análisis pormenorizado de cada una de las películas que resultan de esta producción hispano-italiana. La tesis está dividida en ocho capítulos. En el primero de ellos, a modo de introducción, se expone el estado de la cuestión, revisando los estudios realizados hasta la fecha, y se plantean los aspectos metodológicos de la investigación. El segundo apartado ofrece una visión general del contexto político y cinematográfico tanto español como italiano. El tercer epígrafe está dedicado a las relaciones que se despliegan a nivel internacional dentro de Europa durante los años treinta y cuarenta. Se desarrollan conceptos como los de la autarquía cinematográfica o el de la creación de un cine estrictamente europeo, capaz de hacer frente a la concurrencia de la industria americana. También se estudia el papel de aquellas manifestaciones culturales como la Mostra di Venezia o estructuras como la Cámara Internacional de Cine, las cuales fueron usadas como plataforma a la hora de alcanzar dichos fines por países como Alemania, Italia o España. El cuarto capítulo se centra únicamente en las relaciones cinematográficas hispano-italianas y en él se hace un análisis general de las películas producidas en régimen de colaboración. Desde una perspectiva histórica, cultural, política y económica se plantea el por qué se realizan dichas películas. Además, se exponen los principales objetivos, los logros y el final de esta colaboración y se mencionan los numerosos intercambios que, se dieron entre técnicos y artistas de España e Italia como consecuencia de aquella. Con el quinto apartado se inicia el segundo bloque dedicado a los largometrajes. Se incluye una ficha técnica de cada uno de ellos y un texto dedicado al análisis de los mismos. Los largometrajes han sido analizados a partir de una perspectiva histórica que toca aspectos de tipo sociocultural, en los cuales se determinan varios de los modelos que condicionan estas películas, así como las relaciones e influencias literarias o artísticas presentes en cada una de ellos. En algunas ocasiones se ha recurrido al análisis estético, pero se ha dado preferencia a la investigación historiográfica, en base al uso de documentación de archivo en su mayor parte no publicada hasta la fecha. Por otro lado, la obra cinematográfica es estudiada en sí no sólo como parte integrante del grupo de las coproducciones hispano-italianas, sino también bajo un punto de vista que la inserta en una línea discursiva más amplia, a través de la cual se la relaciona con otras similares dentro de la historia del cine español e italiano. Los últimos tres capítulos incluyen las conclusiones, la bibliografía examinada y un apéndice con imágenes y documentos que ilustran los apartados anteriores, especialmente aquellos dedicados a los largometrajes. Para la realización de este trabajo se ha consultado una amplia bibliografía relacionada con cada uno de los temas tratados, se han examinado de forma sistemática numerosas publicaciones periódicas contemporáneas a los hechos, así como materiales inéditos, provenientes de archivos españoles, italianos o americanos y de colecciones privadas. Abstract (in English): The thesis "Cinematographic Coproduction and Collaboration between Spain and Italy during the years 1939-1943" examines the subject of the cooperation in the field of cinema that took place between Spain and Italy in the last years of Mussolini's regime and the first ones of Franco's dictatorship. This work is divided in two sections. The first section is based on the historical, political and cinematographic context, where collaboration between Mussolini and Franco developed. The second section offers a detailed analysis of each one of the films that were a result of the above-mentioned Spanish-Italian cooperation. This thesis is divided in eight chapters. Chapter one introduces a review of the state of the studies made about this subject and the description of the methodological aspects followed for this research. The second chapter offers a general vision of the political and cinematographic context in Spain and Italy during the third and the fourth decade of the 20th century. The third chapter is dedicated to the relations that on an international level matured in Europe on that period. In this sense, some specific concepts are developed, such as the cinematographic autarchy or the idea of creating a strictly European cinematography, capable of reacting against the competition of the American industry. This chapter also studies the role of all those cultural events, like the Mostra di Venezia Cinematographic Festival and structures like the International Film Chamber, that were used as a platform to drive the above mentioned purposes by countries like Germany, Italy or Spain. The fourth chapter emphasizes the Spanish-Italian cinematographic relations. The films produced in collaboration are here analyzed as a whole, and from a historical, cultural, political and economic perspective. In addition, the author defines the main reasons, the achievements and the end of this collaboration, as well as mentions the numerous exchanges that took place between cinema professionals from Spain and Italy, as a consequence of these works. The fifth chapter opens the door of the section of work dedicated to film. Included is a technical sheet for each one of the films, and the accompanying text with an analysis of them. The films have been examined in terms of a historical viewpoint that embrace social and cultural aspects or genre as well as the literary and artistic influences, present in each one of them in which some of the models that condition these films are determined. Occasionally, the reader may note that not only are there traces of an aesthetic analysis of the film, but a historiographical perspective has been preferred, in base to the use of primary source documents not previously published. The film has been studied not just as part of the group of the Spanish-Italian co-productions, but, under a wider point of view in order to compare it with analogous films from the history of cinema. The last three chapters include the conclusions of the research and the consulted bibliography with an appendix of images and archival documents. For this study, a great number of monographs related to topics connected with the main subject and numerous periodicals that are contemporary to the facts had been examined in a systematic way, as well as previously unreleased materials from Spanish, Italian and American archives and private collections.

March 2020 marks the coming of bad news to this country. COVID-19 pandemic began to strike and its domino impacts have affected almost all aspects of life, including academic and scientific writing on journal. In the midst of the spirit of working and researching from home, the International Review of Humanities Studies Journal is back to publish for July 2020 edition. The issues discussed are increasingly diverse, marked by the diverse expertises of the respective authors. Domestic contributions can be seen from the articles of the researchers from Universitas Indonesia, particularly from the Faculty of Humanities and the School of Strategic and Global Studies which are interconnected with the scholars from the Indonesian Police College and Al Azhar University.Since this journal is intended to be available internationally, it is also necessary to pay attention to the contributions of foreign authors. Researchers from the University of Uyo, the University of Ilorin, the University of Benin, the University of Lagos, and Delta State University provide interesting views on the issues of humanities in Nigeria. Five articles from various universities in Nigeria are interconnected with independent researchers from the People's Republic of China, who without links to universities or colleges have sent their own independent research articles.This edition begins with Darmoko's writing that discusses the moral complexities of Javanese in the Asmara Djibrat Ludira novel. Darmoko's research emphasises the spiritual role of knight figures who defended their territory and romance. The second article is from Letmiros who also discusses Java. Letmiros saw a mosque in Jogjakarta, namely the Jogokariyan Mosque, as an agent of change as well as a legend. Letmiros argued that by having activities – whether it is spiritual, economic, cultural, or politics – that are conducted in the mosque, mosque can be ordained as an agent of change and branded as legendary, especially in the city of Jogjakarta.The third article is a research carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic. Fera Belinda saw how a new normality, in a tourist village in the Badung-Bali area, is interconnected with local wisdom and health protocols. Fera Belinda's study shows that health science on pandemic like COVID-19 can be analysed together using the humanities approach. Then in the fourth article, we are invited to take a walk to explore Nigerian drama. Inegbe and Rebecca see that a theatre, titled Cemetary Road, has a significant impact on Nigerian society; to the extent that it can be considered a radical impact. Inegbe and Rebecca's research provides new treasure of knowledge, especially for readers in the regions outside Nigeria.In the fifth article, we are invited to see how online studies, especially the use of video technology, are utilised by teachers. Silalahi and Halimi see how the use of two methods, namely the use of video teaching and the use of textual textbook teaching, are compared between the experimental class and the control class. In conclusion, they find that video-based teaching provides better results in the learning process. The next article, by Soekarba and Rosyidah, invites us to see the contribution of the Hadrami group to a community in the Tegal area, Central Java.The impact of the Hadrami (Al Irsyad) group movement was mostly felt in the social and educational fields in the area.The seventh article invites us to get to know Nigeria. Okpevra's research discusses pre-colonial aspects in the Delta State, Nigeria. This research concludes that intergroup relations in the region are influenced by factors of origin, equality of geographical conditions, and similarity of cultural practices. The eighth article invites us to get acquainted with humanities research that is associated with psychological studies of the police. Mayastinasari and Suseno discussed how strengthening the current role of the police influences the public satisfaction, especially in North Sumatra where this research took place.The ninth article is an issue that has been discussed lately. Nwosu discusses the issue of homosexuality in the Catholic group in Nigeria which is interconnected with its society. Although the discussed issues are quite sensitive, the scientific explanation could vividly answers the questions regarding these issues. Next, the tenth article from Akpan and Edem discusses how a film, in this case Frozen, is examined from the perspective of digital technology and digital costumes which is a new contribution in analysing a child-friendly content. The eleventh article of Ademakinwa and Smith discusses a film adapted from a well-known Nigerian novelist in the United States, Chimamanda Adichie. Ademakinwa and Smith's findings state that collective memory, reconstructed through film, can have a more significant impact than that of novels. It can even create a crisis within society if not properly controlled.The twelfth article from Filia and Nurfitri invites us to explore the expression of confessions of love in Japanese. Data on love expressions from these researchers were collected via video interviews. It is interesting to find that the expression of love turns out to depend on the cultural context associated with togetherness and sustainability. The next article, the thirteenth, is a contribution of an independent Chinese researcher named Zhang Guanan. He analysed Chinese folklore, Pi Ying, with wayang kulit – leather puppet – stories. It is interesting to follow how Guanan managed to find the uniqueness of both in his research.The fourteenth article by Sugiharto and Puspitasari discusses the online stalking activities of urban millennial. It is their second research which found that cyber stalking is a natural thing for millennial generation living in urban areas, including following colleagues, friends, spouses, even ex-spouses and friends who have not been associated for a long time. The fifteenth paper from Guanah Akbanu and Obi discusses the practice of online journalism in Nigeria, using artificial intelligence. The case study they chose was how journalists in Edo, Nigeria, perceived the use of AI in their journalistic methods. It was found that the use of AI turned out to be more positive for journalism in the area.The sixteenth article by Sonya Suganda discusses how a commemorative object, stolperschwelle, is useful as an object for narrative of the death. The object that was initially used to commemorate Nazi victims has developed to be the object to commemorate those who are marginalized, including homosexuals, gypsies, and those who are exiled because of political differences. The next contribution, the seventeenth, comes from Zaqiatul, Al Azhar University who discusses how the functioning of suffixes and verbs is interconnected in the realm of Arabic conjugation. The eighteenth article by Hutapea discusses a quite sensitive issue, namely the conflict between the native people of Jogja and the Papuans living in Jogjakarta. This conflict was examined from the perspective of the police, especially how they controlled it. The nineteenth article from Arif Budiman discusses the strategy used by the French interpreter in the film Marlina Murder in Four Acts. The last article by Basuni discusses the problem of the Arabic-Indonesian translation, in the context of the increasingly contextual scripture.Hopefully, this current edition along with the entire articles can enlighten the readers and contribute significantly to the knowledge of humanities studies.

The instrumental use of Muslim women's experiences as a symbol and justification for Western countries interventions is not a new business and was not employed for the first time in the post September 11th "war on terror" campaigns. Indeed, the production of stereotypes of Muslim women in political platforms can be tracked back to different colonial enterprises. Clearly, as Lughod (2002) has highlighted, the consistent resort to a cultural framing through the equation women/religion/suffering has always been a tool to hide political and economic interests and consequently to bury more complex political and historical developments. In the academic sphere, debates on Muslim women also widened. However, as Lila Abu-Lughod (2002) contended, the efforts were almost put solely on denouncing the great violent and oppressive contexts where those women were living under the barbaric violations perpetrated to them by Islamist movements. Otherwise, if a scholar tried to problematize the cultural framing of Muslim women's questions, she (or he) would very likely be accused of cultural relativism (Lughod, 2002). Therefore, a sole and unproblematic focus on the suffering of Muslim women is not only futile, but also contributes to reify the old Orientalist perceptions on Islam and Muslim women, and to provide intellectual foundations for Western imperialist wars. The objective of this article, on the contrary, is to raise another set of questions, which I believe to be more urgent. These questions aim at both unpacking Muslim women as a discursive category, and understanding the major challenges their experiences impose on secular feminist conceptions of agency. I contend that addressing these questions is more urgent for different reasons. Firstly, I argue vigorously that apart from the obsessive and somehow blind criticism that religion is inherently patriarchal and consequently oppressive to women, scholarship especially from within feminist theory remained oblivious to a more systematic and self-reflexive engagement with religion and Muslim women. In addition, I argue that surprisingly, even in a period of post-Orientalist deconstruction, which supposedly would have already dismissed those essentialist and repressive accounts of Muslim women and Islam, subtle but very important remnants can still be found on the so called "corrective" postcolonial feminist scholarship on Muslim women. Indeed, there is a plurality of work on Muslim women in the social sciences. However, they are scattered and apparently separated by their own agendas and claims, with very few attempts at dialogue or debate. Hence, a systematic account of this diversity has been missing, one which could provide an up to date appraisal of the state of scholarship and activism on Muslim women, and build a firm foundation for advancing knowledge both of the subject itself and on interdisciplinary efforts like the one I advance here. Therefore, while doing a systematic and critical literature review, oriented specifically by an interdisciplinary approach, I expect this article to fill part of this gap and raise crucial questions in order to build knowledge of the intersection between Muslim women's studies and feminist theory. It is here where more research is certainly needed in order to reduce the gulf that exists between both areas. The introduction of this article outlines briefly the ways through which Muslim women have been approached as a discursive category, constructing stereotypes of Muslim women in political platforms, as well as on the academic stage. Politically, the production of stereotypes can be tracked back to different colonial enterprises and more recently to the interventions by Western countries that comprised the "war on terror" campaign. On the academic stage, these stereotypes were reproduced in the sole efforts to denounce the great violent and oppressive contexts where those women are living, as previously mentioned. The first section is concerned with the exclusion of religion and more specifically of Muslim women's experiences from history and feminist knowledge production, including IR feminist studies. I acknowledge that the ontological and epistemological openness in feminist and gender studies in international relations and other areas ensured the recognition of the existence of differences and of multiple "layers" of identities which affect sexed bodies in distinct ways. These were crucial to challenge Eurocentric narratives as the only legitimate source of knowledge production. However, I put forward in this section that despite a greater plurality in feminist studies, there is still a silence from feminist theorists regarding religious women's experiences, and hence, the importance of religion to women (Salem, 2013). Using the work of Phyllis Mack (2003) I argue that one of the reasons for this gap resides in the metanarrative of secularization, which is the basis of secular feminist scholarship. Within this analytical framework, I analyse how the conceptions of agency and emancipation underlying the different strands of secular feminism are limiting to the different voices and experiences of Muslim women. The second section addresses the challenges Islamic feminism imposes to feminist notions of agency. As religion is seen as inherently patriarchal and oppressive to women, Islamic feminism or any other effort to pursue gender equality from within an Islamic framework would be taken as contradictory or incompatible. By locating the struggle within a religious framework, and at the same time claiming for the existence of what seems to be the untouchable foundations of Islam, Islamic feminists are cast away from secular feminisms. I argue that those experiences of activists and scholars make serious challenges to the notions of agency based on rationality and secularity as the only pillars whereby women can struggle for and reach gender equality. As a result, Islamic feminism(s)'s experiences also help to unsettle and complicate some binaries which feminist theory has been contributing to reify, such as secular/spiritual; reason/obscurantism; science/religion; freedom/oppression; modern/backward. In the third section, the article discusses some of the piety women's movements anchored on Saba Mahmood's work on pietistic agency, firstly in order to highlight the inability of most feminist scholarship in capturing the diversity of Muslim women's voices; second to denounce the perilous nature of encapsulating women's agency solely within "the entelechy of liberatory politics". These movements advance very different agendas and orientations from the Islamic feminist ones. Those agendas are precisely what denounce the subtle but very important remnants of Orientalist assumptions, particularly its adherence to secular-liberal values, and the teleological conceptions of modernity (Lakhani, 2008). I conclude the article arguing that rather than neglecting the important achievements feminism promoted in the lives of women in different parts of the world, the main intention of this work was to provincialize (to borrow the expression from Chakrabarty) the secular and liberal accounts of agency, feminism, empowerment, freedom and so on, locating them in the historical, political and cultural context that produced the desires that animate them. ; Este artículo tiene la intención de abordar algunas preguntas importantes que apuntan tanto a desempacar a las mujeres musulmanas como una categoría discursiva, como a comprender los principales desafíos que sus experiencias imponen a las concepciones feministas seculares de la agencia. Por un lado, aparte de una crítica ciega de que alguna manera la religión es intrínsecamente patriarcal y, en consecuencia, opresiva para las mujeres, la producción intelectual feminista, incluyendo la producción feminista en el campo de las Relaciones Internacionales (RI), ha sido ajeno a las experiencias de las mujeres musulmanas y aparentemente indiferente a un compromiso y diálogo sistemáticos con el tema de la mujer y la religión. Además, a pesar de la capacidad de los feminismos poscoloniales, en su mayoría ancorados en lentes de deconstrucción pos orientalista, para capturar la "diferencia" en las voces de las mujeres musulmanas, parece que aún permanecen remanentes sutiles pero muy importantes de interpretaciones represivas de las mujeres musulmanas en esta literatura supuestamente "correctiva". Ciertamente, existe una gran pluralidad de trabajos sobre mujeres musulmanas. Sin embargo, están dispersos y aparentemente separados por sus propias agendas y reclamos, con muy pocos intentos de diálogo o debate. Por consiguiente, falta un relato sistemático de esta diversidad, que podría proporcionar un significativo estado del arte de la producción intelectual y el activismo sobre las mujeres musulmanas, construyendo una base firme para avanzar en el conocimiento tanto sobre el tema en sí, como sobre esfuerzos interdisciplinarios como el que se intenta hacer en este trabajo. Por lo tanto, mientras se hace una revisión sistemática y crítica de la literatura, orientada específicamente por un enfoque interdisciplinario, es esperado que este artículo llene parte de esta brecha y plantee preguntas cruciales para construir conocimiento sobre la intersección de los estudios de las mujeres musulmanas y la teoría feminista, donde más investigación es ciertamente necesaria para reducir el abismo que existe entre ambas áreas. La introducción de este artículo describe las formas en que se ha abordado a las mujeres musulmanas como una categoría discursiva. La primera sección se ocupa de la exclusión de la religión y más específicamente de las experiencias de las mujeres musulmanas de la historia y la producción de conocimiento feminista. La segunda sección aborda los desafíos que el feminismo islámico impone a las nociones feministas de agencia. Posteriormente, el artículo analiza algunos de los movimientos de mujeres piadosas anclados en el trabajo de Saba Mahmood sobre la agencia pietista, en primer lugar, para resaltar la incapacidad de la mayoría de los estudios feministas para captar la diversidad de las voces de las mujeres musulmanas; en segundo lugar, para denunciar lo peligroso de encapsular la agencia de las mujeres únicamente dentro de "la entelequia de la política liberadora".

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem Thema der beruflichen Ziele und Ansprüche von männlichen und weiblichen Jugendlichen in der ehemaligen DDR. Es zeigt sich, dass es sehr deutliche Geschlechtsunterschiede in der Berufswahl gab - die sehr stark am traditionellen Rollenmodell orientiert war. Ganz im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Ideologie, denn Geschlechterdiskriminierung gab es angeblich nur im kapitalistischen Westen. Tatsächlich aber war die Freiheit der Berufswahl massiv eingeschränkt und musste sich an äußeren Maßgaben orientieren: Das rigide Planungssystem basierte bei der Berufsausbildung auf wirtschaftlichen und regionalen Erfordernissen und politischen Interessen. Frauen waren immer auch als "Arbeitskräfteressource" eingeplant. Zwar gab es für alle Jugendlichen einen Ausbildungsplatz, jedoch oft um den Preis persönlichen Verzichts bei der Realisierung individueller Berufswünsche. Insbesondere junge Frauen waren dabei besonders benachteiligt, da sie einerseits konservativen Rollenerwartungen zu genügen hatten - etwa auch in der Frage, welcher Beruf für eine Frau als akzeptabel angesehen wurde. Gleichzeitig sollten sie aber auch den "modernen" Vorstellungen weiblicher Emanzipation gerecht werden - entsprechend der Ideologie des "Arbeiter- und Bauernstaates". Der Artikel führt aus, dass die beeinflussenden Lehrkräfte deutlich stärker noch als ihre Schülerinnen und Schüler am traditionellen Rollenbild orientiert waren. Abschließend weist der Beitrag darauf hin, dass die Einschränkungen des rollenkonservativen, beruflichen Selbstbildes junger Frauen heute zu einer Belastung und Benachteiligung für die Lebensplanung werden - angesichts der realen beruflichen Möglichkeiten, die sich jungen Frauen in der Bundesrepublik bieten. (ICB)

[Resumen] Objetivos. Analizar los artículos publicados en revistas científicas enfocados a los hombres que maltratan a sus parejas o niños y/o jóvenes que han desarrollado conductas violentas o agresivas y conocer si tienen antecedentes de violencia en la familia de origen. Métodos. Revisión sistemática de los artículos publicados entre los años 2005-2016 en algunas bases de datos y en otras todos los años disponibles que se centran en el tema de violencia de género y los antecedentes del agresor y también niños que han sufrido maltrato o presenciado violencia doméstica y después han desarrollado conductas violentas. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Cochrane Plus, CRD, Pubmed, Cuiden, Scopus, PscyInfo y Web of Science. Resultados. Se identificaron 161 estudios, de los cuales solo 6 (3,73%) se centraron en el objetivo de la revisión. 5 artículos estaban duplicados, 7 fueron excluidos por no tener el resumen disponible y 2 por no indicar el autor. Tres de los artículos incluidos en la revisión (50%) procedían de sujetos menores de edad, que habían sufrido y/o presenciado violencia doméstica, incluido el abuso sexual, y posteriormente desarrollaron conductas violentas. En los otros tres artículos (50%) los sujetos de estudio eran hombres mayores de edad que habían ejercido violencia de género. Los hombres que habían sido expuestos a la violencia entre los padres o fueron víctimas de sus padres tenían significativamente más experiencia de la violencia en la pareja y la perpetración de ésta que los que no tenían antecedentes de violencia doméstica. Conclusiones. Se encontraron pocos estudios científicos que abordaran la relación entre los antecedentes de violencia doméstica y el ejercer violencia de género. 5 de los artículos encontrados utilizaron diseños descriptivos sin el suficiente poder explicativo para establecer relaciones causales y solo uno de los artículos era un ECA con una valoración general de + + en la calidad metodológica. La carencia de mayor información científica puede estar impidiendo que se tomen decisiones políticas, sociales y sanitarias más informadas y se pongan en marcha intervenciones más eficaces. ; [Resumo] Obxectivos. Analizar os artigos publicados en revistas científicas enfocados aos homes que maltratan ás súas parellas ó nenos e/ou mozos que desenvolveron condutas violentas ou agresivas e coñecer se teñen antecedentes de violencia na familia de orixe. Métodos. Revisión sistemática dos artigos publicados entre os anos 2005-2016 nalgunhas bases de datos e noutras todos os anos dispoñibles que se centran no tema de violencia de xénero e os antecedentes do agresor e tamén nenos que sufriron malos tratos ou presenciado violencia doméstica e despois desenvolveron condutas violentas. A procura realizouse nas bases de datos Cochrane Plus, CRD, Pubmed, Coiden, Scopus, PscyInfo e Web of Science. Resultados. Identificáronse 161 estudos, dos cales só 6 (3,73%) centráronse no obxectivo da revisión. 5 artigos estaban duplicados, 7 foron excluídos por non ter o resumo dispoñible e 2 por non indicar o autor. Tres dos artigos incluídos na revisión (50%) procedían de suxeitos menores de idade, que sufriran e/ou presenciado violencia doméstica, incluído o abuso sexual, e posteriormente desenvolveron condutas violentas. Nos outros tres artigos (50%) os suxeitos de estudo eran homes maiores de idade que exerceran violencia de xénero. Os homes que foran expostos á violencia entre os pais ou foron vítimas dos seus pais tiñan significativamente máis experiencia da violencia na parella e a perpetración desta que os que non tiñan antecedentes de violencia doméstica. Conclusións. Atopáronse poucos estudos científicos que abordasen a relación entre os antecedentes de violencia doméstica e o exercer violencia de xénero. 5 dos artigos atopados utilizaron deseños descritivos sen o suficiente poder explicativo para establecer relacións causales e só un dos artigos era un ECA cunha valoración xeral de + + na calidade metodolóxica. A carencia de maior información científica pode estar a impedir que se tomen decisións políticas, sociais e sanitarias máis informadas e póñanse en marcha intervencións máis eficaces. ; [Abstract] Objectives. Analyze the articles published in scientific journals focused on men who abuse their partners or children and / or young people who have developed violent or aggressive conducts and know if they have precedents of violence in the family of origin. Methods. Systematic review of the articles published between the years 2005-2016 in some databases and in others every year available that centre on the issue of gender violence and background of the aggressor and also children who have been abused or attended domestic violence and later they have developed violent conducts. The search was realized in the databases of Cochrane, CRD, Pubmed, Cuiden, Scopus, PsycInfo and Web of Science. Results. There were identified 161 studies, of which only 6 (3.73 %) centred on the objective of the review. 5 articles were duplicated, 7 were excluded for not having the summary not available and 2 for the author no to indicate. Three of the articles included in the review (50 %) subjects were from minors, who had suffered and / or attended domestic violence, including the sexual abuse, and later they developed violent conducts. In the other three articles (50 %) study's subjects were older men who had exercised gender violence. The men who had been exposed to violence between parents or they were victims of their parents had significantly more experience intimate partner violence and the perpetration of this than those who didn't have history of domestic violence. Conclusions. They found few scientific studies that were addressed the relationship between the precedents of domestic violence and exercise gender violence. 5 articles they found used descriptive designs without sufficient explanatory power to establish causal relations and only one of the articles was a ECA with a general evaluation of + + in methodological quality . The absence of scientific information may be preventing more informed political, social and health decisions are taken and more effective interventions are started. ; Traballo fin de mestrado (UDC.FCS). Asistencia e investigación sanitaria. Especialidade en investigación clínica. Curso 2015/2016.

A questão sobre a juvenilização da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) no Brasil, em particular no Ensino Médio, tem sido objeto de pesquisas e debates, o que faz emergir a problemática sobre o caráter da sua oferta em determinados contextos territoriais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal analisar a relação entre o fenômeno do crescimento de matrículas de jovens na modalidade EJA, na etapa do Ensino Médio, no município de São João de Meriti (SJM) localizado na grande região da Baixada Fluminense – RJ – e a ausência de políticas públicas neste município. Ancorada na perspectiva do materialismo histórico-dialético procedeu-se ao levantamento de sinopses estatísticas com acesso a dados abertos, a partir dos quais buscou-se compreender a dinâmica desta modalidade educacional em interfaces com a realidade vivenciada pelos jovens nesta cidade. Os resultados apontam que os jovens da EJA de São João de Meriti trazem a marca social da classe trabalhadora. As múltiplas determinações contribuem para o fenômeno da juvenilização da EJA do Ensino Médio, sendo agravadas em um município de periferia do capital, mas, necessário a este, articulado pelas relações de forças entre os governantes e os grupos sociais hegemônicos que constituem o poder local. A gestão governamental recorreu a estratégias políticas educacionais, institucionalizando a migração compulsória de jovens para a EJA, o que explicita o alinhamento da modalidade às orientações em curso fomentadas pelos organismos internacionais.
Palavras-chave: Direito à Educação. Educação em Periferias Urbanas. Juventude Trabalhadora.
AbstractThe question on the juvenilization of Youth and Adult Education (EJA) in Brazil, particularly in High School, has been the subject of research and debate, which gives rise to the issue of the character of is offer in certain territorial contexts. The main objective of this work was to analyze the relationship between the phenomenon of growth in enrollment of young people in the EJA modality, in the high school stage, in the municipality in São João de Meriti (SJM) located in the large region of Baixada Fluminense – RJ – and the absence of public policies in this municipality. Anchored in the perspective of historical-dialectical materialism, statistical synopses were surveyed with access to open data, from which an attempt was made to understand the dynamics of this educational modality in association with the reality experienced by young people in this town. The results indicate that young people from EJA in São João de Meriti bring the social mark of the working class. The multiple determinations contribute to the phenomenon of juvenilization of EJA in High School, being aggravated in a municipality on the outskirts of the capital, but, necessary for this, articulated by power relations between the rulers and the hegemonic social groups that constitute the local power. Government management resorted to educational political strategies, institutionalizing the compulsory migration of young people to EJA, which explains the alignment of the modality with the ongoing guidelines promoted by international organizations.
Keywords: Right to Education. Education in Urban Peripheries. Working Youth.

In the present work different forms to understand the idea of environment during the sixties of the past century have been analyzed. Within that emblematic decade conceptual variants, framed in two great paradigmatic contexts, the technological development and the environmentalism or ecologism have been tracked. From those who thought that they were approaching to leave the planet and to inhabit other worlds, others reflected over the limitless capacity of the man respect to conquering the space, but also to destroy the earth life; and others realised ethical requests in favor of nature and future generations. This way through different forms to understand the environment and the complex relation between nature and society, comes to a halt in the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the human environment of Stockholm in 1972, fixed first these bases in the least of international political plane and the gestation of the sustainability paradigm. As well, the elaboration of the document "The limits to growth" ordered by the Club of Rome and the explosion of the petroleum crisis in 1973, among other events of world-wide relevance, gave rise to important lines of thought that allowed to reflect on the use of the natural resources and the impossibility to continue formulating the development as well as until then. ; En el presente trabajo han sido analizadas distintas formas de entender la idea de ambiente durante los años sesenta del siglo pasado. Dentro de esa emblemática década han sido rastreadas algunas variantes conceptuales, enmarcadas en dos grandes contextos paradigmáticos, el desarrollismo tecnológico y el naciente ambientalismo o ecologismo. Desde quienes creían que se encontraban cada vez más cerca de dejar el planeta tierra y habitar otros mundos, pasando por aquellos que reflexionaban sobre la capacidad ilimitada del hombre respecto de conquistar el espacio, pero también de destruir la vida en la tierra; otros defendieron la naturaleza realizando pedidos éticos en favor de la misma y de las generaciones futuras. Este recorrido a través de distintas formas de entender el ambiente y la compleja relación existente entre naturaleza y sociedad, se detiene, de alguna forma, en la Declaración de la Conferencia de Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Humano de Estocolmo del año 1972, hito fundamental, al menos, en el plano político internacional y en la gestación del paradigma de la sustentabilidad. A su vez, la elaboración del documento "Los limites del crecimiento" a pedido del Club de Roma y la explosión de la crisis del petróleo en el año 1973, entre otros acontecimientos de relevancia mundial, dieron lugar a importantes líneas de pensamiento que permitieron reflexionar sobre la utilización de los recursos naturales y la imposibilidad de continuar planteando el desarrollo tal como se encontraba hasta el momento