Suchergebnisse

WOS: 000426840100001 ; PubMed: 31264996 ; The differential cross-section for the production of a W boson in association with a top quark is measured for several particle-level observables. The measurements are performed using 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collision data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. Differential cross-sections are measured in a fiducial phase space defined by the presence of two charged leptons and exactly one jet matched to a b-hadron, and are normalised with the fiducial cross-section. Results are found to be in good agreement with predictions from several Monte Carlo event generators. ; MESTD, Serbia; CERN; ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; BNL (USA); CNRST, Morocco; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); MINECO, Spain; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ASGC (Taiwan); COLCIEN-CIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; NCN, Poland; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); SRC, Sweden; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); MNE/IFA, Romania; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; Benoziyo Center, Israel; ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); NDGF (Denmark); Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; SRNSF, Georgia; JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; INFN-CNAF (Italy); DST/NRF, South Africa; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; MSMT CRMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Thales programme; YerPhI, Armenia; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); MSSR, Slovakia; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; BCKDF, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; ANR, Region AuvergneFrench National Research Agency (ANR); MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; RCN, Norway; BMWFW, Austria; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; NL-T1 (Netherlands)Netherlands Government; PIC (Spain); DNRF, Denmark; MIZS, Slovenia; NDGF (Norway); NDGF (Sweden); Aristeia programme; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [73].

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, Canarie, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie SkłodowskaCurie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide. ; This Letter describes a model-agnostic search for pairs of jets (dijets) produced by resonant and non-resonant phenomena beyond the Standard Model in 3.6 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The distribution of the invariant mass of the two leading jets is examined for local excesses above a data-derived estimate of the smoothly falling prediction of the Standard Model. The data are also compared to a Monte Carlo simulation of Standard Model angular distributions derived from the rapidity of the two jets. No evidence of anomalous phenomena is observed in the data, which are used to exclude, at 95% CL, quantum black holes with threshold masses below 8.3 TeV, 8.1 TeV, or 5.1 TeV in three different benchmark scenarios; resonance masses below 5.2 TeV for excited quarks, 2.6 TeV in a W' model, a range of masses starting from mZ' = 1.5 TeVand couplings from g(q) = 0.2 in a Z' model; and contact interactions with a compositeness scale below 12.0 TeV and 17.5 TeV respectively for destructive and constructive interference between the new interaction and QCD processes. These results significantly extend the ATLAS limits obtained from 8 TeV data. Gaussian-shaped contributions to the mass distribution are also excluded if the effective cross-section exceeds values ranging from approximately 50-300 fb for masses below 2 TeV to 2-20 fb for masses above 4 TeV. ; CERN ; ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada) ; NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) ; CC-IN2P3 (France) ; KIT/GridKA (Germany) ; INFN-CNAF (Italy) ; Netherlands Government ; PIC (Spain) ; ASGC (Taiwan) ; RAL (UK) ; BNL (USA) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/H00100X/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/G50228X/1 PP/E000444/1 ST/K001310/1 ST/K001361/1 ST/K003895/1 GRIDPP GRIDPP PP/D002915/1 PP/E002846/1 ST/H00100X/2 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K00140X/1 1082012 1334588 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L00352X/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/I006056/1 1369487 ST/H001093/1 ST/J004979/1 ST/J005525/1 ST/K000039/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M001474/1 ST/J005487/1 ST/M006980/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L003112/1 ST/J003522/2 ST/I003533/1 GRIDPP 1366364 ST/L003414/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb 1366825 ST/M001431/1 ST/M002306/1 ST/M004937/1 ST/I003533/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M001407/1 ATLAS ST/J00474X/1 ST/K001302/1 ST/M001733/1 ST/M001504/1 ST/K001418/1 ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades 1521422 1575161 ST/L001195/1 ST/K003895/1 ST/K001329/1 ST/H001093/2 PP/E000347/1 ST/I000119/1 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L001179/1 1201187 ST/K001248/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/L001144/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/M004937/1 GRIDPP ST/M006980/1 ST/M000761/1 ST/K001264/1 ATLAS ST/K00073X/1 1370569 PP/E000355/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/L006111/1 ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I000178/1 ST/I00372X/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/N000463/1 ; ICREA

[spa] Este trabajo de investigación se ocupa de los Derechos del niño, de un modo especial del derecho a la educación y su puesta en práctica en las políticas públicas, en este caso específico, las descritas y puestas en práctica en los planes de desarrollo de la ciudad de Bogotá, con posterioridad a la promulgación de la Constitución de 1991, que en su artículo 44 proclamó que: "Los derechos de los niños prevalecen sobre los derechos de los demás"; y en el artículo 93 afirmó que: "Los derechos y deberes consagrados en esta Carta, se interpretarán de conformidad con los tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos ratificados por Colombia". La hipótesis de partida se centra en indagar si la descripción y puesta en práctica de las políticas educativas colombianas se corresponde con los Derechos del niño, para lo cual es necesario verificar cómo se interpretan estos derechos en los tratados Internacionales que tratan el tema, desde la Declaración de Ginebra de 1924, hasta la Observación General 13ª al Pacto Internacional de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (1999) y las Observaciones del Comité de Derechos del niño de la ONU (2015), al cuarto y quinto informe presentados por Colombia. Es en la Declaración de Ginebra de 1924, cuando se proclamaron los Principios Universales de los Derechos del niño, entre ellos, el principio a un desarrollo normal y el derecho a la educación. Esta relación e interdependencia enunciada es olvidada, desconocida o ignorada por los diversos protagonistas de la formulación, implementación y evaluación de políticas públicas –la familia, la sociedad y el Estado– pero de un modo especial por el Estado, que al plantear políticas públicas o querer modificarlas en cada administración, deja a los niños a merced del político de turno. La Observación General 13ª al Pacto Internacional (1999), recoge las últimas orientaciones para que los Estados, adecuen sus políticas públicas a la interpretación recogida por los tratados internacionales. Las Observaciones al cuarto y quinto informe del Comité de Derechos del niño de la ONU, a Colombia, plantean aspectos positivos, pero también aspectos por mejorar en la implementación de políticas referentes a los Derechos del niño. En un primer momento, este trabajo presenta el marco histórico, crítico y social de diversos documentos relativos a los tratados internacionales. En un segundo momento, el trabajo describe qué se entiende por análisis de estas políticas como ciencia del Estado en acción, en sus tres niveles: formulación, implementación y evaluación. Con los aspectos recogidos en los dos momentos anteriores, se realiza un análisis sociocrítico, de las políticas educativas presentes en los planes de desarrollo de la Ciudad de Bogotá (1991-2015). Con el marco doctrinal recogido en sus dos momentos señalados (análisis de los documentos de los tratados internacionales y la descripción de qué se entiende por política educativa y análisis de política), y una vez efectuado el análisis del caso específico de los planes de desarrollo de la ciudad de Bogotá, se puede entender y comprometer a los agentes de políticas educativas para que asuman responsabilidades dentro del marco de sus competencias, respeto de libertades y los derechos de todos: individuo, familia, sociedad y Estado. De un modo especial hay que exigir al político de turno la no improvisación de las políticas de corto tiempo, sino una gobernanza a largo plazo y por encima de ideologías partidistas; más tratándose de los derechos del niño, que resulta imprescindible garantizarlos, pues todo ese cuerpo jurídico –tratados internacionales– constituye un límite infranqueable para la actividad de los poderes públicos. ; [eng] This research project deals with the rights of the child by focusing on the right to an education and the implementation of that right in public policies. This specific case discusses the efforts described and implemented in the development plans for the city of Bogota following enactment of the Colombian Constitution of 1991, Article 44 of which states that "the rights of children take precedence over the rights of others" and Article 93 of which states that "the rights and duties mentioned in this Charter shall be interpreted in accordance with international treaties on human rights ratified by Colombia". Firstly, this text presents the historical, critical and social framework surrounding various documents from international treaties (Geneva Declaration of 1924 and its subsequent development leading up to General Comment Nº 13 on the International Covenant (1999) and the Comments on the Fourth and Fifth Report from the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child for Colombia (2015). Secondly, the text describes what is understood as an analysis of these policies from a 'State in action' perspective at the three corresponding levels: formulation, implementation and evaluation. Based on the aspects discussed in the first two sections, a socio-critical analysis is provided of the education policies included in the Bogota development plans (1991-2015) in order to understand and obtain commitments from the education policy stakeholders to assume responsibilities within the scope of their powers regarding the freedoms and rights of all: individual, family, society and State. In particular, demands should be made of the political group in power at any given time not to improvise short-term policies but rather to adopt a more long-term form of information-based governance that rises above partisan ideologies to focus more strongly on the rights of the child, which must be guaranteed given that the entire legal framework - international treaties - constitutes an impassable barrier for activity by public authorities.

A search for squarks and gluinos in final states containing high-pT jets, missing transverse momentum and no electrons or muons is presented. The data were recorded in 2012 by the ATLAS experiment in √s = 8 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, with a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb−1. Results are interpreted in a variety of simplified and specific supersymmetry-breaking models assuming that R-parity is conserved and that the lightest neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 1330 GeV for a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino. For a simplified model involving the strong production of first- and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 850 GeV (440 GeV) are excluded for a massless lightest neutralino, assuming mass degenerate (single light-flavour) squarks. In mSUGRA/CMSSM models with tan β = 30, A0 = −2m0 and µ > 0, squarks and gluinos of equal mass are excluded for masses below 1700 GeV. Additional limits are set for non-universal Higgs mass models with gaugino mediation and for simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos, each decaying to a top squark and a top quark, with the top squark decaying to a charm quark and a neutralino. These limits extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space excluded by previous searches with the ATLAS detector. ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWF, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; NRC, Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; CERN ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic Czech Republic Government ; DNRF, Denmark ; Lundbeckfonden ; European Union (EU) ; European Union (EU) European Research Council (ERC) ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; CEA-DSM/IRFU, France ; GNSF, Georgia ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; HGF, Germany ; Max Planck Society ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; NSRF, Greece ; Israel Science Foundation ; MINERVA, Israel ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; I-CORE, Israel ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; BRF, Norway ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; GRICES, Portugal ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; Russian Federation ; JINR ; MSTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MINECO, Spain ; SRC, Sweden ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SER, Switzerland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland ; National Science Council of Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ST/L001195/1 ST/K001361/1 ST/I005811/1 ST/F007418/1 ST/M007103/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/L000970/1 ST/K00140X/1 PP/D002915/1 ST/H001026/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/I505756/1 ST/J005525/1 ST/K001388/1 ST/K001418/1 ST/K502236/1 ST/H00095X/2 ST/J00474X/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J004928/1 ST/K001329/1 ATLAS ST/L003325/1 ST/M001733/1 ST/L001179/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/K003658/1 ST/K000659/1 ST/J005576/1 ST/J005460/1 ST/G502320/1 PP/E000487/1 ST/K501840/1 GRIDPP ST/K003658/1 GRIDPP ATLAS ST/M000664/1 ST/K001361/1 LHCb ST/K001361/1 ATLAS ST/K00073X/1 ST/J00474X/1 ST/I005803/1 ST/I000178/1 PP/E000355/1 ST/H001042/1 ST/I00372X/1 ST/K000705/1 ST/H00100X/1 ST/J004944/1 ST/M003213/1 ST/M002306/1 ST/M001474/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS ST/K001310/1 LHCb ST/M002071/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K501840/1 ST/K001396/1 ATLAS ST/J501074/1 ST/I005803/1 GRIDPP ST/K001426/1 ATLAS ST/L000970/1 ATLAS Upgrade ST/M001431/1 ST/L006480/1 ST/K00137X/1 ST/K001361/1 MINOS/MINOS+ ST/K001361/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/J500641/1 ST/J005487/1 ST/I006056/1 ST/H001042/2 ST/H00095X/1 ST/G006717/1 ST/F00754X/1 PP/E003087/1 ST/K001302/1 ST/K001264/1 ATLAS PP/E002757/1 ST/M000761/1 ST/L006464/1 ST/I006056/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/H001093/2 ST/G50228X/1 ST/K003437/1 ST/K001337/1 ATLAS ST/H00100X/2 PP/E002846/1 ST/K001248/1 ST/K003437/1 GRIDPP ST/L001144/1 ST/J005533/1 ST/K001310/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K50208X/1 ST/L001179/1 ST/L001209/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/K001361/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/I000186/1 ST/I00372X/1 GRIDPP ST/K00140X/1 ATLAS ST/L003112/1 ST/M002306/1 ATLAS Upgrades ST/J004928/1 ATLAS Upgrade PP/E000444/1 GRIDPP PP/E000347/1 ST/H001026/2 ST/K000713/1 ST/K001310/1 ST/K001310/1 LHCb Upgrades ST/L00352X/1 ST/H001069/2 ST/H001093/1 ST/I006080/1 ; ICREA

En apparence, Geneve et Irkutsk n'ont rien en commun. A part une amitie reciproque et la proximite d'un lac, il est difficile de trouver des points communs entre la Suisse francophone, dont Geneve est la ville le plus importante, et la Siberie centrale, dont Irkutsk, est la capitale. Et pourtant les deux regions, malgre les differences de taille, de densite de la population, de climat, d'economie et de traditions culturelles, sont confrontees au meme probleme: elles sont trop petites et trop limitees pour assurer, avec leurs seuls moyens, leur avenir et elles doivent imperativement s'unir a des villes voisines pour renforcer leur statut de metropole regionale et s'imposer face aux regions et aux pays concurrents.C'est ainsi qu'Irkutsk projette de s'unir aux villes voisines d'Angarsk et de Chelekhov pour constituer une megapole au c?ur de la Siberie, tandis qu'a Geneve le debat fait rage pour trouver des solutions a l'exiguite geographique et a l'insuffisance des moyens face aux grandes regions metropolitaines de France, d'Italie et d'Allemagne.Ce debat est propre a toute la Suisse. Malgre sa petitesse, la Suisse est divisee en 26 cantons. Ces unites administratives sont jugees trop couteuses, trop petites, trop lourdes et trop compliquees pour assurer l'avenir economique et meme politique du pays. De nombreux groupes de reflexion proposent donc de reduire ce nombre a 3, 5 ou 10 grandes provinces selon les cas. En Suisse, romande, il y a dix ans, des mouvements politiques ont meme lance l'idee de fusionner les cantons de Vaud (dont Lausanne est la capitale) et de Geneve. Mais l'echec a ete fracassant : le peuple des deux cantons a refuse cette option a 80% des voix. On cherche donc d'autres solutions.Les discussions s'orientent desormais autour de la constitution d'une grande metropole lemanique qui regrouperait les deux grandes villes de Geneve et Lausanne et les villes plus petites de Montreux, Vevey, Nyon ainsi que la ville francaise d'Annemasse dans un ensemble qui atteindrait environ un million d'habitants au total. Le lac Leman (Lac de Geneve) faisant office de point commun entre ces villes, la region prendrait le nom de metropole lemanique ou de Bassin lemanique. Ce qui a pour avantage de ne pas mettre Geneve trop en evidence et de ne pas vexer les autres villes dont les noms seraient menaces de disparaitre au profit de Geneve.Pour reussir, ce rapprochement doit respecter quelques principes fondamentaux :1) developper les infrastructures communes et les moyens de communication entre les villes partenaires : la gestion de l''aeroport international de Geneve a ainsi ete ouvert a la France et aux representants de Lausanne. On projette de construire une troisieme voie pour l'autoroute et la ligne de chemin de fer qui relie Geneve a Lausanne. Sur le plan politique, les deputes des deux provin2ces militent dans la meme direction.2) respecter les identites traditionnelles et developper une identite commune autour d'un projet rassembleur. Le projet de fusion a echoue parce qu'il niait l'histoire et les traditions propres a chaque ville. Sans territoire et de tradition protestante calviniste, Geneve est universitaire, internationale, tres urbaine. Lausanne est lutherienne et plus enracinee dans une region agricole et viticole. La culture et l'economie, et surtout la fiscalite ne sont pas les memes. Cela reconnu, il convient malgre tout de developper des projets communs, qui rassemblent les habitants des deux regions et puissent peu a peu forger l'idee d'un destin commun. Pour Geneve et Lausanne, ce pourrait etre la vocation internationale, Geneve etant connue pour ses organisations internationales liees et le siege europeen de l'ONU tandis que Lausanne est devenue la capitale internationale du sport avec le CIO (Comite international olympique et federations sportives). Un deuxieme axe est de profiler l'ensemble de la metropole comme une region du savoir, avec ses universites, ses sieges d'entreprises multinationales et centres de recherche et de haute technologie.3) promouvoir la region comme un ensemble coherent et solidaire tant aupres des autorites federales, des autres regions du pays que vis-a-vis de l'etranger. La promotion economique, la vision politique, le developpement des infrastructures, le tourisme doivent faire l'objet d'une communication commune car les etrangers ne font pas tres bien la difference entre les divers elements qui composent la region. Un label commun a ainsi ete cree sou l'appellation de Lake Geneva Region.4) L'equilibre entre les partenaires doit etre respecte. On ne rapproche pas des villes comme on fusion des entreprises. Pour reussir, les objectifs doivent etre partages et chacun doit etre respecte. C'est pour cela que de tels rapprochement consomment beaucoup de temps, d'energie et exigent de la patience. C'est tres long d'apprendre a voir ce qui unit plutot que ce qui separe. C'est ainsi que toutes les tentatives de rapprochement entre Geneve et Lausanne ont, pendant des decennies, echoue parce que beaucoup de riches habitants du canton de Vaud viennent travailler a Geneve mais paient les impots dans le canton de Vaud selon le droit national, ce que Geneve trouve injuste car c'est elle qui doit financer les infrastructures publiques. Desormais, on a decide de laisser le probleme en suspens pour s'attaquer seulement aux projets communs, que chacun peut financer de facon equitable.Voila en quelques mots, l'etat d'avancement de la metropole lemanique. Le projet avance, des habitudes de collaboration sont prises. En Suisse, a cause de la complexite des procedures democratiques, les changements sont tres lents. Il est donc possible d'aller plus vite. Mais a condition de respecter les quatre principes enonces plus haut. Dans cette perspective, je souhaite donc bonne chance a la future megapole Irkutsk-Baikal!

Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and works of art, as well as symbols, names, images, and designs that are used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright which includes literary and works of art such as novels, poems and plays films, musical works, works of art such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programmes. 1883 marked the birth of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the first major international treaty designed to help the people from one country obtain protection in other countries for their intellectual creations in the form of industrial property rights, known as: inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs. In 1886, copyright entered the international arena with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The aim of this Convention was to help nationals of its member States obtain international protection of their right to control, and receive payment for the use of their creative works such as: novels, short stories, poems plays; songs, operas, musicals, sonatas; and drawings, paintings sculptures, architectural works. The Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) was adopted in 1952 and formalised in 1955, as a complementary agreement to the Berne Convention. The UCC membership included the United States, and many developing countries that did not wish to comply with the Berne Convention, since they viewed its provisions as overly favourable to the developed world. Patent Cooperation Treaty, signed on June 19,1970, provides for the filing of a single international patent application which has the same effect as national applications filed in the designated countries. An applicant seeking protection may file one application and request protection in as many signatory states as needed. On November 6, 1925, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs was adopted within the framework of the Paris Convention. Under the provisions of the Hague Agreement, any person entitled to effect an international deposit has the possibility of obtaining, by means of a single deposit protection for his industrial designs in a number of States with a minimum of formalities and of expense. The system of international registration of marks is governed by two treaties, the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, which dates from 1891, and the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement that was adopted in 1989. It entered into force on December 1, 1995, and came into operation on April 1, 1996. The reason for adopting the much more recent Protocol, following the original Madrid Agreement of 1891 (last amended at Stockholm in 1967), was the absence from the Madrid Union of some of the major countries in the trademark field, for example, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. The Protocol is intended to make the Madrid system acceptable to more countries. The Rome Convention consists basically of the national treatment that a State grants under its domestic law to domestic performances, phonograms and broadcasts. Apart from the rights guaranteed by the Convention itself as constituting that minimum of protection, and subject to specific exceptions or reservations allowed for by the Convention, performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organisations to which the Convention applies, enjoy in Contracting States the same rights as those countries grant to their nationals. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international organisation dedicated to promoting the use and protection of works of the human spirit. These works, intellectual property, are expanding the bounds of science and technology and enriching the world of the arts. Through its work, WIPO plays an important role in enhancing the quality and enjoyment of life, as well as creating real wealth for nations. In 1974, WIPO became a specialised agency of the United Nations system of organisations, with a mandate to administer intellectual property matters recognised by the member states of the UN. With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, WIPO is one of the 16 specialised agencies of the United Nations system of organisations. It administers 21 international treaties dealing with different aspects of intellectual property protection. The Organisation counts 177 nations as member states. One of the successes of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement), which came into effect on 1 January 1995, and up to date it the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property. The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protection of intellectual property if they wish so. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementing the provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice On January 1, 1996, an Agreement Between the World Intellectual Property Organization and the World Trade Organization entered into force. It provides for cooperation concerning the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement, such as notification of laws and regulations and legal-technical assistance and technical co-operation in favour of developing countries. In the 21st century intellectual property will play an increasingly important role at the international stage. Works of the mind - intellectual property such as inventions, designs, trademarks, books, music, and films, are now used and enjoyed on every continent on the earth. In the new millennium international protection of intellectual property rights faces many new challenges; one of the most urgent is the need for states to adapt to and benefit from rapid and wide-ranging technological change, particularly in the field of information technology and the Internet.

Newspaper clipping of "El Universal" regarding the call that the governor of Baja California Norte, Gen. Agustin Olachea made to the troops under his command, so that they collaborate on the construction of a paved road which will connect Tijuana and Ensenanda. Radio-telegraphic newsletter of the Trens Agency received by the Mexican Consulate Office in Santander, Spain on July 1, 1932. It contains news from Mexico such as the going into effect of the General Law of Credit Institutions, the South Pacific Railroad workers strike, the official communication the government of Guatemala sent to Mexico , denying that the President of said country, Jorge Ubico is supporting a conspiracy against the regime of the Republic of El Salvador. It also contains a note from Paris stating that Fernando Torreblanca, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs and Dr. Francisco Castillo Nájera, Minister of Mexico in the Netherlands went to Geneva to represent their country as delegates at the Conference of Disarmament. Editorial of the newspaper "EL POPULAR" of August 13, 1932 titled "Rateros Vs. Liquidadores" (Thiefs vs Liquidators) about some foreigners who come to Mexico to make their fortunes by creating industries and employing thousands of workers with their own capital and personal efforts, but others who arrive in Mexico with the purpose of exploiting and liquidate the system. Newspaper clipping showing a map of the United States in which it is noted the defeat of the republicans and President Hoover in the elections. French article by Marc Chadourne titled "Quand les volcans sommeillent en Mexico" (When volcanos sleep in Mexico) which refers to the political situation in Mexico and the environment where the laws of expropriation came into effect. A newsletter of the Trens Agency regarding the economic difficulties in the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs and especially in the consular service. It exposes that the Secretariat has begun a comprehensive review of the records of the consular officers with the purpose of knowing those who can be dismissed. Pages of the newspaper: El Universal of September 26, 1932 containing a note informing that Fernando Torreblanca, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs has been commissioned by former President Pascual Ortiz Rubio to carry out special duties in Europe, but that recently inaugurated President Abelardo L. Rodriguez wanted him to stay in his appointed post. Newspaper LA OPINION of Los Angeles, California of September 29, 1932 contains a note about Fernando Torreblanca's stay at the Clinic of Monte Pelerin in Switzerland to recover from health issues and his visits to the consular offices accredited by several European countries. L'ECLAIREUR of Cannes, France April 13, 1933, contains a note about the arrival of Fernando Torreblanca to that city. (See newspaper library) / Recorte de prensa de EL UNIVERSAL referente a la excitativa que hizo el Gobernador de Baja California Norte, Gral. Agustín Olachea, a las fuerzas bajo su mando para que cooperen en la construcción del camino pavimentado que comunicará a Tijuana con Ensenada. Boletín radio-telegráfico de la Agencia Trens recibido por conducto del Consulado de México en Santander, España el 1 de julio de 1932. Contiene noticias de México como la entrada en vigor de la nueva Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito, la huelga que ha estallado del Ferrocarril Sudpacífico, la comunicación oficial que ha hecho Guatemala a México negando que el Presidente de dicho país, Jorge Ubico esté respaldando la conspiración contra el régimen de la República de El Salvador. Contiene también una nota de París referente a que Fernando Torreblanca, Subsecretario de Relaciones Exteriores y el Dr. Francisco Castillo Nájera, Ministro de México en Holanda, salieron rumbo a Ginebra donde representarán a su país como delegados en la Conferencia del Desarme. Editorial del periódico EL POPULAR del 13 de agosto de 1932 titulado "Rateros Vs. Liquidadores" referente a los extranjeros que vienen a México, unos a labrar su fortuna levantando industrias y sosteniendo a miles de obreros con su capital y esfuerzo personal y otros que llegan a México con el único objeto de deslizarse en una sociedad para minarla y liquidarla. Recorte de prensa en que aparece un mapa de Estados Unidos en el que se nota la improcedente derrota de los demócratas y el Presidente Hoover en las elecciones. Artículo en francés de Marc Chadourne intitulado "Quand les volcans sommeillent en Mexico", que se refiere a la situación política de México y al ambiente en el que se pusieron en vigor las leyes de expropiación. Boletín de la Agencia Trens referente a las dificultades económicas que existen en la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores y especialmente en el servicio consular. Expone que la Secretaría ha iniciado la revisión general de las hojas de servicios de los funcionarios consulares con objeto de ver de cuales se puede prescindir. Páginas de los periódicos: EL UNIVERSAL del 26 de septiembre de 1932, que contiene una nota informando que Fernando Torreblanca, Subsecretario de Relaciones Exteriores fue comisionado por el ex-Presidente Pascual Ortiz Rubio para desempeñar una comisión en Europa pero que el nuevo Presidente Abelardo L. Rodríguez acordó que continuara en su cargo. LA OPINION de Los Angeles, California, del 29 de septiembre de 1932, contiene una nota sobre el regreso de Fernando Torreblanca a la capital. EXCELSIOR del 22 de octubre de 1932, contiene una nota sobre la estancia de Fernando Torreblanca en la Clínica del Monte Pelerin en Suiza para recobrar su salud, y sobre las visitas que llevará a cabo a las oficinas diplomáticas acreditadas ante diversos países europeos. L'ECLAIREUR de Cannes, Francia del 13 de abril de 1933, contiene una nota sobre la llegada de Fernando Torreblanca a esa ciudad (Ver Hemeroteca).

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Objective: To explore genetic and lifestyle risk factors of MRI-defined brain infarcts (BI) in large population-based cohorts. Methods We performed meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and examined associations of vascular risk factors and their genetic risk scores (GRS) with MRI-defined BI and a subset of BI, namely, small subcortical BI (SSBI), in 18 population-based cohorts (n=20,949) from 5 ethnicities (3,726 with BI, 2,021 with SSBI). Top loci were followed up in 7 population-based cohorts (n = 6,862; 1,483 with BI, 630 with SBBI), and we tested associations with related phenotypes including ischemic stroke and pathologically defined BI. Results: The mean prevalence was 17.7% for BI and 10.5% for SSBI, steeply rising after age 65. Two loci showed genome-wide significant association with BI: FBN2, p = 1.77 × 10-8; and LINC00539/ZDHHC20, p = 5.82 × 10-9. Both have been associated with blood pressure (BP)-related phenotypes, but did not replicate in the smaller follow-up sample or show associations with related phenotypes. Age- and sex-adjusted associations with BI and SSBI were observed for BP traits (p value for BI, p[BI] = 9.38 × 10-25; p [SSBI] = 5.23 × 10-14 for hypertension), smoking (p[BI]= 4.4 × 10-10; p [SSBI] = 1.2 × 10 -4), diabetes (p[BI] = 1.7 × 10 -8; p [SSBI] = 2.8 × 10 -3), previous cardiovascular disease (p [BI] = 1.0 × 10-18; p [SSBI] = 2.3 × 10-7), stroke (p [BI] = 3.9 × 10-69; p [SSBI] = 3.2 × 10 -24), and MRI-defined white matter hyperintensity burden (p [BI]=1.43 × 10-157; p [SSBI] = 3.16 × 10-106), but not with body mass index or cholesterol. GRS of BP traits were associated with BI and SSBI (p ≤ 0.0022), without indication of directional pleiotropy. Conclusion: In this multiethnic GWAS meta-analysis, including over 20,000 population-based participants, we identified genetic risk loci for BI requiring validation once additional large datasets become available. High BP, including genetically determined, was the most significant modifiable, causal risk factor for BI. ; CHAP: R01-AG-11101, R01-AG-030146, NIRP-14-302587. SMART: This study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research–Medical Sciences (project no. 904-65–095). LBC: The authors thank the LBC1936 participants and the members of the LBC1936 research team who collected and collated the phenotypic and genotypic data. The LBC1936 is supported by Age UK (Disconnected Mind Programme grant). The work was undertaken by The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). The brain imaging was performed in the Brain Research Imaging Centre (https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-sciences/edinburgh-imaging), a center in the SINAPSE Collaboration (sinapse.ac.uk) supported by the Scottish Funding Council and Chief Scientist Office. Funding from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the UK Medical Research Council is acknowledged. Genotyping was supported by a grant from the BBSRC (ref. BB/F019394/1). PROSPER: The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Prof. Dr. J.W. Jukema is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Support for genotyping was provided by the seventh framework program of the European commission (grant 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging grant 050-060-810). SCES and SiMES: National Medical Research Council Singapore Centre Grant NMRC/CG/013/2013. C.-Y.C. is supported by the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (CSA/033/2012), Singapore Translational Research Award (STaR) 2013. Dr. Kamran Ikram received additional funding from the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CSA/038/2013). SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania, and the network "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)" funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania. Whole-body MRI was supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. OATS (Older Australian Twins Study): OATS was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHRMC)/Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award (ID401162) and by a NHMRC grant (ID1045325). OATS was facilitated via access to the Australian Twin Registry, which is supported by the NHMRC Enabling Grant 310667. The OATS genotyping was partly supported by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. NOMAS: The Northern Manhattan Study is funded by the NIH grant "Stroke Incidence and Risk Factors in a Tri-Ethnic Region" (NINDS R01NS 29993). TASCOG: NHMRC and Heart Foundation. AGES: The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (N01-AG-12100), Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament), with contributions from the Intramural Research Programs at the NIA, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (Z01 HL004607-08 CE). ERF: The ERF study as a part of European Special Populations Research Network (EUROSPAN) was supported by European Commission FP6 STRP grant no. 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by a joint grant from Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). Exome sequencing analysis in ERF was supported by the ZonMw grant (project 91111025). Najaf Amin is supported by the Netherlands Brain Foundation (project no. F2013[1]-28). ARIC: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study was performed as a collaborative study supported by NHLBI contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HSN268201100006C, HSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL70825, R01HL087641, R01HL59367, and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and NIH contract HHSN268200625226C. Infrastructure was partly supported by grant no. UL1RR025005, a component of the NIH and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. This project was also supported by NIH R01 grant NS087541 to M.F. FHS: This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (contracts no. N01-HC-25195 and no. HHSN268201500001I), and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc. for genotyping services (contract no. N02-HL-6-4278). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. This study was also supported by grants from the NIA (R01s AG033040, AG033193, AG054076, AG049607, AG008122, and U01-AG049505) and the NINDS (R01-NS017950, UH2 NS100605). Dr. DeCarli is supported by the Alzheimer's Disease Center (P30 AG 010129). ASPS: The research reported in this article was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant nos. P20545-P05, P13180, and P20545-B05, by the Austrian National Bank Anniversary Fund, P15435, and the Austrian Ministry of Science under the aegis of the EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) (jpnd.eu). LLS: The Leiden Longevity Study has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2011) under grant agreement no. 259679. This study was supported by a grant from the Innovation-Oriented Research Program on Genomics (SenterNovem IGE05007), the Centre for Medical Systems Biology, and the Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (grant 050-060-810), all in the framework of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), UnileverColworth, and by BBMRI-NL, a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). CHS: This CHS research was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC15103, and HHSN268200960009C and grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, R01HL085251, and R01HL130114 from the NHLBI with additional contribution from NINDS. Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the NIA. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org. The provision of genotyping data was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR001881, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Rotterdam Study: The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study is supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) Investments (no. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/NWO project no. 050-060-810. The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus MC Medical Center and Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. M.A.I. is supported by an NWO Veni grant (916.13.054). The 3-City Study: The 3-City Study is conducted under a partnership agreement among the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the University of Bordeaux, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study is also supported by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Programme "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques." C.T. and S.D. have received investigator-initiated research funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) and from the Fondation Leducq. S.D. is supported by a starting grant from the European Research Council (SEGWAY), a grant from the Joint Programme of Neurodegenerative Disease research (BRIDGET), from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 643417 & No 640643, and by the Initiative of Excellence of Bordeaux University. Part of the computations were performed at the Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center (CBiB), University of Bordeaux. This work was supported by the National Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, the Institut Pasteur de Lille, the Labex DISTALZ, and the Centre National de Génotypage. ADGC: The Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium is supported by NIH. NIH-NIA supported this work through the following grants: ADGC, U01 AG032984, RC2 AG036528; NACC, U01 AG016976; NCRAD, U24 AG021886; NIA LOAD, U24 AG026395, U24 AG026390; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, P30 AG019610; Boston University, P30 AG013846, U01 AG10483, R01 CA129769, R01 MH080295, R01 AG017173, R01 AG025259, R01AG33193; Columbia University, P50 AG008702, R37 AG015473; Duke University, P30 AG028377, AG05128; Emory University, AG025688; Group Health Research Institute, UO1 AG06781, UO1 HG004610; Indiana University, P30 AG10133; Johns Hopkins University, P50 AG005146, R01 AG020688; Massachusetts General Hospital, P50 AG005134; Mayo Clinic, P50 AG016574; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, P50 AG005138, P01 AG002219; New York University, P30 AG08051, MO1RR00096, UL1 RR029893, 5R01AG012101, 5R01AG022374, 5R01AG013616, 1RC2AG036502, 1R01AG035137; Northwestern University, P30 AG013854; Oregon Health & Science University, P30 AG008017, R01 AG026916; Rush University, P30 AG010161, R01 AG019085, R01 AG15819, R01 AG17917, R01 AG30146; TGen, R01 NS059873; University of Alabama at Birmingham, P50 AG016582, UL1RR02777; University of Arizona, R01 AG031581; University of California, Davis, P30 AG010129; University of California, Irvine, P50 AG016573, P50, P50 AG016575, P50 AG016576, P50 AG016577; University of California, Los Angeles, P50 AG016570; University of California, San Diego, P50 AG005131; University of California, San Francisco, P50 AG023501, P01 AG019724; University of Kentucky, P30 AG028383, AG05144; University of Michigan, P50 AG008671; University of Pennsylvania, P30 AG010124; University of Pittsburgh, P50 AG005133, AG030653; University of Southern California, P50 AG005142; University of Texas Southwestern, P30 AG012300; University of Miami, R01 AG027944, AG010491, AG027944, AG021547, AG019757; University of Washington, P50 AG005136; Vanderbilt University, R01 AG019085; and Washington University, P50 AG005681, P01 AG03991. The Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank at Duke University Medical Center is funded by NINDS grant NS39764, NIMH MH60451, and by GlaxoSmithKline. Genotyping of the TGEN2 cohort was supported by Kronos Science. The TGen series was also funded by NIA grant AG041232, the Banner Alzheimer's Foundation, The Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer's Institute, the Medical Research Council, and the state of Arizona and also includes samples from the following sites: Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource (funding via the Medical Research Council [MRC], local NHS trusts, and Newcastle University), MRC London Brain Bank for Neurodegenerative Diseases (funding via the Medical Research Council), South West Dementia Brain Bank (funding via numerous sources including the Higher Education Funding Council for England [HEFCE], Alzheimer's Research Trust [ART], BRACE, as well as North Bristol NHS Trust Research and Innovation Department and DeNDRoN), The Netherlands Brain Bank (funding via numerous sources including Stichting MS Research, Brain Net Europe, Hersenstichting Nederland Breinbrekend Werk, International Parkinson Fonds, Internationale Stiching Alzheimer Onderzoek), Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patologica, and Universitat de Barcelona). ADNI: Funding for ADNI is through the Northern California Institute for Research and Education by grants from Abbott, AstraZeneca AB, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai Global Clinical Development, Elan Corporation, Genentech, GE Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Innogenetics, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly and Co., Medpace, Inc., Merck and Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Schering-Plough, Synarc, Inc., Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, the Dana Foundation, and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and NIA grants U01 AG024904, RC2 AG036535, and K01 AG030514. Support was also provided by the Alzheimer's Association (LAF, IIRG-08-89720; MAP-V, IIRG-05-14147) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Administration, Office of Research and Development, Biomedical Laboratory Research Program. SiGN: Stroke Genetic Network (SiGN) was supported in part by award nos. U01NS069208 and R01NS100178 from NINDS. Genetics of Early-Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study was supported by the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI) grant U01 HG004436, as part of the GENEVA consortium under GEI, with additional support provided by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (P30 DK072488); and the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and the Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to Johns Hopkins University (contract no. HHSN268200782096C). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG 004446; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and assembly of datasets were supported by a Cooperative Agreement with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and by grants from NINDS and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (R01 NS45012, U01 NS069208-01). METASTROKE: ASGC: Australian population control data were derived from the Hunter Community Study. This research was funded by grants from the Australian National and Medical Health Research Council (NHMRC Project Grant ID: 569257), the Australian National Heart Foundation (NHF Project Grant ID: G 04S 1623), the University of Newcastle, the Gladys M Brawn Fellowship scheme, and the Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation in Australia. E.G.H. was supported by a Fellowship from the NHF and National Stroke Foundation of Australia (ID: 100071). J.M. was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award. BRAINS: Bio-Repository of DNA in Stroke (BRAINS) is partly funded by a Senior Fellowship from the Department of Health (UK) to P.S., the Henry Smith Charity, and the UK-India Education Research Institutive (UKIERI) from the British Council. GEOS: Genetics of Early Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study, Baltimore, was supported by GEI Grant U01 HG004436, as part of the GENEVA consortium under GEI, with additional support provided by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (P30 DK072488), and the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and the Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to the Johns Hopkins University (contract no. HHSN268200782096C). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG 004446; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and assembly of datasets were supported by a Cooperative Agreement with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and by grants from NINDS and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (R01 NS45012, U01 NS069208-01). HPS: Heart Protection Study (HPS) (ISRCTN48489393) was supported by the UK MRC, British Heart Foundation, Merck and Co. (manufacturers of simvastatin), and Roche Vitamins Ltd. (manufacturers of vitamins). Genotyping was supported by a grant to Oxford University and CNG from Merck and Co. J.C.H. acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation (FS/14/55/30806). ISGS: Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study (ISGS)/Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH project Z01 AG-000954-06. ISGS/SWISS used samples and clinical data from the NIH-NINDS Human Genetics Resource Center DNA and Cell Line Repository (ccr.coriell.org/ninds), human subjects protocol nos. 2003-081 and 2004-147. ISGS/SWISS used stroke-free participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) as controls. The inclusion of BLSA samples was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH project Z01 AG-000015-50, human subjects protocol no. 2003-078. The ISGS study was funded by NIH-NINDS Grant R01 NS-42733 (J.F.M.). The SWISS study was funded by NIH-NINDS Grant R01 NS-39987 (J.F.M.). This study used the high-performance computational capabilities of the Biowulf Linux cluster at the NIH (biowulf.nih.gov). MGH-GASROS: MGH Genes Affecting Stroke Risk and Outcome Study (MGH-GASROS) was supported by NINDS (U01 NS069208), the American Heart Association/Bugher Foundation Centers for Stroke Prevention Research 0775010N, the NIH and NHLBI's STAMPEED genomics research program (R01 HL087676), and a grant from the National Center for Research Resources. The Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis is supported by grant U54 RR020278 from the National Center for Research resources. Milan: Milano–Besta Stroke Register Collection and genotyping of the Milan cases within CEDIR were supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (grant nos.: RC 2007/LR6, RC 2008/LR6; RC 2009/LR8; RC 2010/LR8; GR-2011-02347041), FP6 LSHM-CT-2007-037273 for the PROCARDIS control samples. WTCCC2: Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2) was principally funded by the Wellcome Trust, as part of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 project (085475/B/08/Z and 085475/Z/08/Z and WT084724MA). The Stroke Association provided additional support for collection of some of the St George's, London cases. The Oxford cases were collected as part of the Oxford Vascular Study, which is funded by the MRC, Stroke Association, Dunhill Medical Trust, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford. The Edinburgh Stroke Study was supported by the Wellcome Trust (clinician scientist award to C.L.M.S.) and the Binks Trust. Sample processing occurred in the Genetics Core Laboratory of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. Much of the neuroimaging occurred in the Scottish Funding Council Brain Imaging Research Centre (https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-sciences/edinburgh-imaging), Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, a core area of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, and part of the SINAPSE (Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence) collaboration (sinapse.ac.uk), funded by the Scottish Funding Council and the Chief Scientist Office. Collection of the Munich cases and data analysis was supported by the Vascular Dementia Research Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no. 666881, SVDs@target (to M.D.) and no. 667375, CoSTREAM (to M.D.); the DFG as part of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 1010 SyNergy) and the CRC 1123 (B3) (to M.D.); the Corona Foundation (to M.D.); the Fondation Leducq (Transatlantic Network of Excellence on the Pathogenesis of Small Vessel Disease of the Brain) (to M.D.); the e:Med program (e:AtheroSysMed) (to M.D.) and the FP7/2007-2103 European Union project CVgenes@target (grant agreement no. Health-F2-2013-601456) (to M.D.). M.F. and A.H. acknowledge support from the BHF Centre of Research Excellence in Oxford and the Wellcome Trust core award (090532/Z/09/Z). VISP: The GWAS component of the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) study was supported by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), grant U01 HG005160 (PI Michèle Sale and Bradford Worrall), as part of the Genomics and Randomized Trials Network (GARNET). Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to Johns Hopkins University. Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and collection of datasets for the VISP clinical trial were supported by an investigator-initiated research grant (R01 NS34447; PI James Toole) from the US Public Health Service, NINDS, Bethesda, MD. Control data obtained through the database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGAP) maintained and supported by the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine. WHI: Funding support for WHI-GARNET was provided through the NHGRI GARNET (grant no. U01 HG005152). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157). Funding support for genotyping, which was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, was provided by the GEI (U01 HG004424). R.L. is a senior clinical investigator of FWO Flanders. F.W.A. is supported by a Dekker scholarship-Junior Staff Member 2014T001–Netherlands Heart Foundation and UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. ; Peer Reviewed

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions and COST, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMBWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, FAPERGS, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, PUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); NKFIA (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); MES (Latvia); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MOS (Montenegro); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR, and NRC KI (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI, and FEDER (Spain); MOSTR (Sri Lanka); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (U.S.A.). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formationa la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the \Excellence of Science -EOS"-be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z191100007219010; the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany's Excellence Strategy | EXC 2121 "Quantum Universe" | 390833306; the Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme and the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program UNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Education, grant no. 14.W03.31.0026 (Russia); the Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program and "Nauka" Project FSWW-2020-0008 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Mara de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Kavli Foundation; the Nvidia Corporation; the SuperMicro Corporation; the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.). In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. In particular, the support from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 fa-cilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large nonWLCG resource providers is acknowledged gratefully. Major contributors of ATLAS computing resources are listed in ref. [57]. ; The combination of measurements of the W boson polarization in top quark decays performed by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations is presented. The measurements are based on proton-proton collision data produced at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 20 fb−1 for each experiment. The measurements used events containing one lepton and having different jet multiplicities in the final state. The results are quoted as fractions of W bosons with longitudinal (F0), left-handed (FL), or right-handed (FR) polarizations. The resulting combined measurements of the polarization fractions are F0 = 0.693 ± 0.014 and FL = 0.315 ± 0.011. The fraction FR is calculated from the unitarity constraint to be FR = −0.008 ± 0.007. These results are in agreement with the standard model predictions at next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics and represent an improvement in precision of 25 (29)% for F0 (FL) with respect to the most precise single measurement. A limit on anomalous right-handed vector (VR), and left- and right-handed tensor (gL, gR) tWb couplings is set while fixing all others to their standard model values. The allowed regions are [−0.11, 0.16] for VR, [−0.08, 0.05] for gL, and [−0.04, 0.02] for gR, at 95% confidence level. Limits on the corresponding Wilson coefficients are also derived. ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; ANPCyT ; YerPhI, Armenia ; Australian Research Council ; BMWFW, Austria ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) ; SSTC, Belarus ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias ; DNRF, Denmark ; Danish Natural Science Research Council ; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Max Planck Society ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; Israel Science Foundation ; Benoziyo Center, Israel ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; CNRST, Morocco ; RCN, Norway ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; NCN, Poland ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; NRC KI, Russian Federation ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; MIZS, Slovenia ; MINECO, Spain ; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, Switzerland ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; BCKDF, Canada ; CANARIE, Canada ; CRC, Canada ; European Research Council (ERC) ; European Union (EU) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Greek NSRF, Greece ; BSF-NSF, Israel ; German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development ; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain ; PROMETEO Programme Generalitat Valenciana, Spain ; Royal Society of London ; Leverhulme Trust ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO ; CAPES ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; CSF (Croatia) ; SENESCYT (Ecuador) ; MoER, (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland ; Spanish Government ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; HGF (Germany) ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; NKFIA (Hungary) ; Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science Foundation Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; MES (Latvia) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; BUAP (Mexico) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology ; JINR (Dubna) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI (Spain) ; MOSTR (Sri Lanka) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) ; Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey ; NASU (Ukraine) ; Horizon 2020 Grant: 675440; 752730; 765710 ; Leventis Foundation ; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT) ; FWO 30820817 ; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission Z191100007219010 ; Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic ; German Research Foundation (DFG) EXC 2121 390833306 ; Lendulet ("Momentum") Programme ; Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; New National Excellence Program UNKP ; NKFIA (Hungary) 123842 123959 124845 124850 125105 128713 128786 129058 ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Ministry of Science and Education (Russia) 14.W03.31.0026 ; Tomsk Polytechnic University Competitiveness Enhancement Program (Russia) ; "Nauka" Project (Russia) FSWW-2020-0008 ; Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica de Excelencia Mara de Maeztu MDM-2015-0509 ; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; Thalis program ; Aristeia program ; Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Kavli Foundation ; Nvidia Corporation ; SuperMicro Corporation ; The Welch Foundation C-1845 ; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.) ; NRC, Canada ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology, China ; SRNSFG, Georgia ; HGF, Germany ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) ; Netherlands Government ; MES of Russia ; JINR ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; SRC, Sweden ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland ; Compute Canada, Canada ; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions ; COST, European Union ; Herakleitos program ; Thales program ; EU-ESF, Greece ; Goran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden ; BMBWF (Austria) ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; MSES (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; Estonian Research Council ; PUT (Estonia) ; HIP (Finland) ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; IPM (Iran) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; LNS (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; MOS (Montenegro) ; NSC (Poland) ; MON (Russia) ; NRC KI (Russia) ; CPAN (Spain) ; PCTI (Spain) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand)

Following a largely preordained election, Vladimir Putin was sworn in last week for another six-year term as president of Russia. Putin's victory has, of course, been met with accusations of fraud and political interference, factors that help explain his 87.3% vote share. If this continuation of Putin's 24-year-long hold on power makes one thing clear, it's that he and his regime will not be going anywhere for the foreseeable future. But, as his war in Ukraine continues with no clear end in sight, what is less clear is how Washington plans to deal with this reality.Experts say Washington needs to start projecting a long-term strategy toward Russia and its war in Ukraine, wielding its political leverage to apply pressure on Putin and push for more diplomacy aimed at ending the conflict. Only by looking beyond short-term solutions can Washington realistically move the needle in Ukraine.Since Russia's full-scale invasion, the U.S. has focused on getting aid to Ukraine to help it win back all of its pre-2014 territory, a goal complicated by Kyiv's systemic shortages of munitions and manpower. But that response neglects a more strategic approach to the war, according to Andrew Weiss of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, who spoke in a recent panel hosted by Carnegie. "There is a vortex of emergency planning that people have been, unfortunately, sucked into for the better part of two years since the intelligence first arrived in the fall of 2021," Weiss said. "And so the urgent crowds out the strategic." Historian Stephen Kotkin, for his part, says preserving Ukraine's sovereignty is critical. However, the apparent focus on regaining territory, pushed by the U.S., is misguided. "Wars are never about regaining territory. It's about the capacity to fight and the will to fight. And if Russia has the capacity to fight and Ukraine takes back territory, Russia won't stop fighting," Kotkin said in a podcast on the Wall Street Journal.And it appears Russia does have the capacity. The number of troops and weapons at Russia's disposal far exceeds Ukraine's, and Russian leaders spend twice as much on defense as their Ukrainian counterparts. Ukraine will need a continuous supply of aid from the West to continue to match up to Russia. And while aid to Ukraine is important, Kotkin says, so is a clear plan for determining the preferred outcome of the war.The U.S. may be better served by using the significant political leverage it has over Russia to shape a long-term outcome in its favor. George Beebe of the Quincy Institute, which publishes Responsible Statecraft, says that Russia's primary concerns and interests do not end with Ukraine. Moscow is fundamentally concerned about the NATO alliance and the threat it may pose to Russian internal stability. Negotiations and dialogue about the bounds and limits of NATO and Russia's powers, therefore, are critical to the broader conflict. This is a process that is not possible without the U.S. and Europe. "That means by definition, we have some leverage," Beebe says. To this point, Kotkin says the strength of the U.S. and its allies lies in their political influence — where they are much more powerful than Russia — rather than on the battlefield. Leveraging this influence will be a necessary tool in reaching an agreement that is favorable to the West's interests, "one that protects the United States, protects its allies in Europe, that preserves an independent Ukraine, but also respects Russia's core security interests there."In Kotkin's view, this would mean pushing for an armistice that ends the fighting on the ground and preserves Ukrainian sovereignty, meaning not legally acknowledging Russia's possession of the territory they have taken during the war. Then, negotiations can proceed. Beebe adds that a treaty on how conventional forces can be used in Europe will be important, one that establishes limits on where and how militaries can be deployed. "[Russia] need[s] some understanding with the West about what we're all going to agree to rule out in terms of interference in the other's domestic affairs," Beebe said. Critical to these objectives is dialogue with Putin, which Beebe says Washington has not done enough to facilitate. U.S. officials have stated publicly that they do not plan to meet with Putin. The U.S. rejected Putin's most recent statements of his willingness to negotiate, which he expressed in an interview with Tucker Carlson in February, citing skepticism that Putin has any genuine intentions of ending the war. "Despite Mr. Putin's words, we have seen no actions to indicate he is interested in ending this war. If he was, he would pull back his forces and stop his ceaseless attacks on Ukraine," a spokesperson for the White House's National Security Council said in response. But neither side has been open to serious communication. Biden and Putin haven't met to engage in meaningful talks about the war since it began, their last meeting taking place before the war began in the summer of 2021 in Geneva. Weiss says the U.S. should make it clear that those lines of communication are open. "Any strategy that involves diplomatic outreach also has to be sort of undergirded by serious resolve and a sense that we're not going anywhere," Weiss said.An end to the war will be critical to long-term global stability. Russia will remain a significant player on the world stage, Beebe explains, considering it is the world's largest nuclear power and a leading energy producer. It is therefore ultimately in the U.S. and Europe's interests to reach a relationship "that combines competitive and cooperative elements, and where we find a way to manage our differences and make sure that they don't spiral into very dangerous military confrontation," he says. As two major global superpowers, the U.S. and Russia need to find a way to share the world. Only genuine, long-term planning can ensure that Washington will be able to shape that future in its best interests.

The people of Gaza are facing one of the worst man-made famines in recent history.The combined effects of bombing, displacement, and blockade have driven an already vulnerable population into severe, widespread hunger. This is not some accidental byproduct of conflict. Critics like Human Rights Watch charge that it is the result of a deliberate Israeli government policy to punish the entire population of Palestinians in Gaza for the crimes of Hamas. Now we are seeing the calamitous consequences of that policy for more than two million people, 90% of whom have been displaced from their homes over the last three months.Last month, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) initiative released a report on Gaza warning that a quarter of the population is now in the worst, catastrophic phase and that the entire population is highly food insecure and at risk of famine. According to the report, this is the highest level of acute food insecurity that the IPC has ever measured in a particular territory. Case in point: everywhere else in the world, there are roughly 130,000 people in IPC 5, the catastrophic phase, and in Gaza there are more than half a million. Arif Hussain of the World Food Program told the New York Times earlier this month, "I've been to pretty much any conflict, whether Yemen, whether it was South Sudan, northeast Nigeria, Ethiopia, you name it. And I have never seen anything like this, both in terms of its scale, its magnitude, but also at the pace that this has unfolded." The WFP says that almost every Palestinian in Gaza is going more than a day without eating anything, and when there is an opportunity to eat, there is only a tiny amount to be split among extended families. According to reliable news reports, food is so scarce that people resort to eating whatever spoiled and rancid food they are able to find. Mothers with infants are so malnourished that they cannot nurse their babies, and what little food there is has become prohibitively expensive. The blockade of commercial imports means there is no way to meet the basic needs of the population. In northern Gaza, where infrastructure has been wiped out and aid deliveries are impossible, conditions are even worse than in the rest of the Strip. The UN emergency relief coordinator, Martin Griffiths, has said, "Gaza has simply become uninhabitable. Its people are witnessing daily threats to their very existence – while the world watches on."The Israeli government's policies are creating this disaster. Based on its analysis of Israeli government actions and official statements since October 7, Human Rights Watch has concluded that the Israeli government is using starvation as a weapon of war, which is a war crime under the Geneva Conventions. The New York Times quoted Omar Shakir, Human Rights Watch's Israel and Palestine director, "For over two months, Israel has been depriving Gaza's population of food and water, a policy spurred on or endorsed by high-ranking Israeli officials and reflecting an intent to starve civilians as a method of warfare." The Israeli government denies the charges that it is hindering aid, and points to the deliveries that have been let in, but this defense strains credulity. The small amount of food and fuel that is allowed in must first go through a laborious, time-consuming inspection process, and the aid that makes it through is insufficient to meet the needs of millions of uprooted people in a territory otherwise cut off from the outside world. Scholar Alex de Waal wrote in a new article that "the catastrophic humanitarian crisis in Gaza is a deliberate act. Gaza is a starvation crime scene." He explains that "[t]he rigor, scale and speed of the destruction of OIS [objects indispensable to survival] and enforcement of the siege surpasses any other case of man-made famine in the last 75 years." De Waal has written an important history of modern famine, Mass Starvation, in which he wrote about the recent atrocity famines that have been created in this century in Yemen, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, Nigeria, Syria, and Somalia. The U.S. government response to what is a new "atrocity famine" in Gaza has been poor and inadequate. Secretary of State Antony Blinken was in Israel Tuesday, and acknowledged the need for aid to get in and said that there "far too many" deaths in Gaza. But he did not assign blame to Israel and like all administration rhetoric, would not put any weight behind it. Continued unconditional support for Israel's military campaign and Washington's stubborn opposition to any resolution calling for a ceasefire at the U.N. have meant that there is little or no pressure on the Israeli government to change course. As Israel's principal patron and arms supplier, the U.S. bears significant responsibility for both the campaign and the policy of collective punishment to which it belongs. The only way to avert large-scale loss of life from hunger and disease in Gaza is an immediate ceasefire and a lifting of the siege. The longer it takes to secure a ceasefire, the more innocent people in Gaza will die preventable deaths. Staving off famine in Gaza should be Washington's top priority. If the U.S. does not act in time, it will be a black mark on our national reputation and one of the greatest foreign policy failures in our history.In Biden's first year as president, the State Department made the unpopular move of reversing the previous administration's designation of Ansar Allah, a.k.a., the Houthis, as a terrorist organization. The decision to remove the Houthis from the list of terrorist organizations was done because of the threat of famine to Yemeni civilians that the designation had created. The administration made the right call then to preserve the lives of innocent civilians, and it must do so again now.