Suchergebnisse

Si bien en la Argentina poseemos una inmigración desde el África subsahariana a partir de fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, como la de los sudafricanos y los caboverdeanos, esta nueva inmigración, de la última década del siglo XX y la primera del XXI, que llega desde Senegal, Nigeria, Camerún, Ghana, entre otros países, aparece en un contexto histórico y político diferente, enfrentada a regímenes jurídicos y estatutos administrativos cada vez más restrictivos, enmarcada en la creciente globalización de la economía.Este trabajo constituye una parte de los primeros resultados de la investigación iniciada en el año 2009 sobre esta migración desde una perspectiva antropológica, sumando los aportes que nos brindan la historia, la ciencia política y la demografía –entre otras disciplinas–, haciendo uso de los materiales producidos por científicos sociales africanos y no africanos, con el convencimiento de que en el diálogo de miradas se pueden superar las propias limitaciones. ; Even though in Argentina we have immigrants from Sub Saharan Africa arriving at the end of the Nineteenth Century and beginning of the Twentieth Century such as those from South Africa and Cape Verde, this new immigration from Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, among other countries, during the last decade of the Twentieth Century and first decade of the Twenty-first Century appears in a different historical and political context. This new migration is facing legal regimes and increasingly restrictive administrative by-laws, framed in the growing economic globalization.This work is part of the first results of a research on this migration from an anthropological perspective. This study, which began in 2009, takes into account contributions made by history, political sciences, demography, among other disciplines, making use of articles written by African and Non-African social scientists. We are convinced that in this exchange of views our limitations may be overcome.

Si bien en la Argentina poseemos una inmigración desde el África subsahariana a partir de fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, como la de los sudafricanos y los caboverdeanos, esta nueva inmigración, de la última década del siglo XX y la primera del XXI, que llega desde Senegal, Nigeria, Camerún, Ghana, entre otros países, aparece en un contexto histórico y político diferente, enfrentada a regímenes jurídicos y estatutos administrativos cada vez más restrictivos, enmarcada en la creciente globalización de la economía.Este trabajo constituye una parte de los primeros resultados de la investigación iniciada en el año 2009 sobre esta migración desde una perspectiva antropológica, sumando los aportes que nos brindan la historia, la ciencia política y la demografía –entre otras disciplinas–, haciendo uso de los materiales producidos por científicos sociales africanos y no africanos, con el convencimiento de que en el diálogo de miradas se pueden superar las propias limitaciones. ; Even though in Argentina we have immigrants from Sub Saharan Africa arriving at the end of the Nineteenth Century and beginning of the Twentieth Century such as those from South Africa and Cape Verde, this new immigration from Senegal, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, among other countries, during the last decade of the Twentieth Century and first decade of the Twenty-first Century appears in a different historical and political context. This new migration is facing legal regimes and increasingly restrictive administrative by-laws, framed in the growing economic globalization.This work is part of the first results of a research on this migration from an anthropological perspective. This study, which began in 2009, takes into account contributions made by history, political sciences, demography, among other disciplines, making use of articles written by African and Non-African social scientists. We are convinced that in this exchange of views our limitations may be overcome.

The first part of the paper shows that Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohia), like other Former Yugoslav states, still has not entered 'the second demographic transition', even though the decline of the universality of marriage has been registered. Instead of behavioral shift towards postmodern, individualised types and forms of unions, the population of contemporary Serbia resorts to the strategy of passive adaptation to persisting structural barriers, which, in the aggregate, are manifested through: the postponement of marriage and ageing of fertility, practical absence of serial monogamies (high-ranking marriages), with the increase of enlarged family households, while on a demographic level, it causes familiar aggravating effects: long-lasting low fertility rates, negative population growth, depopulation and intensive ageing. Such demographic development has been occurring in a specific context of slow social transformation and globalisation (European and global integration). By making reference to the relevant socio-demographic literature and empirical research (national and international), the second part of the paper examines the hypothesis about relation between the 'decline' of traditional family and possible increase of fertility. We wonder whether the acceleration of the individualisation of marriage and family could be one of potential (unused) ways of rehabilitation of procreation in the forthcoming period, with determined generators of these processes, such as: modifications in the sense of gender equality/flexibility and decrease of the strict intergenerational cohesion, for the purpose of accepting different, pro-active and personally accountable pattern of life? This is the latest innovation in modern, interdisciplinary demography, which relevant authors created on the basis of the analysis of abundant empirical records. Finally, the purpose of this paper is not to disregard the significance of practical policies (population, social, housing, health care and others), which the author of this paper supports, but to point out some indirect means of their more efficient implementation. .

With the end of armed struggle in Sri Lanka, there will be now more pressure and anxiety among the thousands of Sri Lankan Tamil expatriates, especially living in the West. As most of them are refugees or asylum seekers, Western countries might intensity their repatriation attempts and can compel them to return home. Sri Lankan Tamil refugees, who formed the largest part of the expatriate population after 1983 Sri Lanka riots, have established themselves comfortably, particularly in Canada, Western Europe and Australia. Since the 1980s, alliance between the Colombo refugee agencies and European mafia has been reported numerous times. Though the Western governments responded with stricter repatriation policies, many Sri Lankan Tamils still managed to escape from their legal grip and continued staying in the West. Through appeals, protests and demonstrations, they tried convincing the Western governments of the human rights violations done by the Sri Lankan government. The Sri Lankan Tamil asylum-seekers also employed eccentric methods when they were detained by hard-line asylum policies in the respective countries. The multidimensionality of relations outside Sri Lanka has further helped in their migration and settlement. The post-1983 scenario created a setting to live an accomplished family and community life for the Sri Lankan Tamils by which they could constantly keep in touch with their relations, friends and culture, just like in homeland. Being born and bred outside Sri Lanka, the second generation Tamils, though curious about their traditions and customs, they are culturally more of West than Tamil. The Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in the West has political and economic interests in Sri Lanka. However, not more than five per cent Tamil diaspora population is willing to return home. In such a scenario, the earlier conditions during deportation might revive. The Tamils may use their escape mechanisms to sustain in the West. In the light of this analysis, time has come to reconsider the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora's profile, demography and settlement pattern.

Colloque non encore publié ; First results of a CNRS research program about ecological engineering operation which took place in 2007-2009, this text deals with nature management on the French Guyana coast and focuses on the Conservatoire du Littoral (CL), a public agency in charge of the protection of coastal areas. Since its creation in 1975, the CL has become the first landlord of coastal zones in all the French territories, protecting natural areas and landscapes in most cases from urbanisation. Dealing with local stakeholders to undertake nature management in its properties, the nature management system initiated by the CL is a mix between top-down and bottom-up territorial action. In a context of a falling public authoritary, the Guyana coast gives the opportunity to study how the CL is dealing with local stakeholders when political and cultural issues are very far away from its own 2005-2050 long term strategy initiated in the French metropolis. Even though the CL's legitimacy is defined by the state laws, its action is sometimes made difficult by a dynamic demography, identity struggles, cultural complaints and international scale ecological issues, limiting the social acceptance and actual realisation of nature protection and management. Nevertheless, the public agency keeps re-assessing its legitimacy in the local context, and shows its own ability not only to keep the system working – however difficult the relation with stakeholders may be – but also to build a pragmatic and original project. Indeed, the management and development plan analysis and the stakeholders' discourse database reveal the beginning of a governance under construction. In order to reinforce the social acceptance of nature protection, natural areas are often proposed as public spaces where ecotourism practices are systematically promoted. But is that model ecologically and socially efficient? ; Cet article s'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme ...

Colloque non encore publié ; First results of a CNRS research program about ecological engineering operation which took place in 2007-2009, this text deals with nature management on the French Guyana coast and focuses on the Conservatoire du Littoral (CL), a public agency in charge of the protection of coastal areas. Since its creation in 1975, the CL has become the first landlord of coastal zones in all the French territories, protecting natural areas and landscapes in most cases from urbanisation. Dealing with local stakeholders to undertake nature management in its properties, the nature management system initiated by the CL is a mix between top-down and bottom-up territorial action. In a context of a falling public authoritary, the Guyana coast gives the opportunity to study how the CL is dealing with local stakeholders when political and cultural issues are very far away from its own 2005-2050 long term strategy initiated in the French metropolis. Even though the CL's legitimacy is defined by the state laws, its action is sometimes made difficult by a dynamic demography, identity struggles, cultural complaints and international scale ecological issues, limiting the social acceptance and actual realisation of nature protection and management. Nevertheless, the public agency keeps re-assessing its legitimacy in the local context, and shows its own ability not only to keep the system working – however difficult the relation with stakeholders may be – but also to build a pragmatic and original project. Indeed, the management and development plan analysis and the stakeholders' discourse database reveal the beginning of a governance under construction. In order to reinforce the social acceptance of nature protection, natural areas are often proposed as public spaces where ecotourism practices are systematically promoted. But is that model ecologically and socially efficient? ; Cet article s'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme ...

Colloque non encore publié ; First results of a CNRS research program about ecological engineering operation which took place in 2007-2009, this text deals with nature management on the French Guyana coast and focuses on the Conservatoire du Littoral (CL), a public agency in charge of the protection of coastal areas. Since its creation in 1975, the CL has become the first landlord of coastal zones in all the French territories, protecting natural areas and landscapes in most cases from urbanisation. Dealing with local stakeholders to undertake nature management in its properties, the nature management system initiated by the CL is a mix between top-down and bottom-up territorial action. In a context of a falling public authoritary, the Guyana coast gives the opportunity to study how the CL is dealing with local stakeholders when political and cultural issues are very far away from its own 2005-2050 long term strategy initiated in the French metropolis. Even though the CL's legitimacy is defined by the state laws, its action is sometimes made difficult by a dynamic demography, identity struggles, cultural complaints and international scale ecological issues, limiting the social acceptance and actual realisation of nature protection and management. Nevertheless, the public agency keeps re-assessing its legitimacy in the local context, and shows its own ability not only to keep the system working – however difficult the relation with stakeholders may be – but also to build a pragmatic and original project. Indeed, the management and development plan analysis and the stakeholders' discourse database reveal the beginning of a governance under construction. In order to reinforce the social acceptance of nature protection, natural areas are often proposed as public spaces where ecotourism practices are systematically promoted. But is that model ecologically and socially efficient? ; Cet article s'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme ...

National audience ; In Europe, and in the Mediterranean area, large predators' populations (such as bear, wolf, lynx, or birds of prey) either disappeared or greatly regressed during the 19th and first part of 20th century due to their eradication. Their reappearance, as a result either of conservation of remainder populations, spontaneous migrations or active reintroduction, and their protection under the Bern Convention framework, has repercussions on wildlife as well as on human activities. On one hand, large predators contribute to the balance of the ecosystem by their place in the trophic chain and the regulation of the demography of other species, as well as they may enhance the attractiveness of the region. On the other hand, they may be perceived as direct threats by the population, as competitors by the hunters, or as predators of the livestock by the farmers, and particularly by sheep and goat breeders, the consequences on the livestock varying depending on the local context and sheepherding techniques. This situation results in conflicts between the different stakeholders, which are often unresolved. This paper examines the underlying values (well-being, autonomy, justice) supported by the different stakeholders (small ruminants, breeders, rural population, hunters, ecologists, urban population, authorities, ecosystem, predators), on the basis of an ethical matrix, and explores ways of resolving these conflicts on the basis of the discussion ethics praised by Habermas. ; En Europe et dans le bassin méditerranéen, les populations de grands prédateurs (ours, loup, lynx ou oiseaux de proie) ont soit disparu, soit fortement régressé durant le 19ème ou la première moitié du 20ème siècle du fait de leur éradication. Leur réapparition, due à une politique de conservation, à des migrations spontanées ou à une réintroduction active, et leur protection dans le cadre de la Convention de Berne, ont des répercussions sur la faune sauvage ainsi que sur les activités humaines. Les grands prédateurs contribuent à ...

Проблемы адаптации вынужденных переселенцев встали перед научным сообществом в 90&х годах ХХ столетия и сохраняют актуальноcть до наших дней. Обеспечить полноценное вхождение в новую социальную среду, способствовать формированию их смысложизненных ориентаций возможно при условии внедрения психологической программы, начиная с первоначального этапа вынужденного переезда. Данная программа должна опираться на фундаментальные положения возрастной и педагогической психологии, современные достижения психологической науки. Основное внимание должно быть уделено людям зрелого возраста, так как именно от них в основном зависит качество жизни детей и людей старшего поколения. Учитывая контингент и возраст испытуемых, основной формой обучения является неформальное образование взрослых, в котором информационное обеспечение содержит ориентировочный и исполнительный компоненты. Данная статья посвящена изучению условий, разработке содержания программы, организации формирующего эксперимента и обсуждению результатов исследования. ; The theme of the article is meaning-vital orientations of forced migrants. This investigation is urgent topic for modern Russia as a great number of migrants, forced settlers, moved from neighboring abroad to Russia. How is their adaptation going on? What do these people feel? What supports are they required? Here are incomplete enumeration of questions, which are brought migrants' and society's attention to the problems. The importance of this investigation is conditioned by not all the social services, institutions prepared for such scale of migratory stream of people. There is a lack of understanding of particular importance of this process for demography, economical, social and political stabilization in our country. There is an absence of investigations, connected with establishing of psychological conditions for forming meaning-vital orientations of given contingent. Investigations in the same way demand historical, cultural, social investigations, pedagogical and acmeological analysis. Taking into account that every fifth inhabitant of our planet is a migrant, we have to make a close study of all processes, happening during the migration.

Colloque non encore publié ; First results of a CNRS research program about ecological engineering operation which took place in 2007-2009, this text deals with nature management on the French Guyana coast and focuses on the Conservatoire du Littoral (CL), a public agency in charge of the protection of coastal areas. Since its creation in 1975, the CL has become the first landlord of coastal zones in all the French territories, protecting natural areas and landscapes in most cases from urbanisation. Dealing with local stakeholders to undertake nature management in its properties, the nature management system initiated by the CL is a mix between top-down and bottom-up territorial action. In a context of a falling public authoritary, the Guyana coast gives the opportunity to study how the CL is dealing with local stakeholders when political and cultural issues are very far away from its own 2005-2050 long term strategy initiated in the French metropolis. Even though the CL's legitimacy is defined by the state laws, its action is sometimes made difficult by a dynamic demography, identity struggles, cultural complaints and international scale ecological issues, limiting the social acceptance and actual realisation of nature protection and management. Nevertheless, the public agency keeps re-assessing its legitimacy in the local context, and shows its own ability not only to keep the system working – however difficult the relation with stakeholders may be – but also to build a pragmatic and original project. Indeed, the management and development plan analysis and the stakeholders' discourse database reveal the beginning of a governance under construction. In order to reinforce the social acceptance of nature protection, natural areas are often proposed as public spaces where ecotourism practices are systematically promoted. But is that model ecologically and socially efficient? ; Cet article s'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme ...

Since independence in 1991, the Government of Tajikistan has embarked on a land reform program, which includes extensive farm restructuring. Given the demography of rural households in Tajikistan where the phenomenon of female-headed households is quite significant, women 's access to land and credit assumes special importance. To date, however, no thorough gender analysis of access to land and finance in Tajikistan has been conducted. As a result, there is insufficient gender disaggregated data to inform policy. It is not clear how effective the reforms are in addressing factors inhibiting women 's access to land and their ability to benefit from any changes. In addition, due to the lack of data, no comprehensive microeconomic study on access to finance has been done. Many Tajik women are sole heads of households and caretakers of their families as a direct consequence of war and migration. Migration in particular has a great impact on gender relations, gender division of labor, and gender roles with the possible empowerment or disempowerment of women left behind. Households headed by women in Tajikistan are 28.6 percent more likely to be poorer than those headed by men. Improving and securing access to land and ensuring the gender sensitivity of land reforms, therefore, has potential for improving the conditions of these vulnerable households. The reports propose several areas of action. While fostering women 's access to agricultural production can be considered a policy for improving basic welfare, access to finance is an important ingredient for increased productivity and farm growth (i.e., professionalization and potentially commercialization). Financial access opens up opportunities to diversify income generation beyond farming activities. Complementary initiatives for women 's empowerment support their access to productive assets and entrepreneurial standing in society, and may simultaneously lift women 's self-constraints in demand for finance.

National audience ; In Europe, and in the Mediterranean area, large predators' populations (such as bear, wolf, lynx, or birds of prey) either disappeared or greatly regressed during the 19th and first part of 20th century due to their eradication. Their reappearance, as a result either of conservation of remainder populations, spontaneous migrations or active reintroduction, and their protection under the Bern Convention framework, has repercussions on wildlife as well as on human activities. On one hand, large predators contribute to the balance of the ecosystem by their place in the trophic chain and the regulation of the demography of other species, as well as they may enhance the attractiveness of the region. On the other hand, they may be perceived as direct threats by the population, as competitors by the hunters, or as predators of the livestock by the farmers, and particularly by sheep and goat breeders, the consequences on the livestock varying depending on the local context and sheepherding techniques. This situation results in conflicts between the different stakeholders, which are often unresolved. This paper examines the underlying values (well-being, autonomy, justice) supported by the different stakeholders (small ruminants, breeders, rural population, hunters, ecologists, urban population, authorities, ecosystem, predators), on the basis of an ethical matrix, and explores ways of resolving these conflicts on the basis of the discussion ethics praised by Habermas. ; En Europe et dans le bassin méditerranéen, les populations de grands prédateurs (ours, loup, lynx ou oiseaux de proie) ont soit disparu, soit fortement régressé durant le 19ème ou la première moitié du 20ème siècle du fait de leur éradication. Leur réapparition, due à une politique de conservation, à des migrations spontanées ou à une réintroduction active, et leur protection dans le cadre de la Convention de Berne, ont des répercussions sur la faune sauvage ainsi que sur les activités humaines. Les grands prédateurs contribuent à ...

Colloque non encore publié ; First results of a CNRS research program about ecological engineering operation which took place in 2007-2009, this text deals with nature management on the French Guyana coast and focuses on the Conservatoire du Littoral (CL), a public agency in charge of the protection of coastal areas. Since its creation in 1975, the CL has become the first landlord of coastal zones in all the French territories, protecting natural areas and landscapes in most cases from urbanisation. Dealing with local stakeholders to undertake nature management in its properties, the nature management system initiated by the CL is a mix between top-down and bottom-up territorial action. In a context of a falling public authoritary, the Guyana coast gives the opportunity to study how the CL is dealing with local stakeholders when political and cultural issues are very far away from its own 2005-2050 long term strategy initiated in the French metropolis. Even though the CL's legitimacy is defined by the state laws, its action is sometimes made difficult by a dynamic demography, identity struggles, cultural complaints and international scale ecological issues, limiting the social acceptance and actual realisation of nature protection and management. Nevertheless, the public agency keeps re-assessing its legitimacy in the local context, and shows its own ability not only to keep the system working – however difficult the relation with stakeholders may be – but also to build a pragmatic and original project. Indeed, the management and development plan analysis and the stakeholders' discourse database reveal the beginning of a governance under construction. In order to reinforce the social acceptance of nature protection, natural areas are often proposed as public spaces where ecotourism practices are systematically promoted. But is that model ecologically and socially efficient? ; Cet article s'attache à restituer les principaux résultats d'une recherche financée en 2007-2009 dans le cadre d'un programme ...

Attaining and maintaining a substantial Jewish majority in Israel has been one of the basic goals of the State of Israel since its early years. A substantial Jewish majority within the borders of the state is thought to be necessary in order to preserve its Jewish nature. Many believe that the demographic consideration also stood behind the enactment of the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Provision), 2003, which prohibits granting Israeli citizenship and residency to Palestinians from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and prevents, inter alia, Israeli Arabs from living in Israel with their Palestinian spouses.I examine the legitimacy of the demographic consideration from the perspective of liberal political theory. I conclude that demography can, in principle, be a legitimate consideration in deciding immigration policy, and its justification can be derived from the liberal justification of the right to national self-determination. However, the demographic consideration must be assigned its proper role and weight relative to other important liberal values such as equality and other human rights. I suggest that the demographic consideration might be legitimate only to the extent that it is not used to justify immigration policies that violate constitutional rights.I then discuss the Supreme Court decision concerning the constitutionality of the Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law. I demonstrate that, contrary to statements by the judges themselves, the demographic consideration played a key role in the opinions of several judges. It was, however, a hidden consideration. It was not openly acknowledged and discussed. Consequently, a careful examination and balancing of the demographic consideration could not take place. The result was that the actual influence of the demographic consideration on the outcome of the case was much stronger than can be reasonably justified according to liberal principles of justice.

This paper puts the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 into its historical and economic context. It points out that the developments which led to the demise of communism were not restricted to the Soviet Bloc but part of a longer-term crisis of the global economy. Using Kondtratieff's theory of Long Waves in capitalist developments, this paper shows how the end of the long post-war boom in around 1974 represented the top of the Kondtratieff wave and that the primary recession of 1979-82 and the deflationary policies carried out in order to restore capitalist profitability at that point also laid the ground for the undermining of the Soviet Bloc economies. 1989 is therefore seen as the consequence of the shift to global financialisation of the economy which necessitated a competitive catch-up policy in the form of Perestroika, the corollary of which was a readiness on the part of the Soviet Union to let Eastern Europe go its own way. The period since 1989 in Germany is presented as one in which the major party of the Centre-Left, the SPD, was forced to tack to the neo-liberal wind but which left the space for the PDS/Linke to profile itself as a left alternative. The current crisis, which the author contends will issue into a long Kondtratieff depression lasting until around 2020, means that social and economic priorities will shift away from the market and back towards the re-establishment of the primacy of politics over the market. This will put Die Linke in a strong position to represent the disadvantaged and force the SPD back towards a more leftist position. The end result, the author contends, will be a realignment of the Left into a solid block on the basis of the changed demography of a reunited Germany and a global economic crisis.