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The objective of this work is to demonstrate that in the presidential eleaions, on July 2000, the way to make politics in Mexico was modified by introducing to the electoral campaigns the political marketing and new communication strategies, specially the television spots. ; El objetivo del presente trabajo es demostrar que en las elecciones presidenciales de julio de 2000, la forma de hacer política en México se modificó al introducir en las campañas electorales el marketing político y nuevas estrategias de comunicación, en especial los spots televisivos.

The main purpose of this article is to show the role of polls in the last presidential eleqoral process in México. The thesis of the author is that polls aimed not only to inform about the tendencies of the campaigns but were also used as political insuuments. Throughout the campaign, polls were used by diierent political forces as mechanisms to induce the vote showing the electorate that the candidate of their choice was ahead. This affects credibility of the instmment risking its use to predict results in the future. The author argues that it is necessesary to design mechanisms to make this methodology credible again. ; El objetivo principal del presente artículo es dar cuenta del papel que desempeñaron las encuestas y sondeos de opinión en la elección presidencial del 2 de julio de 2000 en México. Dicha utilización no se suscribió a una modalidad solamente informativa por parte de los medios masivos de comunicación a fin de apoyar una mejor toma de decisión por parte de los electores. Por el contrario, en la mayor parte de la campaiia las encuestas de opinión fueron utilizadas por las distintas fuerzas políticas como mecanismos para la inducción del voto a partir de intentar mostrar a los electores que el candidato de su partido llevaba la delantera en la preferencia electoral. Esto afectó la credibilidad del instrumento, con lo cual se arriesga su uso como medio de predicción en procesos posteriores, de tal suene que el autor plantea la necesidad de crear mecanismos que puedan contribuir a la recuperación de la credibilidad de esta metodología.

How are politicians organizing their discourse on N? What are the most common technological and ideological resources to construct w propaganda? Do they use emotions? How do they use media intruments to appeal to them, and in what way? The purpose of this anicle is to answer these questions analising the use of negative and positive emotions in the political advenising of the main candidates during the last presidential elections in México and Spain. ; iCómo organizan los políticas su discurso en los mensajes televisivos? iA qué elementos tecnológicos e ideológicos recurren para la construcción de la propaganda televisiva? iHacen uso de emociones en su propaganda? ¿Cómo utilizan los instmmentos mediáticos para apelar a ellas y de qué forma? El propósito del presente artículo es dar respuesta a estas intemgantes, a partir del análisis del uso de las emociones en la propaganda política en televisión durante los más recientes procesa electorales presidenciales celebrados en España y en México.

This anicle deals with the problem of credibility in political spots used by political parties candidates that contended in the July 2"", 2000 elections to the Mexican Presidency. ; El presente artículo aborda el problema de la credibilidad en los spots de los candidatos de los partidos y alianzas políticas que contendieron en las elecciones del 2 de julio de 2000 por la presidencia de México.

Section 1 Introduction -- Section 2 Key concepts and practices -- 2.1 Historical context -- 2.2 Normative concepts -- 2.3 Contextual concepts -- 2.4 Strategies and methodologies -- 2.5 Methods, techniques and tools -- 2.6 Attitude and behaviour change, advocacy and impact assessment -- Section 3 Sub-disciplines -- 3.1 Strategic communication and participatory communication -- 3.2 Crisis communication and risk communication -- 3.3 (Development) Journalism and international communication -- 3.4 Online social media and internet activism -- Section 4 Thematic sub-disciplines -- 4.1 Health communication -- 4.2 Agricultural extension and rural communication -- 4.3 ICTs for Development -- 4.4 Environmental communication -- Section 5 Regional overviews and case studies -- 5.1 Asia -- 5.2 Africa -- 5.3 Latin America -- 5.4 North America -- 5.5 Europe -- Section 6 Fields and areas -- 6.1 Right to communicate -- 6.2 Education and learning -- 6.3 Innovation, science and technology -- 6.4 Natural resource management -- 6.5 Food security -- 6.6 Inequality and poverty reduction -- 6.7 Peace and conflict -- 6.8 Children and youth, women and senior citizens -- 6.9 Tourism -- Section 7 By way of conclusions.-References.

This edited volume is designed to explore different perspectives of culture, identity and social development using the impact of the digital age as a common thread, aiming at interdisciplinary audiences. Cases of communities and individuals using new technology as a tool to preserve and explore their cultural heritage alongside new media as a source for social orientation ranging from language acquisition to health-related issues will be covered. Therefore, aspects such as Art and Cultural Studies, Media and Communication, Behavioral Science, Psychology, Philosophy and innovative approaches used by creative individuals are included. From the Aboriginal tribes of Australia, to the Maoris of New Zealand, to the mystical teachings of Sufi brotherhoods, the significance of the oral and written traditions and their current relation to online activities shall be discussed in the opening article. The book continues with a closer look at obesity awareness support groups and their impact on social media, Facebook usage in language learning context, smartphone addiction and internet dependency, as well as online media reporting of controversial ethical issues. Dr. Martin Abdel Matin Gansinger (born 1979 in Austria) studied Communication Science and Political Science at the University of Vienna. He published works on communicative aspects of HipHop and Free Jazz and conducted long-term field research on music and traditional culture in Ghana, Morocco and Cyprus. Next to his professional experience as a journalist and PR coordinator in the music industry he is currently holding the position of Assistant Professor and Head of Department/Radio, TV Cinema at Girne American University.

Cultivating a more dynamic relationship between science and policy is essential for responding to complex social challenges such as sustainability. One approach to doing so is to "span the boundaries" between science and decision making and create a more comprehensive and inclusive knowledge exchange process. The exact definition and role of boundary spanning, however, can be nebulous. Indeed, boundary spanning often gets conflated and confused with other approaches to connecting science and policy, such as science communication, applied science, and advocacy, which can hinder progress in the field of boundary spanning. To help overcome this, in this perspective, we present the outcomes from a recent workshop of boundary-spanning practitioners gathered to (1) articulate a definition of what it means to work at this interface ("boundary spanning") and the types of activities it encompasses; (2) present a value proposition of these efforts to build better relationships between science and policy; and (3) identify opportunities to more effectively mainstream boundary-spanning activities. Drawing on our collective experiences, we suggest that boundary spanning has the potential to increase the efficiency by which useful research is produced, foster the capacity to absorb new evidence and perspectives into sustainability decision-making, enhance research relevance for societal challenges, and open new policy windows. We provide examples from our work that illustrate this potential. By offering these propositions for the value of boundary spanning, we hope to encourage a more robust discussion of how to achieve evidence-informed decision-making for sustainability.

The EU's scientific potential is increasingly flowing into the world of new scientific knowledge. The object of this paper is the communication interpretation of the Open Science policy, covering not only access and storage of scientific information and preservation of scientific information, but communication aspects also. Purpose of the study: Establish modern trends in the scientific ecosystem oriented towards facilitating the publication and communication of scientific results. Tasks of the study: Compare new solutions in science communication models in the most popular platforms, and explore what is the alternative to traditional scientific journals. Methodology/approach: The qualitative systematic review (qualitative evidence synthesis), scientific criticism of sociological surveys, methods of analytic and synthetic processing of primary and secondary resources, secondary data analysis and overview of scientific publications available in the libraries worldwide, have been used to obtain data about the impact of new EU solutions: the European Road Map for development of the European Research Area (ERA), the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, etc. A comparative analysis of innovation in publishing platforms was conducted with special attention to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's Gates Open Research platform. Results: The creators of the Gates Open Research platform defend the view of the rapid and socially beneficial effect of new and publicly-accepted scientific knowledge. The cutting-edge solutions are: transfer power from the hands of editors to the hands of the authors; minimize barriers or gatekeepers on the path of the new scientific outcome for society; assessment of the research not in view of the venue of publication but on the basis of the intrinsic value of the completed study; minimize the funds invested in publishing and dissemination. Implications: The conclusions can be important in identifying technological and ideological regularities for optimizing the model of scientific publications and increasing the speed and visibility of any scientific news.

Strategic communication has progressively claimed a broader role in society, and in fos-tering social capital, civic engagement, and democracy. Thus, activism has received much attention in public relations theory and practice. In the Portuguese case, PAN fits this con-cern in line with the new political parties founded bottom-up by activists' social opposition movements. In 2015, PAN managed to enter a parliamentary system that had remained in-accessible to new political parties for almost 20 years. This study is based on a qualitative methodology, anchored in the discursive analysis of public relations positioning elements in the original manifesto of the grassroots movement that originated PAN. A tag cloud‐gen-erating software (wordArt.com) was also used to analyze word frequency and identify the main themes of the document. In-depth interviews with PAN policymakers were carried out to analyze how the party communication strategies may have impacted its significant growth. Findings indicate that a strategic approach to communication influenced the transition from a civic movement to a formal parliamentary party. PAN's manifesto was discur-sively constructed to position the movement as trustworthy with high ethical and moral standards. PAN used the possibilities of social media to build a collective identity, from the grassroots, based on specific narratives.

The article is devoted to the state regulation of the economy and economic conflicts in the context of digitalization. Against the background of the digital transformation of society, economic conflicts are actively developing. New information technologies open up opportunities for the state's functioning and change the structure and dynamics of conflicts, as well as mechanisms for conflict settlement and resolution. The author notes that government regulation presupposes a relatively "soft" impact on economic conflicts and is aimed at obtaining socially useful and significant results. When studying the specifics of conflict relations in the sphere of economic relations, the author used systemic and institutional approaches. The purpose of the study is to determine the place and role of the state in the system of regulating economic conflicts, as well as to assess the degree of its interference in the process of regulating economic conflicts in a digital society. The article notes that the management activities of the state are carried out through various methods of influencing the economic environment and conflicts (legal regulation, digital technologies). The role of the state in the system of regulation of economic conflicts is ambiguous. The state can have a positive and negative influence on the dynamics of a conflict. As the author emphasizes, the degree of state intervention is determined by its status. Conventionally, the state in the process of developing an economic conflict can act as a subject of the conflict, as a party to support one of the subjects of the conflict, and as an entity interested in its own benefit. The status of an active participant allows the state to control the regulation of economic conflicts. The state needs to selectively approach each conflict in the economic sphere. The author sees a solution to the problem of state regulation of economic conflicts in attracting a regulatory mechanism and digital technologies. Digital technologies can be used by the subjects of conflicts as tools for their settlement within the framework of the current legislation. At the same time, the choice in favor of a specific digital technology for resolving conflicts should be made by the state together with representatives of the business community and citizens.

While science-in-the-media is a useful vehicle for understanding the media, few scholars have used it that way: instead, they look at science-in-the-media as a way of understanding science-in-the-media and often end up attributing characteristics to science-in-the-media that are simply characteristics of the media, rather than of the science they see there. This point of view was argued by Jane Gregory and Steve Miller in 1998 in Science in Public. Science, they concluded, is not a special case in the mass media, understanding science-in-the-media is mostly about understanding the media (Gregory and Miller, 1998: 105). More than a decade later, research that looks for patterns or even determinants of science-in-the-media, be it in press or electronic media, is still very rare. There is interest in explaining the media's selection of science content from a media perspective. Instead, the search for, and analysis of, several kinds of distortions in media representations of science have been leading topics of science-in-the-media research since its beginning in the USA at the end of the 1960s and remain influential today (see Lewenstein, 1994; Weigold, 2001; Kohring, 2005 for summaries). Only a relatively small amount of research has been conducted seeking to identify factors relevant to understanding how science is treated by the mass media in general and by television in particular. The current study addresses the lack of research in this area. Our research seeks to explore which constraints national media systems place on the volume and structure of science programming in television. In simpler terms, the main question this study is trying to address is why science-in-TV in Europe appears as it does. We seek to link research focussing on the detailed analysis of science representations on television (Silverstone, 1984; Collins, 1987; Hornig, 1990; Leon, 2008), and media research focussing on the historical genesis and current political regulation of national media systems (see for instance Hallin and Mancini, ...

This is an author pre-print (ie final draft before peer review) of the paper published in 'Public Understanding of Science, July 2008, Volume 17, No. 3., pages 349-367. The original publication is available at http://pus.sagepub.com[http://pus.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/3/349] ; [EN] This paper investigates what motivates scientists to communicate science and technology in a science event involving a direct relationship and interaction with the public. A structured questionnaire survey was administered through face-to-face interviews to 167 research practitioners (researchers, technicians, support staff and fellows) at the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) who participated in the Madrid Science Fair in the years 2001 to 2004. The motivations of members in each professional category are discussed. The most important motivations have to do with the desire to increase the public's interest in and enthusiasm for science, the public's scientific culture, and public awareness and appreciation of science and scientists. Senior researchers were also highly motivated by a sense of duty. Personal satisfaction and enjoyment were important motivations for younger scientists. This research will help to understand the mechanisms of scientists' motivation, and thus foster and encourage greater and better participation in events of this kind. ; [ES] Se analizan cuáles son las motivaciones de los científicos para comunicar la ciencia y la tecnología en un evento científico en el que se produce una interacción directa con el público. Para ello se entrevistó, utilizando un cuestionario estructurado, a personal del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que habían participado en la Feria Madrid por la Ciencia en sus ediciones de 2001 a 2004, ambos inclusive. Se realizaron un total de 167 entrevistas a investigadores, técnicos, personal de apoyo y becarios. Se discuten aquí las motivaciones para partcipar en la Feria, de los individuos de cada una de estas categorías. Las motivaciones más importantes tienen que ver con el deseo de despertar e incrementar el interés y entusiasmo del público por la ciencia, incrementar la cultura científica del público, e incrementar el conocimiento y reconocimiento de la ciencia y de los científicos. Además, los investigadores "senior" señalaron senstirse motivados por el sentido del deber, mientras que para los investigadores más jóvenes la satisfacción personal y la diversión fueron factores motivadores importantes. Este estudio pretende contribuir a comprender las motivaciones que inducen a los científicos a participar en la Feria, así como los mecanismos de esta motivación, con el fin de aprovecharlos, potenciarlos y canalizarlos adecuadamente para una mayor y mejor participación en este tipo de eventos ; The project 'Scientific Culture and Communication of Science in the Community of Madrid. A study to encourage participation of scientists in PCST activities' has been funded by the General Directorate for Universities and Research of the Regional Government of Madrid. Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación "Cultura Científica y Comunicación de la Ciencia en la Comunidad de Madrid. Un estudio para inventivar la participación de los científicos en las actividades de divulgación científica", financiado por la Dirección General de Investigación de la Comunidad de Madrid (Proyecto 06/0076/2003)

"This edited volume examines the current challenges to media freedom and democratization in the Middle East. The book revisits the relationship between media consumption and activism in the region, providing thorough analyses on the appropriation of social media for political engagement. Since the outburst and spread of what was known as the 'Arab Uprisings' in 2010, the political and media landscapes in the Middle East and North Africa region have changed dramatically. The initial hope of democratic change and governance quality improvements faded, as several regimes in the Middle East have strengthened their repressive tactics toward voices deemed critical of governments' practices, including journalists, bloggers, and activists. This book examines current challenges to media freedom, political participation and democratisation in the region while reassessing the dynamic relationship between media use and political engagement, amidst a complex political environment accompanied by a rapidly changing media landscape. The book's relevance will appeal to varied audiences, such as scholars and students of journalism, communication, political science, and Middle Eastern studies. It will also prove to be an invaluable resource for organizations dedicated to the research of political communication, media freedom and use patterns of non-traditional, or new, media"--

"This unique rhetorical analysis of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy's communication uncovers five forms of soft diplomacy that catapult her to the top of all American first ladies as a model of international influence. Her use of interpersonal, fashion, language, cultural, and state diplomatic strategies constitute an architectural plan of smart power. Breaking away from the stereotype of Mrs. Kennedy as a style icon, the evidence in this monograph supports her astute awareness of how to support the Kennedy Administration's foreign policy during the Cold War era by engaging state visits to Europe and South America, receiving heads of state at the White House, creating cultural ideals of freedom through art and preservation, and using French and Spanish to speak directly to the people of other countries. Her persuasive tactics set the stage for future first ladies to excel in a role that requires creativity and sound judgment. Students in communication, political science, history, rhetoric, and women's studies will benefit from this book in their own study of first ladies, the presidency, foreign policy, and Cold War history. Written in an engaging style, Jacqueline Kennedy and the Architecture of First Lady Diplomacy will appeal to a range of scholarly interests across disciplines"--